SEM: Kaolinite

Surface area = 10 to 15 m2/g

Surface Charge = 3 to 15
meq/100g
Soil Basics
Oxygen
Silicon

Aluminum
OH

SEM: Smectite Surface area = up to

800 m2/g

Surface charge = 100

meq/100g

Surface charge due to IS

Al+3 for Si+4 or Mg+2 for Al+3

Silica tetrahedral
Lime Basics
Aluminum
octahedral

Calcining lime in rotary kiln

Reactions
CaO Ca(OH)2

1
Lime slurry with 38% Mixing lime slurry (5% CaO)
Solids at Denver With soils at opt. +5%
International, 1990 Long mellowing to
Accommodate high
SO4

Modifying wet, clayey silt in Normandy

Denver International Airport

5% wet of opt.

Modifying wet,
clayey silt in Normandy Double Diffused Water Layer
(DDL)
H2O
- Cation Diffusion
+
+
- - - +
+
+
+ - ++ +
- - - + +
+ + +
Clay - +- Clay +
+ - - +
Surface- + -+ + Surface- + + +
- - + + +
- + +
From CBR = 2% to - +++ - +
+
- -+ +
CBR = 15 to 20% +
+
1 meter deep Water Dipole

2
Effect of Cation Adsorption on TELI of (a) Na-
Na-Smectite 1 M NaCl;
NaCl; (b) Ca-
Ca-
Smectite 10-3 M CaCl (near saturation)
Attracted Water Layer Na-system:

More water between

Ca++ Saturation Na+ Saturation clay plates

Weaker matrix

Ca-system:

Less water between

clay plates

More rigid maxtix

Less prone to swell-

shrink

Pozzolanic Reaction
1M NaCl at near
saturation
0.031 x 105 Pa
• High pH (> 12) environment when
water added to CaO
• SiO2 and Al2O3 become soluble in
high pH
Drying to 1 x 105 Pa
• Ca++ + SiO2 + H2O = CSH
• Ca++ + Al2O3 + H2O = CAH
Drying to 10 x 105 Pa

Natural clay: 1500X

With Ca(OH)2 and

28-day cure

3
 Mississippi Pavements
Highway HMA (in.) Yrs of
Service
Results
US 45 N 10 17
US 61 N 12 15
US 82W 13 20
US 82E 10 20

UCCS, psi (LSS) M.R. Thompson Resilient Modulus, psi (LSS)

criteria, 1970
600 80000
a2 = 0.14 for UAB

500 70000
60000
400 50000
Dry Dry
300 40000
Soak Soak
200 30000
20000
100 10000
0 0
61N 82E 82W 45N 61N 82E 82W 45N

Visual Analysis of Soak

Testing Comparative Swell

After 12 hrs. of Capillary Rise

4
Field Data, DCP Field Data, FWD

CBR, CBR, Ratio LTS: Pavement Modulus, Modulus, Ratio

Pavement Subgrade (%) LTS (%) Subgrade Subgrade (psi) LTS (psi) LTS:
Subgrade
61N 15 200 33.3 61N 13,000 61,000 4.38

82E 12 150 12.5 82E 17,000 352,000 20.72

82W 4 47 11.8 82W 17,600 193,000 10.98

45N 10 133 13.3 45N 17,900 211,000 11.86

The AASHTO Empirical Design

Field Data, GPR Example
“Statistically-
Statistically-Based”
Based”
AASHO Road Test
LTS Dielectric AASHO RT

Pavement Thickness Value

61N 150-mm 9 – 13
82E 150-mm 6–8 1958 – 1960
82W 150-mm 7 – 10 Ottawa, Illinois

45N 250-mm No Data (AASHO, 1961)

Falling Weight Deflectometer Comparison of Design Values

d6 is uniquely
C
L r Related to
Subgrade modulus
If r > 0.7ae Lab Lab Field Field
Pavement
do d6 UCCS, MR, CBR, % a2
HMA
psi psi
US 61N 285 50,000 200 0.13
Lime Stabilized US 82E 264 28,500 150 0.16
Layer ae

US 82 W 235 38,600 47 0.12

Subgrade
US 45N 271 53,000 133 0.14

5
 Permanent Deformation in Permanent Strain, in.
Samples tested following
24-hours of capillary soak
Subgrade 0.07
UCCS
0.06

0.05
CH (Beaumont)

0.04
3-Parameter Model CH Beaumont
0.03
UCCS Prediction + 5% CaO
6 psi 0.02

0.01

0
3% Strain 1.5% Strain 1 1000 10000 100000

Permanent Deformation will accumulate Number of Loading Cycles

with repeated loading

Confinement = 15 psi
Permanent Strain, in. Deviatoric Stress = 45 psi
Colorado LS v. Colorado Limestone
0.007
+ 1.5% hydrated lime (HL)
0.006

0.005 Level of anisotropy

LS = 0.30
0.004 LS + HL = 0.45 Mix Design
0.003 3-Parameter Model
0.002
Predition

0.001

0
1 1000 10000 100000

Number of Loading Cycles

pH Method (Tex-
(Tex-121-
121-E, Part 3)
TxDOT Lime Content Selection Eades and Grim Test
Mostly for soils

• From ASTM 6276 note 13.1 “the lowest

Eades & Grim #13
percentage of lime that gives a pH of 12.4 is
12.6
the approximate lime percentage for
12.55

12.5
stabilizing the soil. There may be soils in
which the pH is greater than 12.4. If this
pH

12.45

12.4
occurs select the lowest percentage of lime
12.35 where the higher pH value does not rise for
0 1 2 3
Lime %
4 5 6 7 8 9
at least two successive test samples at
Eades & Grim #18
increasing lime percentages”
percentages”.
12.6

12.5

12.4
pH

12.3

12.2

12.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Lime %

6
Soil-
Soil-Lime Mix Design – Tex-
Tex-121-
121-E Part 1 National Lime Association Procedure (Little, 1998) –
• Minimum Strength Method
Yusuf,
Yusuf, Little, & Sarkar,
Sarkar, TRR 1757, pp. 22 – 31
– Develop M-M-D relationship in accordance to Tex-
Tex-113-
113-E
– Mold 3 specimens (6 by 8” 8”) at varying percentages of lime • Step 1: Classify and assess suitability for lime stabilization
– Place in triaxial cell and cure at room temp for 7 days • Step 2: Perform Eades & Grim pH test (ASTM D 6276) to
– Remove cell, air dry at 140F for 6 hours (or loss 1/3 moisture) determine approximate optimum lime content
– Subject sample to capillary for 10 days • Step 3: Determine moisture/density AASHTO T-
T-99, TEX 113A)
– Determine the average UCS at each lime percent relationship for lime treated soil and determine strength gain
– Determine the minimum lime content following accelerated cure at approximate optimum lime content
the desired strength is achieved = • Step 4: Verify optimum lime content and determine unconfined
Target Lime Content compressive strength (UCCS – ASTM D 5102) following
– Minimum UCS recommended for base capillary soaking
is 150 psi and for subgrade is 50 psi • Step 5: Determine resilient modulus (Rapid Test or AASHTO T
307 – 99 at 6 psi deviatoric – Er-
Er-ksi = 0.124 (UCCS-
(UCCS-psi)
psi) + 10
following capillary soaking
• Step 6: Tube suction - discontinued

Construction

7
8
9
Hydrated Lime Slurry

10