Stoichiometric Equations & Problems

311: Industrial Chemistry
INTRODUCTION
Industrial Chemistry deals with the preparation of products from raw materials
through the agency of chemical change.
Chemistry is important to industry by:
Regulating manufacturing process
Quality Control
Research & Development
Sources of Raw Materials from the natural environment
Lithosphere Earths Crust

Hydrosphere Marine and Oceanic Environment
Atmosphere Air
Plants Flora
Classification of Natural Resources

1. Renewable
Resources that generate themselves
Forestry, fishery, and wildlife
2. Non-Renewable
Resources that are formed over long periods of time
Minerals, metals, and organic materials
Renewable resources can be non renewable when the rate of

consumption of renewable resources is greater than the rate of
regeneration
Chemical Industries commonly manufactured:
Heavy Chemicals
o Common acids, soda ash, salt
Fine Chemicals
o Result from a series of small-scale chemical operations
Characteristics of Chemical Industry
It must be essentially science-based industry
It must be with great commitment and investment to Research & Development
Eight Standard Industrial Classifications
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals

Plastic Materials, and Synthetics
Drugs
Soap, Cleaners, and Toilet Goods
Paints and Allied Products
Prepared by: Benedict S. Marzan
6. Industrial Organic Chemicals

7. Agricultural Chemicals
8. Miscellaneous Chemical Products
Typical Structure of a Chemical Manufacturing Process
Raw Materials
Chemical
Reactions
Physical
Treatment
Separation
&
Purification
Raw Materials
Unreacted Materials
Primary Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Batch Reactions
-Chemicals are added to the reactor at the same time and products are
emptied completely when the reaction is finished
2. Continuous Reactions
-Reactants are added and products are removed at a constant rate from the
reactor
General Principles of Industrial Chemistry

- When undertaking a case study of a particular chemical industry, the following
characteristics must be studied:
1. Feedstock (Raw materials, preparation)
2. Rate(Temperature and Pressure Variables)
3. Production Yield
4. Co-Products/By-Products
5. Waste Disposal and Effluent Control
6. Quality Control
7. Safety
8. Costs
9. Site Location
10.
Suitable Materials for the Construction of a Chemical Plant
Stoichiometric Relations
Moles of excess reactant required
Moles of reactant excess
Excess Reactant =
react withlimitingreactant 100
Excess Reactant =
Excess reactant suppliedTheoretical excess reactan t

10 0
Theoretical excess reactant
Conversion=
Amount of reactant reacted

10 0
Amoumt of reactant introduced
Completion=
Amount of limiting reactant reacted

10 0
Amount of Limiting reactant introduced
%Yeild=
ActualYield Product
10 0
Theoretical Yield Product
Moles of desi
Selectivity= product formed

Moles of undesired product formed
Problems for Stoichiometry

1. The most important commercial process for converting N 2 from the air into nitrogen-containing
compounds is based if the reaction of N 2 and H2 to form ammonia (NH3).
a) How many moles of NH3 can be formed from .1071 gram of N2 and 3 grams of H2?
b) Which is the Limiting Reactant?
c) Which is the Excess Reactant?
2. A strip of zinc metal with a mass of 2.00 g is placed in an aqueous solution containing 2.50g of
silver nitrate, causing the following reaction to occur:
Zn (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq)
a)
b)
c)
d)
2 Ag (s) + Zn(NO 3)2 (aq)
Which is the limiting reactant?

How many grams of Ag will form?
How many grams of Zn(NO3)2 will form?
How many grams of excess reactant will be left at the end of the reaction?
3. Adipic Acid, H2C6H8O4, is used to produce nylon. The acid is made commercially by a controlled
reaction between cyclohexane (C6H12) and O2:
2 C6H12 (l) + 5 O2 (g)
2 H2C6H8O4 (l) + 2 H2O (g)
a) Assume that you carry out this reaction starting with 25.0 g of cyclohexane and that
cyclohexane is the limiting reactant. What is the theoretical yield of adipic acid?
b) If you obtain 33.5 g of adipic acid from your reaction, what is the percentage yield of
adipic acid?
4. In a small scale reaction, the process by which iron ore containing Fe 2O3 is converted into iron
by the equation:
Fe2O3 (s) + 3 CO (g)
2 Fe (s) + 3 CO 2 (g)
a) If you start with 150 g of Fe2O3 as the limiting reagent, what is the theoretical yield of Fe?
b) If the actual yield of Fe in your test was 87.9 g, what was the percentage yield?
5. Antimony is obtained by heating pulverized stibnite (Sb 2S3) with scrap iron and drawing off the
molten antimony from the bottom of the reaction vessel:
Sb2S3 + Fe
Sb + FeS
Suppose that 0.600 kg of stibnite and 0.250 kg of iron turnings are heated together to give 0.200
kg of Sb metal.
Calculate the following:
a) Limiting Reactant

b)
c)
d)
e)
Percent Excess Reactant

Degree of Completion
% Conversion of Sb2S3 to Sb
Yield of Sb
Problems for Gas Laws

1. A sample of 100 grams of an ideal gas at 0.8 bar pressure has its
volume doubled and absolute temperature tripled. Find the final
pressure.
2. Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3(s), decomposes upon heating to give
CaO(s) and CO2(g). A sample of CaCO3 is decomposed, and the carbon
dioxide is collected in a 250-ml flask. After the decomposition is
complete, the gas has a pressure of 1.3 atm at a temperature of 31 oC.
How many moles of CO2 gas were generated?
3. Find the molar volume of an ideal gas at 23oC and 1atm.
4. What is the density of N2 at 80oC and 745 mmHg compared to air at
80oC and 745 mmHg?
5. A certain mixture of N2 and O2 has a density of 1.185g/L at
101.325kPa. Find the mole fraction of O2 in the mixture.
6. A gaseous mixture made from 6.00g O2 and 9.00g CH4 is placed in a
15.0L vessel at 0oC. What is the partial pressure of each gas, and what
is the total pressure in the vessel?
7. A study of the effects of certain gas on plant growth requires a
synthetic atmosphere composed of 1.5 mol percent CO 2, 18.0 mol
percent O2, and 80.5 mol percent Ar.
a. Calculate the partial pressure of O2 in the mixture if the total
pressure of the atmosphere is to be 745 torr.
b. If this atmosphere is to be held in a 121-L space at 295K, how
many moles of O2 are needed?
8. A sample of KClO3 is partially decomposed, producing O2 gas that is
collected over water. The volume of gas collected is 0.250-L at 26 oC
and 765 torr total pressure.
a. How many moles of O2 are collected?

b. How many grams of KClO3 were decomposed?

Stoichiometric Equations & Problems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stoichiometric Equations & Problems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stoichiometric Equations & Problems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

311: Industrial Chemistry

Lithosphere Earths Crust

Classification of Natural Resources

Renewable resources can be non renewable when the rate of

Industrial Inorganic Chemicals

311: Industrial Chemistry

6. Industrial Organic Chemicals

Primary Types of Chemical Reactions

General Principles of Industrial Chemistry

Prepared by: Benedict S. Marzan

311: Industrial Chemistry

Excess reactant suppliedTheoretical excess reactan t

Amount of reactant reacted

Amount of limiting reactant reacted

Selectivity= product formed

Prepared by: Benedict S. Marzan

311: Industrial Chemistry

Problems for Stoichiometry

2 Ag (s) + Zn(NO 3)2 (aq)

Which is the limiting reactant?

2 H2C6H8O4 (l) + 2 H2O (g)

311: Industrial Chemistry

Percent Excess Reactant

Problems for Gas Laws

311: Industrial Chemistry

a. How many moles of O2 are collected?

Prepared by: Benedict S. Marzan

You might also like