Electromagnetic Theory
Electromagnetic Theory
Electromagnetic Theory
UNIT I
INTODUCTION & VECTOR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
1.Define scalar and vector.
Scalar : A quantity that is characterized only by magnitude is called a scalar.
Vector : A quantity that is characterized both by magnitude and direction is called a
vector.
2.Define Scalar multiplication.
Scalar multiplication of two vectors is a scalar quantity whose magnitude
is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors multiplied by the cosine of the angle
between them. It is referred as Dot product.
A . B = ABcos
3.Define Vector multiplication.
The vector product of two vectors is defined as a vector whose magnitude
is the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the sine of the angle between
them. This multiplication is called , Cross Product.
A x B = ABsin
4. Show that the two vectors A =6 a x + a y -5 a z and B =3( a x +
perpendicular to each other.
A =6 a x + a y -5 a z
B =3( a x + a y - a z)
A. B=6x52x55x4
=0
Vector A and B are perpendicular to each other.
5. Show that the two vectors A =4 a x -2
parallel to each other.
A =4 a x -2 a y +2 a z
B =-6 a x +3 a y -3 a z
+2 a z and B =-6 a x +3
- a z) are
-3 a z are
ay
az
(6-6) -
x B =
ax
(-6+6) + a z(12-12)
=0
Vectors A and B are parallel to each other.
6.Define Gradient.
The gradient of any scalar function is the maximum space rate of change
of that function. If the scalar V represents electric potential, V represents potential
gradient.
V
V
a x + y
x
V=
ay
V
az
z
7. Define divergence.
The divergence of a vector A at any point is defined as the limit of its
surface integrated per unit volume as the volume enclosed by the surface shrinks to zero.
1
SA . n ds.
v
AX AY AZ
.A =
+
+
y
x
z
.A =Lt V 0
1
v
x Ads.
x3y2 a z )
=
a x + y a y
x
(3y4z)+
=0+0+0=0
Hence H is solenoidal.
a z is
az
z
( 4x3z2)+
solenoidal.
. (3y4z a x + 4x3z2 a y +2
( 2 x3y2)
A.B
=AxBx+AyBy+AzBz
= 2(-1)-3(2) +4(2)
=0
11.Given A= 4a y 8a z and B 2a y 6a z find A . B
A.B = AxBx +AyBy +AzBz
= 4(-2) + 8(6)
=40
12. Write down the expression for conversion of Cartesian to Cylindrical system.
The Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y, z ) can be converted into Cylindrical coordinates ( r , , z ).
Given
Transform
x
r = x2 y 2
y
= tan-1(y/x)
z= z
13. Write down the expression for conversion of Cylindrical to Cartesian system.
The Cylindrical co-ordinates ( r , , z ) can be converted into Cartesian coordinates ( x, y, z ).
Given
Transform
r
x = r cos
y = r sin
z
z= z
14. Write down the expression for conversion of Cartesian to Spherical system.
The Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y, z ) can be converted into Spherical co-ordinates
( r , , ).
Given
Transform
x
r = x2 y2 z2
=cos-1
= tan-1(y/x)
x y2 z2
2
13. Write down the expression for conversion of Spherical to Cartesian system.
The Spherical co-ordinates ( r , , ) can be converted into Cartesian coordinates ( x, y, z ).
Given
Transform
r
x = rsin.cos
y = r sin.sin
z = rcos
14. Transform the Cartesian co-ordinates x = 2, y = 1, z = 3 into spherical
co-ordinates.
Given
x=2
r=
Transform
x y2 z2 =
2
-1
4 1 9
= 3.74
3
o
=cos-1( 14 )=36.7
y=1
=cos
z=3
x y z
2
Transform
x = r cos = 1.cos45 = 0.707
=45 o
z=2
z= z=2
. AdV
v
A.dS
S
18. Express the value of differential volume in rectangular and cylindrical coordinates systems.
For rectangular co-ordinate
dv = dxdydz
For cyclindrical co-ordinate
4
dv = rdrddz.
19.Write the expression for differential length in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
For cylindrical co-ordinates
dl = (dr ) 2 (rd ) 2 (dz ) 2
For spherical co-ordinates
dl = (dr ) 2 (rd ) 2 (r sin d ) 2
20.Define unit vector.
A unit vector in a given direction is a direction in that direction divided by
its magnitude.
(or)
A unit vector is having unit magnitude and directed along the co-ordinate
axes.
r
ar = r
21. Find the distance from A (1,2,3) to B(2,0,-1) in rectangular co-ordinates.
r=
( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 ( z2 z1 ) 2
= (2 11 ) 2 (0 2) 2 (1 3) 2
= 1 4 16
= 21
22. What is the divergence of curl of a vector?
.xH 0
= LT
v 0
D.ds
v
Bx By Bz
x
y
z
.B =
r
r
r
z
For spherical co-ordinate system
1
(r 2 sin Br ) 1 (r sin B ) rB
.B = 2
r sin
r
r
PART B
1.Using divergence theorem, evaluate F.nds where F =2xy i + y2
is the surface of the cube bounded by x=0, x=1 ; y=0, y=1; and z=0, z=1.
+4yz k and S
2.Check the validity of the divergence theorem considering the field D=2xy a x + x2 a y
c/m2 and the rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes x=0, x=1; y=0, y=2 ; and
z=0,z=3.
3. If F= x2 a x +y2
+4y2 k and S
UNIT II
ELECTROSTATICS
6
Q
D= A
2.State Gausss law.
The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the total charge
enclosed by that surface.
=Q
3.State the point form of Gausss law.
The divergence of electric flux density is equal to the volume charge density.
.D v.
4. State Coulombs law.
Coulombs law states that the force between two very small charged objects
separated by a large distance compared to their size is proportional to the charge on each
object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F Q1Q2
1
F 2
r
Q1Q2
F
r2
Q1Q2
a12 Newtons .
F=
4r 2
( e.g) Electric field can be determined for shell, two concentric shell or
cylinders, etc.
6. What is a point charge?
Point charge is one whose maximum dimension is very small in comparison with
any other length.
7. What do you understand by linear , surface and volume charge densities?
Linear Charge density: It is the charge per unit length ( Col / m) at a point on
the line of charge.
l = Lt l 0 l
Surface charge density : It is the charge per surface area ( C/m2) at a point on the
surface of the charge.
Q
v
s= Lt s 0 s
Volume charge density : It is the charge per volume ( C/m3) at a point on the
volume of the charge.
s= Lt
v 0
E= Q
E=
Q
4r 2
Q
4r
Volts.
Potential Difference : Potential difference is defined as the work done in moving a unit
positive charge from one point in an electric field.
Q
V= 4
( r1 r1 ) Volts.
A
10.What is the relation between intensity of electric field E and electric flux density
D in free space?
D=E c/m2
Where
Permittivity of the medium.
= or
11. Give the relationship between potential gradient and electric field.
E = V
E = -
a
x + y a y
x
az
z
12. What is the electric field intensity at a distance of 20cm from a charge of 2c in
vacuum?
Q
E=
4r 2
=
2 x10 6
4x8.854 x10 12 x (0.2) 2
2 x9 x103
= 450 KV/m.
0.04
13. Find the electric potential at a point ( 4 , 3 ) m due to a charge of 10-9 C located at
the origin in free space.
V=
r=
Q
4 O r
4 2 32
= 5m.
10 9
V= 4x8.854 x10 12 x(5) = 1.8V
The divergence of a vector flux density is electric flux per unit volume
leaving a small volume. This is equal to the volume charge density.
15.Write the Poissons equation and Laplace equation.
Poission equation
where
2V /
2 - Laplacian operator.
2V 2V 2V
+
+
= - /
x 2 Y 2 z 2
Laplace equation
2V 0
2V 2V 2V
+
+
=0
x 2 Y 2 z 2
R
R
=0.6 a x
6a x + 8a y
36 64
+0.8 a y
17.A uniform line charge , infinite in extent , with l = 20nc/m lines along the z axis.
Find E at (6,8,3)m.
= 6 2 8 2 32
=
=
36 64 9
109
E =l / 2or
20 x10 9
=
= 34.48V/m
2x8.854 x10 12 x 109
x F
=0
10
Q
V
Given data,
A = 0.3 X0.3 = 0.09m2
d=5 x 10-3m.
o = 8.854 x 10-2
C=
=
A
o
2
0.09 X 8.854 X 10 12
5 X 10 3
= 15.9Nf
Where
b outer radius.
a inner radius.
24. Write the expression for the energy density in electro static field.
W
1
E 2
v
2
1
DE
2
25. Find the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor of 0.5m by 1m has a
separation of 2cm and a voltage difference of 10V.
11
C= o
A
d
o
C= d
ln
a
Where
d distance between two transmission lines.
a radius of cylinders.
27.State the boundary conditions at the interface between two perfect dielectrics.
a) The tangential component of electric field E is continuous at the surface. That
is E is the same just outside the surface as it is just inside the surface.
Et1 = Et2
b) The normal component of electric flux density is continuous if there is no
surface charge density. Otherwise D is discontinuous by an amount equal to the surface
charge density.
Dn1 = Dn2
28.A parallel plate capacitor has a charge of 10-3 C on each plate while the potential
difference between the plates is 1000V.Calaculate the value of capacitance.
Given data,
Q = 10-3C
V = 1000V
C=
Q
V
10 3
= 1F
103
12
Point form of Ohms law states that the field strength within a conductor is
proportional to the current density.
J E
J = E
Where
is conductivity of the material.
30. What is meant by conduction current?
Conduction current is nothing but the current flows through the conductor.
Conduction current density is given by
Jc = E Amp / m2
D
Amp / m2
t
1
v
nv
P
i 1
PART B
1. Find the force on a point charge of 50C at ( 0, 0 ,5 )m due to a charge of 500C
that is uniformly distributed over the circular disk r 5m, z=0mDerive an expression
for electric field due to an infinite long line charge from its principles.
2. Find the electric field intensity due to the presence of co-axial cable with inner
conductor of s c/m2 and the outer conductor of -s c/m2.
3.Derive the expression for the electric field intensity and potential at a point P which
is situated h meter away from the disc along its axis. The disc is charged uniformly
with a charge density of s c/m2 .
13
4. Derive the equation for potential at a point inside a solid sphere having uniform
volume charge density.
5. Derive the expression for energy and energy density in the static electric field.
6.Compare and explain conduction current and displacement current.
7.Deduce an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with two
dielectrics of relative permittivites 1 and 2 respectively interposed between the
plates.
8. Derive an expression for the capacitance of pair of co-axial cylinders of radii r 1 and
r2 and length l. The dielectric being air. The outside cylinder is earthed.
9.Auniform charge density of v c/m3 exists throughout the volume of a sphere of
radius b meters. Using Poissons equation , find the value of electric intensity and
potential at any point inside the sphere for which 0< r b.
10.A straight line of charge length 12cm carries a uniformly distributed charge of
0.3C per cm length. Determine the electric field intensity E at a point located at a
distance of 3 cm above the wire and displaced 3cm to right of, and beyond one end.
11.Four identical point charge Q coulombs each are placed at the four corners of a
square of side b. Find the force on a 1C charge located at the centre of any one side.
12.Two concentric perfectly conducting spheres of radii a and b contains charges
of +Q and Q respectively. The region between the spheres is filled with a dielectric
of permittivity . Find the total energy contained in the system.
13.Determine E outside a spherical cloud of electrons with a uniform volume charge
density = - 0 by solving Poissons equation.
14.Prove Poissons equation from the fundamental postulates of electrostatics.
15. State the boundary conditions of time varying fields at the interface between two
dielectric media.
UNIT III
MAGNETOSTAICS
1.Define magnetic flux .
14
Magnetic flux is defined as the flux passing through any area. Its unit is Weber .
B.da
a
Weber.
B=H
3.Define magnetic Gausss Law.
The total magnetic flux passing thorough any closed surface is equal to
zero.
B.da 0
a
dB
o Idl sin
4r 2
15
H .dl
b) Solenoid H
NI
2r
I
l
9.Write down the expression for magnetic field at the centre of the circular coil?
H
I
2a
r dr
Web / m
16
13. A solenoid with a radius of 2cm is wound with 20 turns per cm length and carries
10mA. Find H at the centre if the total length is10cm.
Given data,
N=nl = 20 x 10 = 200 turns.
l =10 X 10-2 m
I = 10 x 10-3A
H
NI
l
17
In vector form T = m x B
18. Give torque on a solenoid.
Torque on a solenoid in a magnetic field is
T=
n
. 2IAB
2
= nBIA
=mB
where
m=nIA
Magnetic field
Magnetic field intensity H ( Amp/m )
20.Determine the force per unit length between two long parallel wires separated by
5 cm in air and carrying currents 40A in the same direction.
Force / length =
o I1I 2
2D
40 X 40
x 4x10 7
2
2x5 x10
=6.4 x 10-3 N/m
Magnticdipole
Volume
Qm
a A/m
A
M
H
where
r is relative permeability
m is susceptibility
19
L=
Where
N
i
is magnetic flux
12 21
=
1
2
K1
K=
M
L1 L2
30.What will be effective inductance, if two inductors are connected in (a) series
and (b) parallel?
(a) For series L = L1 + L2 2 M
L1L2 M 2
(b)For Parallel L =
L1 L2 2 M
N is number of turns
A is area of cross-section
l is length of solenoid
o is free space permeability.
32.Give the expression for inductance of a toroid.
N 2 A o N 2 r 2
=
L o
2R
2R
where
N is number of turns
r is radius of the coil
R is radius of toroid
o is free space permeability.
33.Give the expression for inductance per unit length of a co-axial transmission line.
b
L = o ln H/m.
2 a
Where
a is the radius of inner conductor
b is the radius of outer conductor.
34.Distinguish between solenoid and toroid.
Solenoid: Solenoid is a cylindrically shaped coil consisting of a large number of closely
spaced turns of insulated wire wound usually on a non magnetic frame.
Toroid: If a long, slender solenoid is bent into the form of a ring and thereby closed on
itself, it becomes toroid.
35. What is the mutual inductance of two inductively tightly coupled coils with self
inductance of 25mH and 100mH.
L1 = 25mH.
L2 = 100mH
M=K L1L2
= 25 X 100
=50mH
PART-B
1.Determine the force between two parallel conductors of length 1m separated by 50cm
in air and carrying currents of 30A. (a) in the same direction (b) in the opposite direction.
21
2.In a cable the solid inner conductor of radius a carries current I amp. The outer annular
of inner radius b and outer radius c, carries I amp. Using Amperes circuital law find the
expression for magnetic field intensity in all regions.
3.A steady direct current I amps flows in a wire bent in the form of a square of side a.
Assuming that the Z axis passing through the centre of the square is normal to the plane
of the square, find the magnetic field intensity H at any point on the axis.
4. A single twin of wire in the form of a square of side 10cm carries a current of 20A.
Calculate the magnetic flux density produced by this circuit at a point on the central
normal to its plane distance 20cm from the plane.
5. Two narrow circular coils A and B have a common axis and are placed 15cm apart coil
has 10 turns of radius 5cm with a current of 2A passing through it. Coil B has a single
turn of radius 8cm. If the magnetic field at the centre of coil A is to be zero what current
must be passed through coilB.
6. A single phase circuit comprises two parallel conductors A and B. 1cm diameter and
spaced 1metre apart. The conductors carry currents of 10A and -10A respectively.
Determine the field intensity at the surface of each conductor and also in the middle of A
and B.
7. Two circular coils are located at z=0 plane and z=5m plane centered about the axis.
The first coil having a radius of 1m carries a current of 10A. The second coil having a
radius of 0.5m carries a current of 20 A. Calculate the magnetic field intensity at
(0,0,2.5m)
8. A solenoid with radius of 2cm is wound with 20turns per cm and carries 10mA i) find
H at the centre of the solenoid if its length is 10cm. ii) if all the turns of the solenoid
were compressed to make a ring of radius of 2cm, what would be H at the centre of a
ring.
5i
x2 y 2 z
22
15.A 400 turn solenoid winding is 1m long and has a diameter of 0.1m.Calculate the self
inductance of the winding.
16.Derive an expression for inductance per meter length of transmission line.
17.Find the magnetic flux density at a point on the axis of a circular vloop of radius a on
carrying a direct current I.
UNIT IV
ELECTRO DYNAMIC FIELDS
1.State Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
Faradays law states that electromagnetic force induced in a circuit is
equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux linking the circuit.
emf=
d
dt
2.Define mmf.
Magnetic motive force (mmf ) is given by
mmf = flux x reluctance
mmf = Amp.turns.
3.Define reluctance.
Reluctance is the ratio of mmf of magnetic circuit to the flux through it.
mmf
flux( )
It is also written as
l
A
where
l is the length
A is the area of cross- section
is permeability
23
di
dt
=5x10-3x100
=0.5V
5. Give the expression for lifting force of an electro magnet.
F=
B2 A
2 o
Where
B is flux density
A is area of air gap between the poles of the magnet
o is permeability of free space.
6. What is the expression for energy stored in magnetic field?
W=
1
LI 2
2
Where
L is the inductance
I is the current
7.What is energy density in the magnetic field?
1
BH
2
1
2
= H
2
Energy density w =
8.Write down the general, integral and point form of Faradays law.
emf v
E.dl
d
dt
B
t
( General )
B
ds
t
( Integral )
( Point form )
B
.ds
t
eg. Transformer.
emf =- vB.dl
eg. Generator
d
dt
mmf ( Amp-turns )
emf
resis tan ce
3.resistance R =
Magnetic circuit
magnetic flux =
4.Conductance G =
mmf
reluc tan ce
1
R
Reluctance A
1
Permeance P =
13.A region in free space has a magnetic field intensity of B web/m2. What is the
energy stored per m3 of space?
Energy density = Energy per volume
1 B2
=
Joules / m3
2
where,
25
H .dl
E.dl
D
ds
t
B
ds
t
D.ds dv
s
B.ds 0
s
D
t
B
t
H .dl
The path of integration must be enclosed one. It must be any shape and it
need not be circular alone.
18. Write the fundamental postulate for electromagnetic induction and explain how
its leads to Faradays Law.
26
d
dt
where the voltage is the integral of the electric field E around the loop.
For uniform magnetic field = B.A where B is the magnetic flux density and A
is the area of the loop.
v
E.dl t ds
This is Faradays law. It states that the line integral of the electric field around a
stationary loop equals the surface integral of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
density B integrated over the loop area.
19. Explain the significance of displace current . Write the Maxwells equation in
which it is used.
The displacement current iD through a specified surface is obtained by
integration of the normal component of JD over the surface.
iD =
.ds
= t .ds
S
iD =
E
ds
t
xH J C J D
E
= E
t
D
C H .dl S ( J t )ds
( Differential form )
( Integral form )
20.Find the total current in a circular conductor of radius 4mm if the current
density varies according to J =
10 4
A / m2 .
r
Solution:
J=
Current I =
104
A / m2
r
J .ds
2
0.004
10 4
.rdrd
r 0 r
27
= 10
0.004
0 0
=10-4 x 0.004 x 02
= 80.
21. Write down the Maxwells equations in point phasor forms.
xH J jD ( j ) E
xE jB jH
.D
.B 0
H .dl ( J
jD ) ds
j ) E.ds
D.ds dv
S
B.ds 0
S
H .dl
S
E.dl
B
ds
t
D.ds 0
s
B.ds 0
s
D
t
B
t
28
27.Explain why .B 0
.B 0 states that there is no magnetic charges. The net magnetic flux
B
=0
t
(irrotational)
29.Explain why .D 0
In a free space there is no charge enclosed by the medium . The volume
charge density is zero.
By Maxwells equation
.D v 0
Field Theory
Evolved from Transmission theory.
Beyond RF range ( Microwave )
Not directly , through E and H.
Parameter of medium ( permittivity and
permeability) are involved in the analysis.
Maxwells equation is employed
S parameter is used.
Relatively high power is involved.
Needs visualization ability
Three dimensional analysis
Wave length is used as reference
Distributed components are involved.
29
PART B
1.A circuit has 200 turns enclosing a magnetic circuit 30cm 2 in cross section . A current
of 5A in the circuit produce a field of flux density 1 Tesla and when the current is
doubled the flux density increases by 50% . Determine the mean value of inductance of
the between 5A and 10A and also the induced emf when the current increases uniformly
from 5A to10A in 0.1 sec.
2. A square coil 10cm side with 100turns is rotated at a uniform speed of 1000 rpm, about
an axis at right angles to a magnetic field of density of 0.5 Tesla. Calculate the
instantaneous emf induced when the plane of the coil is (i) at 90 0 to the field (ii0 in the
plane of the field .
3.A Faradays copper 0.2m in diameter is rotated at 60 revolutions per second about a
horizontal axis, perpendicular to and through the centre of the disc the axis lying in a
horizontal field of 20 Wb / m 2 . Dete3rmine the emf measured between the brushes,
one situated at the centre and the other at the rim of disc.
4.State Maxwells equations and obtain them in differential form. Also derive them for
harmonically varying field.
5.State Maxwells equations and obtain them in integral and differential form
6.Derive and explain the Maxwells equations in point and integral form using Amperes
circuital law and Faradys law.
7.Derive the Maxwells equation for free space in integral and point forms explain.
8. Derive and explain the Maxwells equations in point and integral form using electric
and magnetic Gausss law.
9.Derive the Maxwells equation in phasor forms in free space.
10.Obtain the Maxwells equations for conducting medium and free space in integral and
point forms.
11. State and prove boundary conditions by the application of Maxwells equations.
12.State the boundary conditions of time varying fields at the interface between two
dielectric media between a dielectric medium and a perfect metal
13. Briefly explain the similarities between electric circuit and magnetic circuit.
14. Write the Maxwells equation in integral, point and phasor form and also indicate the
associated laws.
30
UNIT V
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1.Define a wave.
If a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time is reproduced
at other places at later times , the time delay being proportional to the space
separation from the first location , then the group of phenomenon constitutes a wave.
2.Mention the properties of uniform plane wave.
The properties of uniform plane wave are as follows
1.At every point in space , the electric field E and Magnetic field H are perpendicular to
each other and to the direction of the travel.
2.The fields vary harmonically with the time and at the same frequency, every where in
space.
3.Each field has the same direction , magnitude and phase at every point in any
plane perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
3. Write down the wave equations for E and H in a non-dissipative ( free space )
medium.
2E
2 E oo 2 0
t
2H
2 H oo 2 0
t
4. Write down the wave equations for E and H in a conducting medium.
2E
E
2 E 2
0
t
t
2H
H
2 H 2
0
t
t
5.Define plane wave.
If the phase of a wave is the same for all points on a plane surface it is
called plane wave.
6.Define uniform plane wave.
If the phase of a wave is the same for all points on a plane surface it is
called plane wave. If the amplitude is also constant in a plane wave, it is called uniform
plane wave.
31
ohms
=
10. Define propagation constant.
j ( j
12.Define polarization.
Polarization is defined as the polarization of a uniform plane wave refers
to the time varying nature of the electric field vector at some fixed point in space.
32
2
2x 2 x10 x1x 4x10 7 x38.2 x106
6
=5.758 x 10-5 m.
17. At what frequencies may earth be considered a perfect, if =6 x 10 -3 s/m, r =1
and r=10.
33
6 X 10 3
6 x36x109 x10 3
108 x106
x8.854 x10 12
2f
f
ax
Determine
E=100 e-(z/3) a x
2
=
=
3
6m
f
e 3 x108
50 MHz
where
j ( j )
V I
2
COS
S x(H )
where ,
V is electric potential
H is magnetic field intensity
24. State Poynting theorem.
The vector product of electric field intensity at any point is a measure of
the rate of energy flow per unit area at that point.
P=ExH
25.State Snells law.
When a wave is travelling from one medium to another medium , the
angle of incidence is related to angle of reflection as follows.
sin i
1
2
sin t
2
1
where
( 1 2 0 )
i is angle of incidence
t is angle of refraction
tan 1 2
1
where
1 is dielectric constant of medium 1
2 is dielectric constant of medium 2
27.Define Surface impedance.
Surface impedance is defined as the ratio of tangential component of
electric field at the surface of a conductor to the linear current density.
E
Zs tan
Js
where
is propagation constant
is conductivity medium
35
t 2
x 2
OR
2
2H y
1 Hy
t 2
x 2
29.In a time varying situation how do you define a good conductor and lossy
dielectric ? Define loss tangent of a medium
For good conductor
>>1
f
2
and are large i.e., the wave is attenuated greatly as it propagates through the
conductor.
For lossy dielectric , dielectric current becomes complex,
' ' '
<<1
and
'
30.What do you meant by total internal reflection?
When a wave is incident from the denser medium to rarer medium at an angle
equal to or greater than the critical angle, the wave will be totally internally reflected
back. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection.
31.Write the expression for pointing theorem in point form?
.P E 2
1
[ H 2 E 2 ]
2 t
36
P.ds E 2
S
1
[ H 2 E 2 ]
t V 2 t
1
E1s max
E1s min
1
35.Define skin depth and its significance at low frequency and at very high
frequency (micro wave frequency) applications to conductors.
Skin depth or depth of penetration () is defined as that of depth in which
the wave has been attenuated to 1 / e or approximately 37% of its original value.
f
1
f
PART B
1. Derive the electromagnetic wave equation for electric field.
2. Derive the electromagnetic wave equation for magnetic field.
3. Obtain the electromagnetic wave equation for free space in terms of electric field.
4. Obtain the electromagnetic wave equation for free space in terms of magnetic field.
5.Derive the expression for characteristics impedance from the principles.
6. Show that the intrinsic impedance for free space is 120 . Drive the necessary
equation.
7. Define uniform plane wave and derivative equation for uniform plane wave.
8. Derive the wave equation for magnetic field in phasor form.
9. Derive the wave equation for electric field in phasor form.
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10. Obtain the expression for propagation constant and also derive expressions for
attenuation constant and phase shift.
11. Explain the wave propagation in good conductor with necessary parameter.
12. Define polarization . What are the different types of wave polarization. Explain them
with mathematical expression.
13. State and prove Poynting theorem.
14. State Poynting theorem and derive an expression for pointing vector.
15. Obtain the instantaneous , average and complex pointing vector.
16. Define surface impedance and derive its expression.
17. Obtain standing wave equation when electromagnetic incident normally on a perfect
conductor.
18. Obtain the expression for the reflection co-efficient and transmission co-efficient for a
wave normally incident on the surface of a dielectric.
19. Determine the reflection coefficient of oblique incidence in perfect dielectric for
perpendicular polarization.
20. Determine the reflection coefficient of oblique incidence in perfect dielectric for
parallel polarization.
21.Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection and derive the expression for
critical angle.
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