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TORTORA FUNKE
CASE
Microbiology AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION
B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Prokaryotic Cells Learning objective: compare and contrast overall cell structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
No histones
Histones
No organelles
Organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Polysaccharide cell walls
Binary fission
Mitotic spindle
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning objective: Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria.
Average size: 0.2 -1.0 m 2 - 8 m (1 x 10-6 m)
Are unicellular and most multiply by binary fission Basic shapes: COCCUS
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arrangements of cocci: Can be determined by division of planes.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arrangements of bacilli:
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arrangements of spiral bacteria:
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Doublestranded helix formed by Bacillus subtilis.
Bacillus cells often remain attached to each other, forming extended chains. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Unusual shapes (Prokaryotes)
Star-shaped Stella Square Haloarcula (halophilic archaea salt-loving) Most bacteria are monomorphic (single shape) A few are pleomorphic (many shapes)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.5
Learning objective: Describe the structure and function of the
glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili.
Prokaryote cell Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Glycocalyx Outside cell wall Usually sticky A capsule is neatly organized A slime layer is unorganized & loose glycocalyx Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) allows cell to attach Capsules prevent phagocytosis Protects against dehydration or loss of nutrients.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.6a, b
Flagella Long filamentous appendages of a filament, hook, and basal body Outside cell wall Made of chains of flagellin Attached to a protein hook Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.8
Flagella Arrangement Four arrangements of flagella:
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.7
Motile Cells
Rotate flagella to run or tumble
Move toward or away from stimuli (positive and negative taxis) Flagella H proteins are antigens (e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Motile Cells A Proteus cell swarming may have 1000+ peritrichous flagella. (from all sides)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.9
Axial Filaments (endoflagellum)
Endoflagella In spirochetes Anchored at one end of a cell Rotation causes cell to move
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.10a
Fimbriae and Pili
Are short, thin
appendages Fimbriae of this E. Coli cell allow attachment (velcro). Cell is beginning to divide. Pili are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.11
Learning objectives: Compare/contrast cell walls of gram-positive
bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, archaea, and mycoplasmas. Differentiate between protoplast, spheroplast, and L form.
Cell Wall Prevents osmotic lysis (protects against changes in water pressure)
Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria = NAG+NAM+amino acids)
penicillin interferes with production of peptidoglycan Contributes to disease capability and site of action of some antibiotics.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.6a, b
Peptidoglycan (murein) Polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid The small arrows denote where (NAM) Linked by polypeptides
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
penicillin interferes with linkage of
peptidoglycan rows.
Figure 4.13a
Gram positive vs. gram negative cell walls
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.13b, c
Gram-positive cell walls
Thick peptidoglycan Teichoic acids (alcohol+phosphate) In acid-fast cells, contains mycolic acid (waxy lipid) allows them to be grouped into medically significant types.
Gram-negative cell walls
Thin peptidoglycan (subject
to mechanical breakage) No teichoic acids Outer membrane:
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Evades phagocytosis Barrier to certain antibiotics
Gram-Positive cell walls
Teichoic acids: Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan May regulate movement of cations (+ charge) Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation (identification)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.13b
Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids. Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane. Protection from phagocytes, complement (30+ liver proteins that protect host), antibiotics. O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7. Lipid A is an endotoxin. Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane to pass other molecules
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.13c
Gram Stain Mechanism
Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals form in cell combining with peptidoglycan Gram-positive Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan CV-I crystals do not leave Gram-negative Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan CV-I washes out Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atypical Cell Walls
Mycoplasmas (Genus) Lack cell walls Sterols in plasma membrane Archaea Wall-less, or Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino acids, peptidoglycan)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Damage to Cell Walls
Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan (gram+ cell walls destroyed, gram- damaged, resulting in spheroplast). Spheroplast is a wall-less Gram-positive cell. Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan. Protoplast is a wall-less cell. L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes (gram+ and -). Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma (cytoplasmic) Membrane
Learning objectives: Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of prokaryotic plasma membrane. Define simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and group translocation.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.14a
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model
Selectively permeable Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.14b
Fluid Mosaic Model
Membrane is as viscous as olive oil. Proteins move to function Phospholipids rotate and move laterally
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.14b
Plasma Membrane Carry enzymes for metabolic reactions: nutrient breakdown, energy production, photosynthesis Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Enzymes for ATP production Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Movement Across Membranes
High to low concentration:
Movement may be passive (no energy expenditure diffusion or facilitated diffusion): Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (ions move until equilibrium reached) Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Movement Across Membranes
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.17
Movement Across Membranes
Osmosis (always involves water): Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water. Osmotic pressure The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.18a
Osmosis
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.18c-e
Movement Across Membranes
Low to high concentration (against gradient) cell must
expend energy: Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP. (phospheonolpyruvic acid)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the fluid substance inside the plasma membrane (water, inorganic and organic molecules, DNA, ribosomes, and inclusions)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.6a, b
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nuclear Area Learning objectives: Identify functions of the nuclear area, ribosomes, and inclusions.
Nuclear area (nucleoid) contains single long,
continuous, double-stranded DNA called bacterial chromosome. Bacteria can contain plasmids circular DNA
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.6a, b
Ribosomes = rRNA + proteins
Sites of protein synthesis (rRNA) free floating, not tied to endoplasmic reticulum as in eukaryotes.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.6a
Ribosomes The letter S refers to Svedberg units = relative rate of sedimentation. Because of differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes, the microbe can be killed by antibiotics while eukaryotic host cell is unaffected.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.19
Inclusions FUNCTION
Metachromatic granules (volutin)
Phosphate reserves
Polysaccharide granules
Energy reserves
Lipid inclusions
Energy reserves
Sulfur granules
Energy reserves
Carboxysomes
Ribulose 1,5diphosphate carboxylase
for CO2 fixation
Gas vacuoles
Protein covered cylinders
Magnetosomes
Iron oxide (destroys H2O2)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Iron-oxide inclusions in some gram-negative
bacteria that act like magnets. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endospores Learning objective: Describe the functions of endospores, sporulation, and endospore germination.
Resting cells formed for survival
Sporulation: Endospore formation Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals Bacillus, Clostridium Germination: Return to vegetative state
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endospores tend to form under conditions of stress.
Eukaryotic Cells Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Eukaryotic Flagella and Cilia
Prokaryotic flagella rotate, eukaryotic flagella wave Euglena (evolutionary building block)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Flagella and Cilia
Flagella are few and long (motility), cilia are numerous and short (motility and move substances along cell surface) Microtubules Tubulin 9 pairs + 2 arrangements
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.23c
Cell Wall and Glycocalyx
Learning objective: Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls and glycocalyxes.
Cell wall Plants, algae, some fungi contain cellulose Carbohydrates Cellulose, chitin (fungal), glucan & mannan (yeast) Glycocalyx surround animal cells (strength, attachment to other cells) Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane Learning objective: Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes.
Phospholipid bilayer in both p. and e. cells
Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins Sterols Glycocalyx carbohydrates not found in p. cells except Mycoplasma bacteria
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Simple diffusion Facilitative diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles (solids) Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances (liquids) Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning objectives: Define organelle. Describe the functions of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and centrosomes. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organelles Specialized membrane-bound structure in cytoplasm: Nucleus
Contains chromosomes (DNA)
ER
Transport network, ribosomes
Golgi complex
Membrane formation and protein
secretion
Lysosome
Digestive enzymes
Vacuole
Brings food into cells and
provides support
Mitochondrion
Cellular respiration (ATP)
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis (70S ribosomes)
Peroxisome
Oxidation of fatty acids;
destroys H2O2
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Eukaryotic Cell
Not membrane-bound: Ribosome
Protein synthesis (translation)
Centrosome Consists of protein fibers and
centrioles Centriole
Mitotic spindle formation
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Eukaryotic Nucleus
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.24
Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER contains ribosomes site of protein translation Smooth ER performs various functions: Synthesizes phospholipids, fats, steroids In liver: glucose release and detoxify toxins Creates vesicles
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.25
Ribosomes
80S Membrane-bound Attached to ER Free
In cytoplasm
70S In chloroplasts and mitochondria
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Golgi Complex Golgi complex modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from the ER; discharges proteins via exocytosis; replaces portions of the plasma membrane; and forms lysosomes (digestive enzymes).
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.26
Lysosomes (digestive enzymes)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.22b
Vacuoles (storage of toxins, food, water)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.22b
Mitochondrion (furnace of the cell)
Site of the Krebs Cycle, which produces the energy currency of the cell - ATP
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.27
Chloroplast
Structure similar to mitochondria the
reverse side of respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 = H2O + CO2 + ATP Photosynthesis: H2O + CO2 + sun = C6H12O6 + O2
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.28
Endosymbiotic Theory Learning objective: Discuss evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution. Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria in size and shape as do their ribosomes These organelles contain circular DNA like prokaryotes and can reproduce apart from their host cell Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
