01 - Heat Loss in Bare, Finned, & Lagged Pipes
01 - Heat Loss in Bare, Finned, & Lagged Pipes
01 - Heat Loss in Bare, Finned, & Lagged Pipes
College of Engineering
ChELab 1: Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1
Group 3:
Aries, Allen Jerry
Bedrio, Shaira Karlene
Cabuguason, Paul Lyndon
Jardenil, Stephen Paul
Instructor:
Engr. Leovigildo Diopenes
ABSTRACT
Table of Contents
q=kA
dT
dx
Aresisting area
dT
temperature gradient between thetwo materials
dx
There are three ways in which heat can be transferred and these are conduction,
convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs when two materials with different temperatures
come into contact with each other. It is well understood by the Fouriers Laws of Convection.
Fouriers first law is usually used in steady-state conduction and the second law is used in the
analysis of unsteady-state conduction which is given below:
T
2 T
= 2
t
x
Aresisting area
There are two kinds of convection: Forced Convection and Natural Convection. Forced
Convection involves a fluid-motive device such as a fan or blower which forces the fluid to flow
past through a solid surface. On the other hand, in natural convection, the warmer or cooler fluid
next to the solid surface causes a circulation due to density differences resulting from the
temperature differences in the fluid.
Radiation is quite unique compared to conduction and convection because there is no
physical medium used in the transfer of heat. Thermal energy in here travels in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
Heat Transfer through a Hollow Cylinder
For a hollow cylinder such as a pipe with the specified dimensions in Figure 1, Fouriers
Law of Conduction can be rewritten as:
q=2 kL
T 1T 2
ln
r2
r1
()
Figure 1
Insulated Surface
An insulated pipe
Extended Surface
Fins are added to bare pipe heat exchangers to increase the surface area that will allow
transfer of heat. Also finned exchangers have relatively high heat-transfer coefficients compared
to the bare ones. The most common type of fin attached to the outside of a tube wall is a
longitudinal fin shown below:
Figure 2
The heat loss of the finned exchanger is given by the expression:
q= hPkA ( T 0T ) tanh mL
Aconvection area
T ambient temperature
hP
kA
( )
m=
1
2
Objectives
1. To determine the heat loss of the hot air-heated bare pipe, finned pipe, insulated pipe and
compare their heat losses.
2. To estimate its over-all heat transfer coefficient, based on the experimental results of its
heat loss.
3. To calculate its average natural (or free) convective heat transfer coefficient.
The Heat Exchangers set-up - Bare pipe / Insulated Pipe / Finned Pipe HE of
CSA-B
Thermometers, range 0-100oC (7 pieces.)
Anemometer ( 1 set )
Stop watch
GLX Explorer instrument for surface temperature measurement
Masking tape
Thermometers were placed in both ends of the pipe for the measurement of the inlet and
outlet hot air temperature. Five points (T1, T2, T3, T4 & T5) were equally located for the
measurement of the surface temperature. T1 is located near the hot air inlet thermometer and T2
near the hot air outlet. A thermometer was hanged at a convenient location within the vicinity of
the heat exchanger for measurement/monitoring the ambient temperature.
The air supply valves of the pipe being used were slightly opened. The main breaker was
then switched on. Then the air blowers were switched on. Each air heaters were switched on one
at a time for every minute with a valve opening for Trial 1 to open and for Trial 2 to full open.
The air temperatures at the inlet at outlet of the pipe were monitored andrecorded until it became
constant. GLX Explorer was used in measuring the surface temperature after the inlet and outlet
temperature of the pipes are stabilized. Temperature readings were recorded for each point or
location ((T1, T2, T3, T4 & T5). Three readings at different spots were taken for each location for
its average surface temperature.
Time-air speed was measured at the outlet of the pipe with the use of an anemometer and
a stopwatch with a 2-3 readings and getting its average. The same procedure was made for Trial
2, but this time the opening of the valve at the air inlet was to full open. Heaters, air-blowers and
the main switch were switched off after use and the area was cleared and cleaned up after the
THERMOMETERS
experiment.
THER
DIAGRAM OF SET-UP
Tair,in
T1
T2
Tair,in
T3
T1
C. FINNED PIPE
T4
T2
B.
Ambie
nt
0
30
30
Air
Inlet
1
46
65
Surface Temperature
3
4
5
36.9
36.1
35.6
40.5
38.6
37.8
2
40.5
43.4
6
35.2
36.8
Air
Outlet
7
40
52.5
6
33.4
34.1
Air
Outlet
7
45
63.8
Lagged Pipe
Trial
1
2
Ambie
nt
0
30.5
30.5
Air
Inlet
1
46.5
67
Surface Temperature
3
4
5
34.7
34.3
33.6
36.2
35.6
35.3
2
35.5
40.1
Finned Pipe
Trial
1
2
Surfac
e
Fin
Pipe
Fin
Pipe
Ambie
nt
0
Air
Inlet
1
30.5
44.7
30.5
62.5
Surface Temperature
2
39.4
41
44
48
3
35.9
37.1
42.7
46.3
4
35.7
36
39.9
42.4
5
35.5
35.8
39.5
40.8
6
35.1
35.3
39
40.1
Air
Outlet
7
39
50.5
The foregoing surface temperature data were graphed to see the temperature profiles:
40
39
38
37
36
35
2
4
Point of Measurement
Trial 1
Trial 2
37
36
35
34
33
2
4
Point of Measurement
Trial 1
Trial 2
Point of Measurement
Trial 1-Pipe
Trial2-Pipe
Trial 1 - Fins
Trial 2 - Fins
The average velocity of air in meters per second flowing inside the pipes has been
calculated from the anemometer data and stopwatch:
Trial\Pipe
1
2
Bare
1.53
1.93
Lagged
1.63
2.07
Finned
1.91
2.69
The average of the inlet and outlet air temperatures in each case has been evaluated and is
used as the basis temperature in determining the physical properties the air:
Pipe
Trial
Bare
Lagge
d
Density,
Average T,
kg /m
43.25
1.1159
59.75
1.0605
45.5
1.108
64.4
1.0458
41.85
1.1209
56.5
1.0709
Finned
Viscosity,
Pa s
0.00001929
8
0.00002005
0.00001940
2
0.00002025
8
0.00001923
3
0.00001990
3
Heat
Capacity,
J /kg K
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m-K)
1007.1
1008.0
1007.2
1008.3
1007.0
1007.8
0.027313
0.028499
0.027476
0.028829
0.027211
0.028267
Prandtl
Number,
N Pr
0.71155
0.70917
0.71121
0.70856
0.71177
0.70961
Source: http://www.mhtl.uwaterloo.ca/old/onlinetools/airprop/airprop.html
To determine the flow regime and for the proceeding calculations, the Reynolds Number
in each pipe and n each trial has been calculated. Also, the flow rates have been calculated:
Pipe
Bare
Lagge
d
Finned
Trial
1
2
1
2
1
2
Pipe ID
(m)
Average
Velocity
(m/s)
0.055
0.055
0.04064
0.04064
0.055
0.055
1.53
1.93
1.63
2.07
1.91
2.69
Volumetric Flow
Rate
Mass Flow
Rate
(m3/s)
(kg/s)
0.003635
0.004585
0.002114
0.002685
0.004538
0.006391
0.004056
0.004863
0.002343
0.002808
0.005086
0.006844
Heat Loss from each pipe can be calculated using the equation:
q=m
c p T
Where q rate of heat loss from the pipe
m
Reynolds
Number
Flow
Regime
4866
5615
3783
4343
6122
7961
Turbulent
Turbulent
Transient
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Pipe
Bare
Lagged
Finned
Trial
Mass Flow
Rate
1
2
1
2
1
2
(kg/s)
0.004056
0.004863
0.002343
0.002808
0.005086
0.006844
Heat Capacity
(J/kg-K)
(K )
(W )
1007.1
1008.0
1007.2
1008.3
1007.0
1007.8
6.5
14.5
1.0
1.2
5.7
12.0
26.55
71.07
2.36
3.40
29.20
82.77
Comparing the calculations, the rate of heat loss in the lagged pipe is lower compared to
the bare pipe. This is due to the higher resistance to heat transfer in the lagged pipe due to the
insulation. The heat loss in the finned pipe showed the highest rate which conforms with theory
that extended surfaces allow higher rates of heat transfer.
Overall heat-transfer coefficients were calculated using the equation
q=UA T
Where
q rate of heat loss from the pipe
U overall heat-trasnfer coefficient
Pipe
Trial
T2
T6
Delta T
A
40.5
35.2
1
5.3
0.172787596
Bare
43.4
36.8
2
6.6
0.172787596
1
35.5
33.4
2.1
0.127674325
Lagged
2
40.1
33.4
6.7
0.127674325
1
41
35.3
5.7
0.172787596
Finned
2
48
40.1
7.9
0.172787596
The Dittus-Boelter correlation is used to solve for the convective heat-transfer
coefficient.
1
3
N Nu =0.023 N 0.8
N Pr
hD
0.8
=0.023 N N 3Pr
k
h=0.023 N
0.8
1
3
Pr
( Dk )
Trial
1
2
1
2
1
2
9.08
10.61
10.11
11.83
10.87
13.92
U
28.99542572
62.32399425
10.31248329
3.971996905
29.6436997
60.63625986