Olimpiade Internasional Topik Stoikiometri

Stoichiometry for International Olympiad
Quantitative Meaning of Equations - Proportional Relationships

We have been writing the balanced equation for heating magnesium in the air to
combine it with oxygen to form magnesium oxide as: Two moles of magnesium plus
one mole of oxygen gas yields two moles of magnesium oxide.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Since we have learned what a mole is, this also means: 48.6 grams (2 moles x
24.3 g/mole) of magnesium plus 32.0 grams of oxygen gas yields 80.6 grams (2 moles x
40.3 g/mole) of magnesium oxide.
In real life you may want to make more magnesium than 80.6 grams requiring
that you increase the recipe accordingly:
20Mg + 10O2 20MgO
This, of course, means: 486 grams of magnesium plus 320 grams of oxygen gas
yields 806 grams of magnesium oxide. The ingredients (reactants and products) still
have a ratio of 2:1:2 (mole ratio). And, the amounts can be anything as long as the ratios
of moles remain the same.
Using the balanced equation, you can calculate how much magnesium oxide you
would get if you used 8.3 grams of magnesium and calculate how much oxygen would be
used:
2Mg + O2 2MgO
8.3 grams of magnesium is 0.34 moles of magnesium allowing you to look at the
equation as seen below:
2Mg + O2
0.34 mol 0.17 mol
8.3 g
5.4 g
2MgO
0.34 mol (2:1:2 ratio)
13.7 g
Mole-Mass Calculations
Stoichiometry is the study of the amount of substances consumed and produced
in chemical reactions.
The balanced chemical equation tells you everything you need to know to
calculate moles, grams or liters of reactants or products. You should always turn every
amount to moles since that is what the ratio (mole ratio) is based on as shown in the
previous example.
A sample problem: How much water must react with calcium carbide to generate
1.55 moles of acetylene?
Write the balanced equation. Dont start without it and make certain it is correct
before you go on!
CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
1
2
1
1
(x) g
1.55 mole
3.10 mole
55.8 g
a. Balanced Equation
b. Mole ratio
c. Problem given
d. Mole of water (2x)
e. Grams of water (18 x 3.10)
Mass-Mass Calculations
With mass-mass reactions, you simply add a step by calculating the number of
moles required by the problem.
Sample problem: How many grams of oxygen are needed to oxidize 14.6 grams
of sodium?
4Na + O2 2Na2O
4
1
2
14.6 g
(x) g
0.635 mole
0.159 mole
5.08 g
b. Mole Ratio
c. Problem given
d. Moles of Na (14.6/23.0)
e. Moles of O2 (.635/4)
f. Grams of O2 (32 x .159)
Molarity and Replacement Reactions

Regardless of what the problem is, if you can convert the required reactant or
products to moles, the rest follows the same principle as shown above.
Sample problem: How many grams of copper will react with 208 ml (0.208 liters)
of a 0.100 M solution of silver nitrate?
We need to know moles and have learned that
M = moles
L
So,
or
moles = 0.100 x 0.208

= 0.0208 moles
moles = ML
Set the problem up as we did above by writing a balanced equation and go from
there:
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
1
2
1
2
(x) grams 0.0208 mole
0.0104 mole
0.66 g
b. Mole ratio
c. Calculated above
d. Moles of Cu (.0208/2)
e. Gr. Cu (63.5x.0104)
Adjusting to Reality
Reactants in Excess
The Limiting Reactant is the one that is used up first when one reactant is
present in excess (usually the case).
When we placed a small lump of magnesium in several milliliters of dilute HCl in
the lab, the reaction quit when the lump of magnesium was gone. There was still lots of
HCl in the test tube but there was no magnesium. The magnesium was the limiting
reactant. We dont care how much HCl was there, all the calculations are done on the
magnesium and, of course, we can calculate how much of the excess HCl was used.
Sample problem: How much zinc chloride and hydrogen are formed when 79.1
grams of zinc are placed in 1.05 liters of 2.00 M HCl solution.
We should calculate the number of moles available in 1.05 liters of 2.00M
solution of HCl. This is moles = M x L or moles = 2 x 1.05 = 2.10 moles. 79.1 grams
of Zn is 1.21 moles or (79.1/65.4). As shown below, 2.10 moles of HCl will react with
1.05 (2.10/2) moles of zinc. We have 1.21 moles of zinc, which is an excess. The HCl is
the limiting reagent because it will be consumed before the zinc is.
We can then put the standard problem together:
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
1
2
1
1
2.10 mole
1.05 mole
1.05 mole
1.05 mole
141.8 g
2.10 g
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
* The molecular weight of ZnCl2 is 135
Balanced Equation
Mole ratio
Moles of HCl (see above)
Moles of Zn needed (2.10/2)
Moles of ZnCl2
Moles of H2
Gr. of ZnCl2 (135 x 1.05)*
Gr. of H2 (2.0 x 1.05)
The above reaction can be set up in table form if you wish. This helps some
people keep better control over the variables.
MW
Equation
Molar Ratio
Moles
Grams
65
Zn
1
1.05
68.3
36
2HCl
2
2.10
75.6
135
ZnCl2
1
1.05
141.8
2
H2
1
1.05
2.10
Percent Yield
When we run a reaction in the laboratory we can calculate how much product we
should get from the balanced equations as shown above. We never get the same amount
we calculate for many reasons. We have terms to describe these differences.
The Theoretical Yield is what we calculate from the balanced equation. The
Actual Yield is just that. It is what we actually have to show for our work. The Percent
Yield is the Actual Theoretical x 100.
% Yield = Actual Yield Theoretical Yield x 100
OBJECTIVES
1. A reaction mixture is prepared containing 0.60 mol of aluminum and 1.20 mol of
manganese dioxide. The mixture is heated until one of the reactants has been
completely consumed according to the equation:
2 Al + 3 MnO2 3 Mn + Al2O3
What quantity of which reactant remains uncombined?
(A) 0.20 mol Al
(C) 0.30 mol MnO2
Answer : C
(B) 0.40 mol Al

(D) 0.60 mol MnO2
2. A solution with a mass of 1.263 g containing an unknown amount of potassium ions

was treated with excess sodium tetraphenylborate to precipitate 1.003 g of
KB(C6H5)4 (M = 358.33). What is the mass percentage of potassium in the original
solution?
(A) 8.67% (B) 9.16% (C) 10.9% (D) 13.8%
Answer : A
3. A typical polyethylene grocery bag weighs 12.4 g. How many metric tons of CO2
would be released into the atmosphere if the 102 billion bags used in one year in the
United States were burned? [1 metric ton = 1000 kg]
(A) 4.52 104
(B) 1.99 106
(C) 3.98 106
(D) 3.98 109
Answer : C
4. Which mixture of water and H2SO4 represents a solution with a concentration that is
closest to 30% by mass H2SO4?
(A) 30 g H2SO4 + 100 g H2O
(B) 1 mol H2SO4 + 200 g H2O
(C) 30 mol H2SO4 + 0.70 kg H2O
(D) 0.30 mol H2SO4 + 0.70 mol H2O
Answer : B
5. When 0.25 L of liquid nitrogen (d = 0.807 g/mL) is vaporized, what volume does the
resulting gas occupy at 25 C and 5.00 atm?
(A) 71 L
(B) 54 L
(C) 35 L
(D) 32 L
Answer : C
6. Three different oxides of nitrogen each contain 7.00 g of nitrogen and weigh 15.0
g, 23.0 g and 19.0 g, respectively. What are their empirical formulas?
(A) NO, NO2, N2O3
(C) N2O, NO2, N2O5
(B) NO, N2O3, N2O5

(D) NO2, N2O3, N2O5
Answer : A
ESSAY
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Stoichiometry for International Olympiad

Quantitative Meaning of Equations - Proportional Relationships

Molarity and Replacement Reactions

moles = 0.100 x 0.208

* The molecular weight of ZnCl2 is 135

(B) 0.40 mol Al

2. A solution with a mass of 1.263 g containing an unknown amount of potassium ions

(B) 1.99 106

(C) 3.98 106

(D) 3.98 109

(B) NO, N2O3, N2O5

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