Numerical Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD
Numerical Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD
Numerical Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD
Outline
Introduction to numerical
methods
Approaches to Fluid Dynamical Problems:
Components of numerical
methods (Properties)
Consistence
1. The discretization should become exact as the grid
spacing
tends to zero
2. Truncation error: Difference between the discretized
equation
and the exact one
Components of numerical
methods (Properties, Contd)
Conservation
Boundedness:
1. Iterative methods: not diverge
2. Temporal problems: bounded solutions
3. Von Neumanns method
4. Difficulty due to boundary conditions and nonlinearities present.
Realizability: models of phenomena which are too
complex to treat directly (turbulence, combustion, or
multiphase flow) should be designed to guarantee
physically realistic solutions.
Accuracy: 1. Modeling error 2. Discretization errors 3.5
lecture)
n
2 ( x xi ) 3 3
(
x xi ) n
2 +
3 + ... +
n + H
3! x i
n! x i
x i
i +1 i xi +1 xi
x
x
x
2
i
i +1
i
2 ( xi +1 xi ) 2 3
2
3 + H
6
x i
x i
i +1 i
xi +1 xi
x i
i +1 i 1
xi +1 xi 1
x i
Forward-FDS
Central-FDS
i i 1
xi xi 1
x i
Backward-FDS
x i
xi +1xi ( xi + xi +1 )
xi = xi xi 1
i +1 i 1
i+2 i2
+
+
x
2 x
4 x
i +1
i
i 1
x i +1 x i
xi +1 xi
equation
FV defines the
control volume
boundaries while
FD define the
computational
nodes
NW
WW
node located at
the Control
Volume center
Global
conservation
automatically
satisfied
nw
w
sw
Computational
SW
NE
ne
ne E
e
y
P
s
se
SE
n
EE
j
i
equation
fdS = fdS
k
Sk
11
A1
A4
transforming the discrete IBVP back to a continuous
JIBVP.
( x ) i
LModified ( S ) = LM ( S ) = N BC : S ( xB , t ) = H Modified ( t )
i S
j
J
S = SC +
i
i! x j
N = 1 + j
j =1 i =1
IC : S ( x, t = 0) = GModified ( x )
j =1
Truncation error
12
IC : SN ( x, t = 0 ) = GModified ( x ) GM ( x )
A5
BC : SN ( xB , t ) = H Modified ( t ) H M ( t )
An IBVP for the modeling error M-T can be obtained by
subtracting A1 and A2:
LM ( M T ) = LM ( SM ) = M = LM ( T )
IC : SM ( x, t = 0) = GM ( x ) GT ( x )
BC : SM ( xB , t ) = H M ( t ) H T ( t )
A6
Adding A5 and A6
LM ( S T ) = LM ( S ) = N + M
IC : S ( x,0 ) = GModified ( x ) GT ( x )
BC : S ( xB , t ) = H Modified ( t ) H T ( t )
S = S T = SN + SM
13
A = Q
A21
.
A=
.
.
A
n1
A22
.
.
.
An 2
A23
.
.
.
An 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
A2 n
.
.
.
.
Ann
U =
0
.
.
.
0
A22
.
.
.
0
A23
.
.
.
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
A2 n
.
.
.
.
Ann
n =
i =
Qi
Ann
n
k = i +1
ik
Aii
i
i 1
A
A
APi = APi W i 1E
AP
i 1
AWi Qi*1
Q = Qi
APi 1
*
i
i +1
Qi* AEi i +1
i =
APi
16
A = Q
A = Q
n
A =
n
=
n
n residual
n Iteration error
17
18
( i = 1,2,..., n )
i 1
j =1
j =i
( i = 1,2,..., n )
i 1
j =1
j =i
( i = 1,2,..., n )
19
f ( x ) f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 )( x x0 )
'
f ( xk 1 )
xk = xk 1 '
f ( xk 1 )
21
i, j
k +1
i, j
<
i, j
ik,+j1
k
i, j
<
n
ik,+j1
i, j
12
<
The
basic problem is to find the solution
a short
23
ODEs
1. Two-Level Methods (explicit/implicit
Euler)
2. Predictor-Corrector and Multipoint
Methods
d ( t )
3. Runge-Kutta
Methods
( t0 ) = 0
= f ( t , ( t ) )
4. Other
dt methods
Equation
2
1. Explicit methods
= u
+
2. Implicit
t methods
x x 2
3. Other methods
24
explicit n +1 = n + f ( tn , n ) t
n +1 = n + f t n +1 , n +1 t implicit
t
n
f
t
,
1
n
n+
2
2
t
**
n
*
1 = +
f t 1 , 1
n+
2 n+ 2 n+ 2
2
*
= n +
**
= + tf t 1 , 1
n+ 2 n+ 2
t
n +1
n
n
*
**
*
= + f ( t n , ) + 2 f t 1 , 1 + 2 f t 1 , 1 + f ( t n +1 , n +1 )
6
n+ 2 n+ 2
n+ 2 n+ 2
*
n +1
25
n +1
i
( x )
n
i
c
c
in +1 = (1 2d ) in + d in+1 + d + in1
2
2
ut
x
n +1
i
( x )
n
i
Equations
Choice of Variable Arrangement on
the Grid
Pressure Poisson equation
Solution methods for N-S equations
28
+ u
+ v
+ w
=
+ 2 + 2 + 2
t
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
2v 2v 2v
v
v
v
v
p
+ u + v + w = + 2 + 2 + 2
t
x
y
z
y
y
z
x
2w 2w 2w
w
w
w
w
p
+ u
+ v
+ w
= + 2 + 2 + 2
t
x
y
z
z
y
z
x
Local
acceleration
Convection
Viscous terms
( u ) ( v ) ( w)
+
+
+
= 0 Continuity equation
t
x
y
z
29
Staggered
30
xi xi
xi x j
31
Equations) Algorithm:
1. Guess the pressure field p*
2. Solve the momentum equations to obtain u*,v*,w*
3. Solve the p equation (The pressure-correction equation)
4. p=p*+p
5. Calculate u, v, w from their starred values using the
velocity-correction equations
6. Solve the discretization equation for other variables,
such as
temperature, concentration, and turbulence quantities.
7. Treat the corrected pressure p as a new guessed
pressure p*,
return to step 2, and repeat the whole procedure until a
converged solution is obtained.
32
problem is a classical
problem that has wall
boundaries surrounding
the entire computational
region.
Incompressible viscous
flow in the cavity is
driven by the uniform
translation of the
moving upper lid.
the vorticity-stream
function method is used
to solve the driven
cavity problem.
u=UTOP, v=0
u=v=0
UTOP
u=v=0
y
o
x
u=v=0
33
2u 2u
u
u
u
p
+u
+v
= + 2 + 2
t
x
y
x
y
x
v u
=
x y
2v 2v
v
v
v
p
+ u + v = + 2 + 2
t
x
y
y
y
x
1 2 2
2 + 2
+u
+v
=
t
x
y Re l x
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
p p
+ 2 = 2 2 2
2
x
y
x y xy
u
( u ) ( v )
+v
=
+
x
y
x
y
=u
y
= v
x
2 2
+ 2 =
2
x
y
Ul
Re l =
34
i , NJ =
p
s
w+1 = w + n
n
2
1
2
( n ) 2
w +
2
n
2( i , NJ y i , NJ 1 )
( y ) 2
1
Re l n
ps +1, w ps 1,w
w
2s
w + o ( n )
1
Re l
3 s , w + 4 s , w+1 s , w+ 2
2n
+
2
2
x
)
(
y
)
= in, j
n 2 n + n
i +1, j
i, j
i 1, j
= 2
(x) 2
(y ) 2
in, j +1 2 in, j + in, j 1 in+1, j +1 in+1, j 1 in1, j +1 + in1, j 1
4xy
(y )
2nd order central difference scheme used for all spatial derivatives
36
37
i = NI , j = NJ
i =1, j =1
and
1
NI NJ
i = NI , j = NJ
i =1, j =1
38
0.1
25
29
13
27
21 19
17
29
15
28
25
0.2
23
27
11
27
15
0.6
11
17
13
0.4
7
0.2
0.1
0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.9
1.1905
1.1754
1.1604
1.1454
1.1303
1.1153
1.1003
1.0852
1.0702
1.0552
1.0401
1.0251
1.0101
0.9950
0.9800
0.8
14
16
19
17
9
11
13
15
19
4
8
17
Level
21
21
0.7
0.6
y 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
21
21
0.1
0
25
24
0.3
Level
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
y 0.5
0.4
29 27
25
29
25
13
0.7
y 0.5
19
0.8
0.6
15 17 19 21 23
0.9
0.7
1.1
x
1
0.8
27 25
5
9
13
11
113
1
9
21
0.3
-0.0064
-0.0119
-0.0174
-0.0228
-0.0283
-0.0338
-0.0393
-0.0448
-0.0502
-0.0557
-0.0612
-0.0667
-0.0721
-0.0776
0.9
19
19
29
15
23 25
27
0.4
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
21
23
Level psi
31
0.0018
29
-0.0009
21
27
25
21 23
29
17
y 0.5
14
0.6
23
13 11
9
0.7
27
23 21
19
17
0.9
0.8
29
23
21
25
19
17
15
13 1
1
21
29
27
15
17
21 19
23
25 27
29
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
zeta
11.2711
8.3232
5.3753
2.4273
-0.5206
-3.4686
-6.4165
-9.3644
-12.3124
-15.2603
-18.2082
-21.1562
-24.1041
-27.0521
-30.0000
23
39
40