Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity (1923), 201pp.

GAELIC
OF
PIONEERS
CHRISTIANITY
Ribil
Obstat:
"" FERDINANDUS
CABROL,
Abbas Farnburgensis.
12 Feb., 1923
Riftil,Obstat:
JOANNES
CANONICUS
WATERS,
Censor Theol. Deput.

linprimi
potcst:
^ EDUARDUS,
Archiep. Dublinen,
Hiberniae
DUBLINI, die 20 Afrilis,
1923.
Primas.
GAELIC
OF
CHRISTIANITY
Ube Morft
::
PIONEERS
ano influence
of Jrisb
fllionfcs
ano Saints in Continental Europe

( VIth- XIIth Cent.}
::
By DOM LOUIS
GOUGAUD,
O.S.B.
Benedictineof St. Michael's Abbey, Farnborough
Translated from the French by Victor Collins

With a Prefaceby Father Angustin, O.S F.C.
M.
H.
50 UPPER
GILL
AND
O'CONNELL
1923
SON,
STREET,
LTD.
DUBLIN
IVIAR1
Printed
and 'Bound
in Ireland by :: ::
M. H. Gill &" Son,
.:" .:"
Ltd.
.:" .:"
jo Upper O'Connell
Street
:: ::
Dublin
To
MY
FRIEND
M. F. DUINE
AFFECTIONATELY
AND
L.
G.
GRATEFULLY
CONTENTS
PAGE
FIRST
PART:
THE WORK OF THE MISSIONARIES,MONKS AND

OTHER IRISH Peregrini ON THE CONTINENT
I. St. Columban,St. Gall and their Disciples .
II. St. Fursa and the Perigrini Minores
17
III. WanderingBishops,Clericsand Monks
24
IV. Pilgrims and ShamPilgrims
31
V. Some Reasons for the Irish Missionary

Exodus
.
.
.
-35
VI. Ireland's Doctissimi Magistri Abroad
42
VII. The Knowledgeof Greekin Ireland During

the Middle Ages
.
-55
VIII. Travelling Methodsof the Islanders
IX.
X.
Charitable
The
for the Benefit
of
the Scotti.-Monasteria Scottorum
Recluses
Institutions
68
78
88
Gaelic Pioneersof Christianity

PAGE
SECOND
THE
PLACE
or
IRISH
PART
SAINTS
RELIGIOUS
IN
:
CONTINENTAL
FOLKLORE
I. The Three Great National
Saints
II. St. Brendanthe Navigator
103
118
III. The MissionaryMonks : St. Columbanand

St. Gall
.121
IV. Saints specially honoured in Belgium and

France
.127
V. Saintsspeciallyhonouredin GermanLands
140
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The original
sources are too numerous to be indicated
here ; they
will
be found
I.-WORKS
HAVING
at the foot
CONNECTION
IN
of the pages.
WITH
THE
FlEST
PART
PARTICULAR
ALFONS BELLESHEIM, Veber einige Beziehungen Irlands zu

Reichsstadt Aachen und Diozese Luttich (Zeitschrift des
Aachener Geschichtsvereins,
XIV,
1892, p. 38-53).
JOANNES BOLLANDUS, De B. Mariano
Scoto et Murcherato
;
commentarius
praevius
(BoLL., Febr. II, 361-365).
G. BONET-MAURY,
Saint
Colomban
et la fondation
des
monasteres irlandais
en Brie au VIP
siecle (Revue
historique, LXXXIII,
1903, p. 277-299).
MRS. THOMAS CONCANNON, The Life
of Saint Columban,
Dublin,
1915.
J. J. DUNN, Irish monks on the Continent
(Catholic
University Bulletin,
X, 1904, p. 307-328).
L. GOUGAUD, Les Chretientes celtiques, Paris, 1911, Ch. V
and
VIII.
MAS HEIMBUCHER, Die

katholischen
Kirche,
Orden und Kongregationen

Paderborn,
der
1907, 1, p. 258-261.
J. J. LAUX, Der hi. Kolumban, sein Leben und seine Schriften,

Freiburg i. Br., 1919. The same work has been published in English under the pseudonyme of G. METLAKE,
The life and writings of St. Columban, Philadelphia,
1914.
The same.
liXIII,
St. Virgil
the Geometer (Ecclesiastical review,
1920, p. 13-21).
WHIL. LEVISON, Die Iren und die Frdnkische Kirche (Historische Zeitschrift, OIX, 1912, p. 1-22).
Euo. MARTIN, Saint Colomban (Les Saints), Paris, 1905.
J. V. PFLUGK-HARTTUNG,
The Old Irish on the Continent
(Trans, of the Roy. hist. Society, New ser., V, 1891, p.

75-102).
is
Gaelic l^H^^^^^^^^B^^^^
G. H. KENZ, Beitrdge zur Gcschichteder SchottenabteiSt.
Jakob und des Priorates Weih St. Peter in Regensburg
(Sludien und Mitteilungen aus dem Benedictiner-u.
dem Cistercienser-Orden,
XVI-XVII1,
1895-1897).
L. TBAUBE, Perrona Scottorum (Sitzungsberichte der pliilos.

philol-und hist. Classe der k. B. Akad. der Wissensch.
zu Munchen,
1900, p. 469-538).
NICOLAUSVEBNULAEUS, De propagatione fidei christianae in

Belgio per sanctas ex Hibernia viros, Lovanii, 1639.
WHIL. WATTENBACH, Die Congregation der Schottenkloster
in Deutschland (Zcitschrift far christliche Archaeologie
und Kwist,
1856, p. 21-30,
49-58), an essay communi-
cated by W. Reeves under the title : The Irish

Monasteries in Germany (Ulster Journal of Archaeology,
VII,
II.
1859, p. 227-246,
WOBKS
BEARING
295-313).
ON THE
SECOND
PART
IN PARTICULAR
L. TACHET DE BABNEVAL, Histoire

legendaire dc I'lrlande,
Paris, 1856, Ch. viu, xvni,
xsiv,
xxv, xxvii,
xxvin.
D. OAMBIASO, San Colombano, sua opera e suo culto in

Liguria (Rivista diocesana Genovese, VI, 1916, p. 121125).
E. C. DELCHAMBBE,
Vie de Saint
Feuillen,
Namur,
1861.
A. DURWACHTER,Die Gesta Caroli Magni der Regensburger

Schottenlegende,
Bonn,
1897.
H. GAIDOZ, TJn saint irlandais

VIII,
en Savoie (Revue celtique,
1887, p. 165-168).
MABG. STOKES,Six months in the Apennines in search of the

vestiges of Irish
Saints
in Italy,
London,
1919 ;
Three
months in the forests of France : a pilgrimage in search

of vestiges of Irish
Saints,
London,
1895.
T. A. WALSH, Irish Saints in Belgium (Ecclesiastical review,

XXXIX,
p. 122-140.
L. PFLEGER, Le culte d'une sainte irlandaise en Alsace : Ste

Brigide (Bulletin ecclesiastique de Strasbourg, SLLII,
1923, p. 51-55).
INTRODUCTION
THEfirst
part
ofthis
little
book
origin
appeared,in 1908,in the Revued'histoire
ecclesiastiqueas Uceuvre des ' Scotti'
dans I'Europe continental (Vol. IX, p. 21-37

and 255-277),and I made use of this paper
when writing
Chapter v of my Chreticntes
cdtiques(Paris, 1911).
The secondpart was first published in the
Revue celtique under the title :
Les saints
irlandais dansles traditionspopulairesdespayscontinentaux(Vol. XXXIX,
p. 199-226).*
Although this secondstudy was written so

lately as 1922,it doesnot reappearherewithout
having received some slight alterations. As
regards the first paper, it has undergone very
many changes in the way of remodelling and
correcting,as well as by the addition of fresh

material, for the author has kept himself in
close touch with everything that has been published on the subject since 1908.
1 See also the additional notes to that
Revue celtique (XXXIX,
No. 3, 1923).
paper in the

Nothing ages more quickly than historical
work.
The historian who dares, after the lapse
of only a few years, to reprint unchangeda

former work, is guilty of a carelessness
which is
not easily reconciled with the critical facultyShould it ever happen that the writer of these
lines
ceases
to
revise
and
amend
his
former
works,he is willing to be consideredasmentally

impotent. Heavengrant that that day is still
far
distant
I have to thank my devoted translator, Mr.

Victor Collins, who at his own desire undertook
this delicate work. To me it is particularly

agreeableto have my work and name associated
with
those of a friend
with
whom
I had the
good fortune to explore, in 1912, some of the

most remarkable ruins of Ireland, from the Rock
of Cashel to those of far-famed
Clonmacnois.
My gratitude is no less great to Father
Augustine,O.S.F.C.for having written, at Mr.

Collins's request, a very striking preface for
this volume.
In their distant wanderings the tireless

pioneers,whosefootprints and history we have
Xll
Introduction
sought to recover and to tell, ever bore in their
hearts a tender love to their " green isle," to
the
"
sweet earth of their native land," x even
as do, in our own day, the unnumberedexilesof

the Irish diaspora, who are spread over the
wide surfaceof the globe. Theseearly pioneers
of the Christian name laboured so energetically
amid the nations, many of whom were bar-
barous, in whoselands they were dispersed,that
they have left behind them a very deep and

lasting impression. Indeed, the Germany of the
middle ages,to honour these heroes,outlined of
them an epic which comes within the cycle of
Charles the Great ; 2 and to this day the
memory of the saints of Ireland still lives in
the lands that are watered by the Marne, the
Meuse, the Rhine and the Danube.
God grant that the Gaels of to-day-the
Gaels
of the motherland and those of the diaspora,

whosehearts are now wrung with bitter agony1 " Dulce solum natalis patriae . . . et virides terras,"
writes the Irish author of Vita B. Mariani Ratisponensis
(I, 6 : Boll. Febr., II, 3G6)
21 allude to the legend on the Scotti of Ratisbon published
by
DURWACHTER
(Die
Gesta
Caroli
Regensburger Schottenlegende, Bonn, 1897).
Magni
der

may draw both example and hope from their
glorious national history.
A Breton poet of our time, who by somehas

beengiven rank with the most illustrious poets
of Christianity, though killed in the great war,
loth April, 1917,in the very bloom of youth,

Jean-Pierre Calloc'h, has sung the destiny of
our race-for
the Breton
Gaelic race of Ireland-in
race is of kin
to the
one of his most beauti-
ful poems(Men Goueri).

Listen then, Gaels of Eire, to what young
Calloc'h
wrote :
" To-day, I well know, you are the despisedof all

After being, 0 Celtic race, the light of Europe.
To-day, like the sun, you have sunk in the West;
But when Morning breaks, you will rise with him
again."1
L. G.
1 J. P. CALLOC'H, A genoux, lais bretons with a French
translation
by
M. P.
MOCAER (Paris,
1921),
p.
67.
this book, see J. VENDBYBS in Revue celtique, XXXIX,

1922, p. 94 s.
On
PREFACE
THISvaluable
contribution
tothe
fame
of Ireland has for me a specialcharm
which
amounts
almost
to a fascination.
Over much of the ground it coversI travelled a

few timeswithin the last eight-and-twentyyears,
in France,Austria, Germany and Switzerland,
and,from booksand friends, I gatheredsomeof
the important information that its pages enshrine. More than three and a half yearsof my
life I have spent in the last-named beautiful
country on the borders of the Canton which
bears the distinguished name of St. Gall, in
dioceses
where
his name
and
that
of his
master
are still held in the deepestveneration, and but

a short distance from the celebrated monastery
that
was
once
" the intellectual
centre
of the
German world." At the present moment I

write within easy reach of a few of the most
remarkable
foundations
of Irish
missionaries,
and, therefore, the reading of this book has

vividly brought back the bright and happy days
of a Past in which we may justly take a holy
xv

pride and from which we can draw abundant
inspiration to glorify the Future of our country.
The thoughtful know that in all the great
things of life it is the value and not the bulk

of the work that counts, and the chief value of
the present study consistsin the fact that it

containsnothing which is not substantiatedby
texts whose authenticity and truth have been
established by the most searching criticism.
The scholarly and erudite author has carefully
kept his imagination under control, and, unlike
some others who have travelled
over the same
regions, he indulges in no praise that is not

warranted by the indisputable testimony of the
past. That he loves the land which produced

the great personalities of whom he writes is
evident from almost every page, but not even
to minister to this feeling in himself or in others,
does he advance as much as one statement
which
is not supported by the most unquestionable

authority.
In the documents which he has cited there is
a sufficiencyof beautiful things about Ireland,

her saints and scholars,her monks and nuns,
her bishops and missionaries,her confessorsand
martyrs, and on these he relies to establish the
svi
Preface
ancient greatness and glory of our country
abroad. To these documents he closely adheres
with the unerring instinct of the genuine
historian,
and not
for one moment
does he
allow himself to be led away by that subjectivity which but too often gives us poetic
effusions
for
historical
facts.
Even
in
the
secondpart which dealswith the religiousfolklore that has gathered round the names of our
Irish missionaries, legend, while receiving its
rightful value, is left severely in its proper
place and never allowed to usurp the throne
of regal truth. Not fancies but facts is the
motto of the author, and these with eloquent
tongues trumpet the fame of Ireland over many
lands for closeupon four hundred fruitful years.
The amount of matter packed into this short
book makes one wonder, and it is matter which
throws a flood of light on many important

points not always known to those with great
pretensionsto learning. More than a dozen
yearsago,in the very heart of the city of Vienna,
I met a few highly educated gentlemen who
thought that the famous" Schottenkloster

" in
their midst was originally founded by the Scotch.
In the pagesbefore us we are accuratelyinxvii

formedregardingthe true meaningof " Scotti"
and " peregrini,"the rise and fall of the " hospitalia et monasteria Scottorum," the mental
culture of ancient Ireland, and academic and
literary work of the early emigrants,the " scriptura scottica"
of the late middle ages, the
knowledge of Greek possessedby such distinguished men as Sedulius Scottus and John
ScottusErigena,the blendingof the Rulesof St.

Columban
and
St.
Benedict
in
the
same
mon-
asteries,the itinerary of Irish pioneertravellers,

the currents of life they set in motion, the wide-
spreadinfluencethey exercised,and the unique

placethey still occupyin the cherishedtraditions
of foreign peoples.
These and many other matters will captivate
the attention of the intelligent general reader;
but the delightful charm of this valuable work
is that it flings the Past upon the screen in a
clear, concentrated light, and we seem to see
these Irish confessors of the Faith go forth,
sometimes indeed singly, but generally in small
bands or in groups of twelve, following no fixed
plan, but, in the fullnessof their trust, leaving

themselvesto the guidance of the Spirit of God.
They usually wore a tunic of undyed wool to
xviii
Preface
which was attached a capuce, like the habit
that was afterwards adopted by the ' sweet St.
Francis of Assisi' ; and their luggage was confined to little more than a stout walking-stick,
a leathern water-bottle slung to the shoulder,

and a wallet or satchel containing a few choice
books and some relics of the saints.
They were men who thirsted for the immolation of self, who were drawn by the lure of
sacrifice and whose longing to spread the King-
dom of Christ it would be impossibleto express

in words.
Christ had set their hearts on fire,
and even to-day, after the lapse of so many

centuries, our souls burn within us when we read
the brief phrasesthat embody the great motive

which led to the wanderings of these saintly
exiles who shed such lustre on our country.
These are, it is true, varied in form, but are
generally crystallised in such words as "
for the
love of God," " for Christ," " for the Name of

the Lord," and " for the love of the Name of
Christ." Like the gentle Poverello whose life

and Rule has much in common with theirs, and
whose
devotion
led him
centuries
later
to the
shrine of Columbanus at Bobbio, they were

indeed " of Christ enamoured wholly " and had
GaelicPioneersof Christianity
in full and bounteousmeasurethat personal
affection which is such a sad want of the present
age,but which lit up their heartswith the white

heat of a great passionthat no sacrificecould
satiate and no suffering subdue.
Their couragein facingdangers,their patience

in overcomingdifficulties, their glowing ardour
in attackingvice,their recklessdaring in preach"
ing the word " in season and out of season
can be explainedin no other way, and make it

quite easy for us to imagine that the burning
expressionsof St. Paul were for ever sounding
in their ears : " Christ loved me and delivered
himself to me."
" To me to live is Christ and
to die is gain." " I live now, no, not I, but

Christ liveth in me." " If any man love not
our Lord Jesus Christ let him be anathema."
They yearned to win all to Christ, " to restore
all things in Christ," and, therefore, fearing

nothing, o'er land and sea, in poverty and
hunger,'mid snowand ice they borethe " glad

tidings of great joy," and were sufficiently rewardedwhenthey sawthe darknessof Paganism
recedingbeforethe light of Christianity and the
neglectedgarden of God bloom again like the
rose. Theyplantedlife wherethey found death;
Preface
they raised the soulsof men to higher things,

robing them with divine virtue, "
as a
bride
adorned with her jewels," and kindling them

into the imperishablebeauty of Him Who is the
Son of God, " full of grace and truth."
This apostoliczealis splendidevidenceof that

strong monastic spirit which characterised the
fervent days of Ireland's golden prime. But
though this monastic spirit is gone, the missionary spirit still remains and has given proof
of its vitality in the divine chivalry with which
the
consecrated
descendants
of
heroes
and
martyrs, following the track of Irish emigrants,
have planted the Crossof Christ whereverwas

raised the flag of that Empire which had cruelly
driven these men and women forth. This grand
display of zeal led to fresh conquests for the
Church of God, but in our own day it has been
eclipsedby the splendid enthusiasmthat has

smitten men of brilliant minds and generous
hearts, and impelled them, with an imperious

urgency,to devotetheir lives to the conversion
of China. It seemsas if the still potent spirits
of those commemorated in these pages had
spokento such souls, stirring them with their

own desire,thrilling them with their own pas-

sion, and enduing them with a divine frenzy
for the accomplishmentof that great sacrificial
act which renouncesthe joys of home, and
gladly acceptsthe exile'shungry heart, in order
to spreadthe knowledgeand love of Christ in a
far-off Pagan land.
In the designsof the good God,the magicof

whose Name
fired
the hearts
of our old mis-
sionaries,
thepublicationof this preciousvolume,
renderedinto excellent English by a capable
pen, may serveasa strong appealto the divinely
appointed watchmen on the towers of Israel, to
revive
at home
devotion
to the
founders
and
teachers of the great monastic schools who once

flung glory round our country and made it an
island of saints whom we have strangely forgotten. It may also inspire some to follow in
the footprints of these ancient Scotti across the
EuropeanContinent,to make themselvesconversant with every phase of their apostolic

journeys, and to study closely the lives of
"
men of renown " whose names still linger in
benediction on the lips of the people. But even
much better will it be if it helps to increase in
collegeand seminary,in conventand monastery,

that genuinesanctity which is absolutelynecesssii
Preface
sary for the achievementof any great spiritual

work ; to foster the intensive culture of all that
is noble in the history of our race at home and

abroad ; and to raise aloft once more the sublime ideals that
have ceased to burn with
their
wonted brightness,but which we shall sorely

need,in the trying days beforeus, to keepalive
in our own hearts and in the hearts of others, a
deepand passionateloyalty to the old land and

the old
Faith.
DAVOSDORF,
Feast of St. Michael, 1922.
sxm
FIRST
THE
WORK
MONKS
PEREGRINI
OF
AND
ON
PART
THE
MISSIONARIES
OTHER
THE
IRISH
CONTINENT
I.-St.
Columban, St. Gall and their
Disciples
THEfirst
islanders
who
crossed
the
sea
from religious motives were Britons.

They chiefly attracted attention on
account of their heterodoxy. The earliest of
them in date, Pelagius, arrived in Rome at
the latest during the pontificate of Anastasius
(398-401).1 But it was only after some years
spent in Italy that he began to preach

his heresy. It found easy acceptancein his
native land thanks to one Agricola, the son of
a PelagianBishop.3 The British bishop Fastidius, who was wandering about Sicily and at
Rome between 413 and 418, was also tinctured
with the views of Pelagius.3 Finally, Faustus
of Riez, whose doctrines smacked now of Semi-
Pelagianismand then again of some kind of

1 MABIUS
MERCATOR,
Liber
subnotationum
in
verba
Juliani, Pmefatio, 2 (MiGNE, PL, XLVIII,

111).
8 PROSPEROF AQUITAINE, Chronicon, ed. MOMMSEN (MG,
Auct.
Antiq.,
IX,
Chron.
Minora,
I, p. 472).
3 D. G. JIoRiN, Le De Vita Christiana de I'cveque breton

Fastidius et le livre de Pelage ad Viditnm (Revue Benedictine,
XV,
1898, p. 181 s.).

diluted Novatianism, is also known to have
been a native
of Great Britain.1
While thesetheologianswere straying, one of

their unknown countrymen, whom God had
secretly called for an immense work, was pur-
suinghis priestly educationunderthe guidance

of Gaulish bishops and monks. This man
sought only to learn the art of planting in
the souls of men the divine word and causing
it to flourish there. In 432, St. Patrick returned, clad in episcopal dignity, to that Ire-
land where once as a captive slave he had

guardedhis master'ssheep.2
The island once converted made rapid
progressin the faith. In the fifth and sixth
centurieschurchesand monasteriesmultiplied
on its soil ; holiness so flourished there that
soon
it
deserved
the
name
of the
island
of
1 The Voyages of the Irish saints Ibar, Ciaran, Declaii>

and Abban to Rome (Ada Sanct. Hiberniae
ex cod. Salm.i
col. 237, 242, 243 ; 806 ; 415, 512 ; 412 ; 516) at the end
o the fourth century, seem to us to be legendary, as also

the stay of St. Gibrianus and his companions in Champagne
in the time of St. Kemigius of Kheims (Boll., ed. of 1866,
May,
II,
298).
" J. B. BURY, The Life of Saint Patrii-k mid his Place in

History, London, 1905, p. 336 s.
saints.1 The converts of yesterday dreamed
of becoming apostles in their turn; the
zealous monks aspired to carry beyond the
seas their
ascetic
rule
of life.
We
do
not
think it is necessaryto imagine other reasons

than
these
in
order
to
account
for
the
tendencyto emigratewhich beganto manifest

itself among the Irish as early as the sixth
century.2
Later, under the
Carolingians, numerous
learned men, artists, and pilgrims flocked

from the isles to the continent;
travellers
but
the
who landed in Gaul, in the Mero-
vingian period, and spread themselvesover

the neighbouringcountries,were almost solely
dominatedby ideas of asceticismand apostleship. For the greater part monks, voluntary
exile appealedto them as the supremeimmolation, and asbeingspeciallyadaptedto perfect

the act of renunciation they had undertaken.
To leave his native land " for the love of God,"
1 C. L. GOUGAUD, Les Chretientes celtiques, Paris, 1911,
ch.
III.
2 J.
BOLLANDTJS, De B.
Mariano
Scoto et B. Murcherato
cowMJienfemusjyraei-ius (BolL, ed. of 1865, February,

p. 361-302).
II,
" for the name of the Lord," " for the love of
the name of Christ," " for the welfare of his
to gain the heavenlyfatherland," such

are the phrases,varied in form but the samein
meaning,employedby the biographersof these
saintly travellers as being best suited to dessoul," "
cribe the motive for their wanderings.1

These wanderers called themselves peregrini,
whichwe must bewareof translating generally

by the word " pilgrims."2 For the real pilgrim
betakes himself to the sanctuary which is
1 PEREGRINATIO
PRO DEI AMORE : VITA
WALARICI,
c. 4
(MG, Script. Rer. Merov. IV, 162); Vita Galli. auct. Walahfrido, I, 30 (MiGNE, PL, CXIV,
1004). PEREGRINATIO
PROPTER NOMEN DOMINI : Vita
Ada
Sand.
O.S.B.,
AMORE, PRO NOMINE
Kadroe,
5 saec., 494).
CHRISTI :
c. 19 (MABU.LOX,
OB AMOREM, rr.o
ALCUIN,
Epi(JT.,
231
(.ill
Virgil of Salzburg (MABIIXON, Ada Sand. O.S.B., 3 sacc.,

pars 2, 309); ALCUIN, Epist. 287 (MG, Epist., IV, 446);
Vita S. Vadoali (MABILLON, ibid. 4 sacc., pars 2, 545);
Vita Burchardi (M.G, Script., xv, p. 52) ; Passio S. Cholomanni (MG, Script., IV, 675). PRO CHRISTO: ADAMNAN,
Vita Columbae, Praefatio, ed. FOWLER, 5-6. PRO REMEDIO
AXIJIAE : Chronic, abbai. S. Martini Colon. (MG, Script.
II, 215) ; PRO ADIPISCENDA IN
Hist. Eccl., V, 9 (PL, XCV, 245).
CAELIS PATBIA : BEDE,

PRO AETERMA PATRIA :
BEDE, Hist. Eccl., Ill, 13 (PL, I.e., col. 137); BEDE, V, 9

(I.e., col. 243); Vita Mariani Scoti, c. I (Boll, February,
II,
865).
- Boll,
February,
I, 356-357,
359.
the aim of his special devotion ; then, his
piousjourney over, he returns to his own land

and
resumes
his
usual
life.
Doubtless
there
were cuch pilgrims amongthe Irish, and even

more among the Anglo-Saxons, who swarmed
over the roads of Europe,especiallyfrom the

eighth century ; but the earlier " peregrini"
were not, properly speaking,pilgrims. In a
far fuller sensethey were voluntary exiles,
men who by a religious vow, more or less explicit, sometimes taken in childhood, with or
without the additional undertakingof apostleship, forbadethemselvesfor a prolongedperiod

or even, as was generally the case, for their
whole life, a return to their native land.
this
reason
the writers
of their
lives
often
For
com-
pare them to Abraham. One might imagine

they had all heard the voice bidding the
patriarch : " Egrederede terra tua et de cognations
tua."1
1JONAS, Vita Columbani, I, 4 (MG, Script. Her. Merov.

IV, 10).-Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore (Anecdota
Oroniensia), ed. WHITLET STOKES, 1890, 586, 2740, and
4484.-Boll,
October, IX, (Vita S. Donati epis. Fesidani,
c. I, 656).-Vita
Altonis, c. 2 (JIG, Script. XV, 2, 848).
MABILLON, Ada Sanct. O.S.B., 5" saec.. Vita Kadroe,
c. 15, 493.

The greatoriginatorof theseearly monastic
and apostolicmigrationswas St. Columban.1
He left Ireland with twelve companions,without any fixed design,his one idea being to go
far from his homeland,spreadingthe Gospelas
he journeyedonward amongstrange peoples.He reached Burgundy about 590. There in
succession he founded
the monasteries
of Anne-
gray, Luxeuil, and Fontaines. It was not long

before Luxeuil, from the novelty of its rule
and the zeal of its founder, powerfully attracted the inhabitants. Indeed, the rule of
St. Columban becamethe object of such veneration that, towards the middle of the seventh
century, many of the Gaulishcloistersadopted

it conjointly with that of St. Benedict.3 We
1 On
St.
Columban,
see E.
MARTIN,
Saint
Columban,
Paris, 1903; G. METLAKE [J. J. LAUX], The Life and

Writings of St. Columban, Philadelphia, 1914. A German
edition of the same was published at Freiburg i. Br. in
1919. See also L. GoUGAUD, Chrit. cell., p. 145 s.
* JONAS,Vita Cnlwnbani, I, 4, 5 (MO. Scrip, rer. Merw.,

IV,
71).
" Hujus [Waldeberti]

tempore
vincias agmina monachorum
et
per GaUiarum prosacrarum puellaruru
exaniina non solum per agros, villaa, vicosque atque

castella, verum etiam per eremi vastitatem ex regula
dumtaxat
beatorum
patrum
8
Benedict!
et
Columbsni
do not
think
that
there
exists
in the
annals
of monasticismanother example of such a

combination
of rules, which, moreover, are so
different in tendency and character.1
Driven from Burgundy by Brunehaut in

610, Columbanresumedhis wanderings. They
were not barren. His blessinggiven to the
child of some noblemanwho had hospitably
entertained the saint often gave birth to a
religiousvocation, which, when it had reached

maturity, usually led to the building of a new
monastery.2 Indeedit may truly be said that,
in order to take stock of the progress of monasticism in Gaul in the seventh century, it is
only necessaryto follow the footstepsof the

saint. The monasteries in the Brie country,
pullulare coeperunt."
(Vita Salabergae, 7 ; MABILLOX,
Ada Sand. O.S.B., 2 sacc., -125). C. A. HAUCK, KW'< ngeschickte Deutscklands, Leipzig. lOOi, I, 297.
1 See nevertheless on the rules of Cassian, Basil, and
other abbots in use at Saint-Yrieix (Monasterium Atanense)
in Limousin, GREGORY OF TOURS, Hist. Franc. X, 20
(P.L, LXXI, 510).
* G. BONET-MAURY, S. Colomban el la fondation dcs
monasteres
irlandais
en Brie
au vii'
siecle (Revue h'istorique,
LXXXIII,
in the Aiii
1903, 285). This paper has been summarised

del Congresso internazionale di science storichc,
Rome,
1905, 123-129.
VII,

Faremoutiers (627),l Jouarre (630),2 Rebais
(6$6)3owetheir origin to his disciplesor friends.
Later
on the Irish
remembered
this.
From the
Vita Agili we learn that they were accustomed

to stop at Rebaiswhen on their way to Rome.
In that halting-placethey were wont to rest
and leave such membersof their party as were
spent by the fatigues of the journey.4
Faro(tc. 672),the brotherof St.Burgondofara

or Fara, foundress of Faremoutiers, whom St.
Columban had blessed in her girlhood, when
1 Faremoutiers
(Ecoriacum),
canton
of Rozoy,
Seine-et-
Marne;
cf. HATTCK, op. cit., 296.--M.

BONET-MAURY
writes
: " There were seen arriving at Faremoutiers
noble
young girls of Ireland and of Great Britain." (Op. cii., 287).
BBDE (Hist.
Eccl., Ill,
8) speaks only of Anglo-Saxon
women
who frequented
this
monastery
and that
of
Chelles (Gala) : " Nam eo tempore, necdvim multis in
regione
Anglorum
monasteriis
constructis,
multi
de
Brittania,
monachicae
conversationis
gratia,
Fiancoium
vel Galliarum
monasteria
adire solebant;
sed et filias suas
eisdem erudiendas,
ac sponso caelesti copulandas
mitte-
bant;
masime
in Brige et in Cale, et in Andilegum

" (PL, XCV, 128 ; ed. C. PLUMMER, I, 142).
1 Jouarre (Jotrum), cant, of La Ferte-sous-Jouarre,
Seine-et-Marne ; cf. HAUCK, op. cit., I, 290.
monasterio.
3 Rebais
. .
(Man.
Rcsbacense), cant, of Coulommiers,
Seine-
et-Marne.
4 Vita S. Agili,
2 saec., 324).
c. 24 (MABILLON, Ada
10
Sand.
O.S.B.,

he becamebishopof Meaux,was equallyhospitable to Irish travellers. At his suggestion two
of them settled permanentlyin Gaul, St. Kilian

at Aubigny, near Arras, and St. Fiacre in the
hermitageof Broilum, in the neighbourhoodof
Meaux.1
The foundations
in Alsace, Switzerland, and
Italy which are connected with the wander-
ings of St. Columbanand his disciplesin those

countries are particularly well known.2 In later
centuries Saint-Gall and Bobbio were diligently
frequented by the Scotti. We find, in the
eleventh century, the Irish bishop Mark, returning from Rome, leaving by will his books
to the library of Saint-Gall, in which monastery
his nephew Marcellus, or Moengal, was then
living,3 while another Irishman called Eusebius
had taken up his abode close by in the solitude
of Mount Saint-Victor where he dwelt for thirty
years.4 A necrology, furthermore, has pre1 Vita Fiacrii, c. I (Boll, August, VI, 605). Broilum,
or Breuil, is now the village of Saint-Fiacre, Canton of
Crecy, Seine-et-Marne.
2 E. MABTIN, S. CoLoniban,
Book
II,
c. 2 and 3.
3 EKKEHARD IV, Casun S. Galli (MG. Script. II, 78 a.).

1 RATPERT,
Casits S. Galli
(ibid.,
II
73).

served for us the names of several Irishmen
who died at Saint-Gall.1
In like manner at
Bobbio, in the eighth and tenth centuries, we
find a Cummian,a Dungal, and other monks

with
Irish
names.3
The personalinfluence exerted in Gaul by

St. Columbanwas great. After his death, his
views about the exemptionof monasteries,3
on
penanceand confession,4and, above all, his
monasticrule continuedto be propagatedthanks
to the zeal of his numerous immediate disciples
1 See a note
of I. von Arx,
editor
o the Ctisus S. Calli,
op. cii., p. 78, and the verses in the MS. Nr. 10 of Saint(iall (P. KELLER, MiUhcilimgen dcr antiq. Gescllschaft in
Zurich,
- Cf.
VII, 1851).
MARG. STOKES, Six
months
in
the Apennines
search of the Vestiges of the Irish Saints in Italy,
in
London,
1802.
3 CH.
FRED.
WEISS,
Die
IdrcMichcn
Excmtionen
dcr
Eloster von ihrcn Enisteliung bis zur gregorianisch-chmiaccnsi-schenZeit, Basel, 1893. Chapter 2 is entirely devoted
to
the
influence
development
Jtectitsinstitut
of
der
landischen Kirche,
LXXXVI,
of
the
Iro-Scotish
monastic
missionaries
liberties.-A.
klosterlichen
Excmtion
etc. . . (Archiv fiir
on
HUEFNER,
in
dcr
the
Das
abend-
kath. Kirchenrecht
1006, 208 s.).
1 A JiALNORY, Quid Luxovienscs monaclii . . . ad rcgulam

monasterionim atque ad communem Ecelesiae profectum contulerint, 1'arisiis, 1894. 62-80.-E. VACANDAED, Le pouvoir
des clefs et la confession (Rente du clcrgt franrais, 1899,
147 s.).
12
and thosewho cameafter them. Very many of
the most influential personsof the time, notably
thosecourtierswho, with remarkableunanimity,

forsookthe court for the cloister or the episcopate, Dado, Faro, Eligius, Wandrille, Filibert,
appearto haveespeciallyappreciatedthe ascetic
system of Luxeuil, and to have worked for its
diffusion.
St. Wandrille, having resigned his dignity of

count, devoted himself in solitude to those
practicesof prayer and austerity (reciting the

whole of the psalter, genuflections,standing in
icy cold water) which vividly recall the mortifications of the monks of Ireland.
It has been
said : " Probably the remembrance of Columban
haunted
the
mind
of
Wandrille."l
In
effect, he dwelt some time near the tomb of
St. Ursin, a disciple of St. Columban ; then he

went to Bobbio, and he even formed the de-
sign of crossingto Ireland.

The future Abbot of Jumieges, St. Filibert,
appears to have been moved by the same

haunting influence. He starts at Rebais by
1 K. VACANDARD,
Vic de S. Oncn. <Yo/r iJr KOKCH,
1902, p. 16i.
13

following the Columban rule, then goes to
Luxeuil and Bobbio, and finally dedicates to
St. Columban one of the altars of Jumieges.
Let us take note that amonghis disciplesSt.

Filibert included an Irishman, Sidonius or St.
Sae'ns, who was cellarer at Noirmoutier
and
later becameabbot of a monasteryin the valley

of the Varenne.1
St. Eligius, while still a layman, built the
monastery of Solignac which, following the

Scottic custom, he caused to be freed from
episcopaljurisdiction-a remarkableinnovation
at that time-and
rule of the Abbot
had it placed under the

of Luxeuil.2
The foundation
charter, following the custom of the day,

established as the religious law the double rule
of
St.
former
Benedict
officials
and
of
St.
of the court
Columban.
of Clotaire
Two
II
and
of Dagobert I were in direct touch with the
Scotti: St. Cyran, future Abbot of Longrey,

in the Berry, whoseconversionwas partly due
to a meeting with the Irish bishop Flavinus,3
and Didier of Cahors, whose friendship for a
1 E. VACANDARD,
op. cit., p. 245.
2 HAUOK, op. cit., p. 291 s.

3 Vita Sigranni, c. 8, 9 (MABILLON, 2 saec., p. 435).
14

certain Scot called Arnanus has beenthought
worthy of recordby his biographer.1
If we are to believe Dr. Bruno Krusch,
Mommelin. the successorof St. Eligius in the
seeof Noyon, would appearto have adopted

even the Celtic tonsure.2
Mommelin
came from
Luxeuil, as did St. Valery of Leuconoewho

had
known
St.
Columban.
From
the
same
place came also St. Omer and St. Bertin,

disciples of Eustasius, Columban's successor.
It was through these missionarymonks that

Irish monastic traditions were planted in
northern Gaul.
It was, moreover, from Luxeuil
that Bathild, wife of Clovis II (639-657),obtained the first abbot for the abbey of Corbie
1 Vita Desiderii, ed. BE. KRUSCH (MG. Script, rer. Merov.,
IV,
550).
2 It is the reproduction
drawn
in the twelfth
of a portrait
century,
\vhich
of S. Mommelin,
makes
him
think
so
(Of. BR. KRUSCH, op. cit., p. 641). Fr PONCELET (Anal.

Boll., XXII, 1903, p. 109) fancies it is a risky deduction.
On the other hand, M. L. VAN DER ESSEN (Etude critique
et litteraire sur les Vitac dessaints merovingiens de I'ancienne
Belgique (Louvain and Paris, 1907, p. 375, n. 3) taking bis
stand on the explanations subsequently given by Br.
Krusch, adopts that critic's point of view.-In
addition,
see the article Tonsur in the Realencyclopadie f. protest.
Theol. u. Kirche,
XIX,
1007, p. 839.
15

which she had built,1 and it was from the
double monasteryof Jouarre that she fetched

the first abbess for the nuns of Chelles.2
1 Vita Balthildls, c. 7, ed. BR. KBUSCH, p. 4-00.

2 Ibid., c. 8, p. 492.-In our opinion, the following lines
are
the
most
accurate
that
have
been
written
on
the
share
the Irish took in the development of double monasteries :

" Wherever
the Apostles of Irish
form of organisation
followed-not
monasticism
because
it
went, this
was one
which originated with and peculiarly belonged to the

Irish-but
because it could live only in the purest spiritual
atmosphere " (MARY BATESON, Origin and Early History
of double monasteries, in the Trcnuofiimtti of the Royal Hist.
Soc., XIII,
1899, p. 197).
16
II
St. Fursa and the * Peregrin!

Minores'
THElast-mentioned
foundation
had
not
yet been laid when an Irishman,
who had for several years already
wandered " for the Lord"
in Great Britain,
came
on
to
establish
himself
the
banks
of
the Marne at Lagny.1 This individual was

St.
Fursa.
The
relations
between
Fursa
and Clovis II, and with the Mayor of the

Palace Erchinoald,2 by whom Bathild was
saved from slavery, permit it to be supposed

that the pious queenand the Irish monk were
known
to one another.
Doubtless
it
was the
renown and example of St. Columban and the
prosperityof the monasticcoloniesof the Brie

which had drawn Fursa to those parts. His
career there was not a long one;
1 Lagny
Marne.-On
(Latiniacum), arrondis. of Meaux, Seine-etthe chronology of S. Fursa, see the notes of
CH. PLUMMER to his edition
p. 173).
and
left
of the Ecclcs. Hist,
of Bede (II,
Fursa probably arrived in Great Britain after 681,

for
Gaul
between
* BEDE, Eocl. Hist., Ill,

2
he died
640
and
644.
19 (PL, XCV, 148-149).

17

in
the village
of Macerias, now
leaving the imagination of his contemporaries

struck by the recitals that
were made of
his wonderfulvisions.2 By order of Erchinoald

his
remains
were
borne
to
Peronne
between
641 and 652.
Although he did not display an activity comparable with that of St. Columban, nevertheless
his name deservesto be put in relief in the tale
of Irish migrations,for his tomb was piously

visited by his relativesand countrymenwho, beside it, foundedthe first monasteryfor the exclusive
use of
continent
the
: Perrona
Scotti
to be found
Scottorum.3
At
on the
least until
774the successive
abbotswereall Irishmen. To
Foillan, Fursa's elder brother, who arrived in
Gaul before652,4 succeeded

his youngerbrother
1 Frohen, cant, of Bernaville,
Sornnie.
2 BEDE, Eccl. Hist., ibid. 145 s.
3 See TBAUBE, Perrona Scottonnn (SitzungsberifMe der

philos.-pJiilol. und hist. Classe der k. bayer. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Mi'mchen, 1900, p. 469-588), reprinted
in
Traube's Varlesunr/en und Abhandhmgen, Munchen, 1920.
Ill,
p. 95-118.
" Foillan was invited to Belgium by Itta, the mother of

St.
Gertrude
of Nivelles,
and
she gave
him
which was raised the monastery of Fosses.

18
the
land
on
Einhard,
in
Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity#*

Ultan, and to Ultan succeededCellanus(t7o6),
a personagelong forgotten, but whom Traube

has skilfully restored to the light of day.
Per-
haps this monasteryremainedin Irish hands

until its destruction by the Northmen in 880.
The Four Masters mention, under the year

774, the death of Moenan, abb. cat(h)rachFursa
isin Frainc (i.e., abbas civiiatis Fi/rsei in
Fraiicia).1
The
names
are mentioned
of several
other
travelling companions of St. Columban or of

St. Fursa, hermits, cenobites, miss'onaries,who
wouldappearto havespreadthemselves
throughout the north in Merovingian times ; for instance, Chaidoc and Fricor, who converted St.
Riquier; Algeis, Corbican,Mauguille,Gobain,

etc.; but their acts are not trustworthy, and it
is hard to makeout what they really did.2
the ninth century, calls Fosses " Monasteryum Scott orum "
(Translat. SS. MarceUini et Petri, IX, 86 (Boll., June,
I, 198 f.).
1 Annals of the Four Masters, ed. O'DoMOVAN, I, p. 878379.-Cf.

TRAUBE, op. tit., p. 482, 488-489.
z MARGABET STOKES set herself to note down every
trace left by these saints in written
document, monument,
and popular tradition.

See Three Months in the forests of
France in search of Vestiges of Irish Saints, London, 1895.
19

The Irish had, moreover, penetrated even
beforethe year 800into many other regionsof
continental Europe, both near and far distant
from
these
earlier
zones
of
their
influence.
Already in the seventhcentury they are to be

found disseminatedthroughout Belgium. Rom-
bault evangelizedthe peopleof Mechlin,Livin

the peopleof Ghent, wherehe was martyred.1
Celestine became abbot of Saint-Peter
of Mount
Blandin in Ghent, at the close of the seventh
century.2 In the Argonne, Rodingus founded

Beaulieu.3 Disibod built, between Treves and
Mainz, near the confluence of the Nahe and the
Glan, the monasteryof Disibodenberg,4

where,
five centurieslater, St. Hildegard,the Sybil of
the Rhine, was to begin her training for the
religious life. St. Kilian carried the Gospel

into Franconia,and died at Wurzburg, about
1 See NICHOLAS VEBNULUS, De propagatione fidei chrietianae in Belgio per sanctos ex Hibernia viros, Lovauii,
1639. The memoir on the Evangelisation de la Oaule
Belgique par les missionnaires irlandais, which appeared
in the Congres scientifiques de France (Arras, 1853-1854,
II,
p. 256 s.), is not very
4 Fundatio
satisfactory.
monaat. Blandinicnsis
623).
3 HA.UCK, op. cit., p. 308.

" Ibid., p. 30-1.
20
(MG. Script.
XV,
2,

689, a victim to his apostolic zeal.1 The
monasteries of Honau,
on an island of the
Rhine near Strasburg," and Altomiinster, in the

dioceseof Freising, likewise owe their origin to
two Irish monks, Tuban and Alto.3 Virgil the
Geometer,abbot of Aghaboe in Ireland, voluntarily exiled himself " for the love of Christ,"
and lived in the monastery of Saint Peter at
Salzburg of which he becameabbot.4 Virgil

had somequarrelswith St. Bonifacerespecting
his opinionson baptismB and his cosmological
theories, which were verv far in advance of the
1 The acts of St. Kilian have been closely studied by

FRANZ EMMERICH (Dcr M. Kilian,
Regionarbischof und
Martyrer hialorisch-kritisch dargestellt, Wiirzburg,
1890)
and by S. BIEZLER DieVita Kiliani
(Neues Archiv, XXVIII,
1902, p. 232-234).
The latter declares that St. Kilian's
martyrdom
cannot be called in question.
8 HAUCK, op. cit., p. 305 ; cf. W. REEVES (Proceedings of

the Boy. Irish Academy, VI, 1853-1857, p. 452-461). The
isle of Honau no longer exists.
3 Vita Altonis, c. 7 (MG. Script., XV, 2, p. 843).-HAUCK,
op. cit., p. 541.
4 The authorship
of the
book
of the
confraternities
of
this abbey is attributed to him. Cf. Libri confrat., p. 27,

MG. Necrologist, II, p. 6-44. On Virgil see : G. METLAKE,
St. Virgil the Geometre (Ecclesiastical Revieic, LXIII,
1920,
18 a.).
6 BONIFACE, Epist, 68 (MG, Epist., Ill,

21
336).

knowledgeof that period.1 In 745, being still
only abbot-priestof Saint Peter,he took over
the governmentof the dioceseof Salzburg,the
episcopalfunctions being performed by his
fellow-countrymanbishop Dobdagrec. It was
only in 767that Virgil himselfreceivedepiscopal
consecration.2
Gaul also chose more than one bishop from

among thesestrangers. In 744, Pipin the Short,
on the advice of St. Boniface, the reformer of
the Christian West, called to the government
of the metropolitanchurch of Rheimsthe Irish

Abel, a choice which Pope Zachary hastened
to confirm.3
The Celtic islanderspenetratedeveninto the

1 BONIFACE,
Ep.
80.-On
this
interesting
question
see: PH. GILBERT, Le pape Zacharic cl Ics antipodes

(Rev des quest, scientiflques, XII,
1882, 478-503 ; II.
KBABBO, Bischof Virgil u. seine kosmolog. Idem (Mitt.
d. Institute f. Oesterr. Geschichtsforschung, XXIV,
1-28);
M.
R.
513 ; H.
JAMES,
in
Cambridge
Mediev.
VAN DER LINDEX, Virgile
History,
III,
de Salzbourg el les
theories cosmographiques
an, huitieme siecle (Bui. de la cl.
des lettres de I' Acad. roy. de Belgique 1914, p. 1G3-187).
* WH. LEVISON, Die Iren und die Frankische
Kirche
(Historische
Zeitachrift,
Cl, 1912, 10).
8 FOLCUIN, Gesta abb. Lobiensium,
e. a s. (ilG,
S
IV, 58).-HATJCK, op. <-it.. p. 5i3, 307.

regions beyond the Loire. We have already
mentioned Arnanus, the friend of St. Didier of
Cahors. The bishop of Poitiers,Ansoald,gave

shelter to another Irishman
called Romanus,
who lived at Mazerollesin the bishop's territory.1

Still more remarkable, the bishopric of Angouleme was twice, and at an interval of two cen-
turies, governedby the Scotigenae

Tomianus,
about 665,a and Helias
'Mazerolles,
cant,
of Lussac-les-Chateaux,
Viemie.
See the testament
of Ansoald in PARDESSUS, Diplom.,
II,
p. 239.
To be consulted : Nourelle
Rev. d'hist. du droll,
twenty-second
year, p. 789 and Revue ccliiquc, XX, 1899.
p. 106.-Note that it was Dido, Bishop of Poitiers, who,

in 656, had led into Ireland the dethroned Dagobert II,
(Liber Hist. Franc.,
IV, 3, ed. KRUSCH, MG, Script,
rer.
Merov., II, p. 316).
2 D'ABBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE,
in BcVUB Celt., XX, p. 105100.
3 Ademari
Ilistoriarium
122.-In
a sacramentary
liber III
of the
(MG, Script. IV, 119,

church
of Angouleine
(B.N. f. lat. 816) dating from the seventh to ninth centuries,

one may read a note of the eleventh
of
folio
Mem.
146 :
s. d'anc.
sacramentaires,
Memoires de I'Acad. des Inscrip.

1st part,
1886).
century
on the margin
" Helias scotigena sic faciebat (L. DBLISLE,

p.
94 ; reprinted
from
et Belles-lettres, XXXII,
Ill
Wandering Bishops, Clerics

and
Monks
OUTSIDE
the
ranks
ofthese
pereg
who had beenraisedto the episcopate

by the esteemof continental ecclesiastical authority, there movedthroughGermany
and Gaul a good numberof episcopivagantes,
already investedwith the episcopaldignity before leaving their own country, or at least pretending that such was the case,but who, never
having been weddedto a diocese,1ceaselessly
wanderedabout, exercisingthe functionswhich
they held by right of consecration,without
authority from any ordinary, and disturbing
consciences,not yet well confirmed in the faith,
by all kinds of hazardousor heretical dis1 Prof. J. B. Bury has proved that diocesan bishops
existed in Ireland from the time of St. Patrick (Cf. SaintPatrick, p. 180 and 375 s.); but, side by side with the
episcopi paruchiales, there were monastic bishops ; each
important monastery possessed its own bishop (it thus
more easily freed itself from diocesan jurisdiction).
Monasteries rapidly increasing, it followed that bishops

increased also " like flies " (op. tit., p. 181).
34

courses,1 St. Boniface, in the course of his
missions, met more than one adventurer of
this type whom he did not hesitate to have

condemnedby the councils and the Holy See.8
Such was bishop Clemens,genereScottus,who,

on his own account, rejected clerical celibacy,
the treatises of Saints Jerome, Augustine and
Gregory, and the laws of the councils, incul-
cated Judaic practicesto the Austrasian peoples, and taught that Christ descending into
hell released all those who were there confined,
both good and bad.3 Such another was one
Samsonwho taught the uselessness

of baptism
for salvation.*
In order to put a stop to these disturbers,

the first Germanicgeneralcouncil,held in April
742 at St. Boniface's instigation, but in what
place is not known, began by decreeingthat

unknown bishops and priests should not be
1 Consult on the cpiscopi vagantes: BRUNO KRUSCH, in

Neues Archiv (XXV, p. 138 s.) and his prefaces in the
Script, rer. Merov., IV, p. 648-649, 691 s.
2 G. KURTH, S. Boniface, p. 08 s.
aBONIF., Ep. 57, 59, 60.-G. KURTH, op. cit., p. 88 s.;

HAUCK, op. cit., p. 557.
4 BONIF., Ep.. 80. Cf. G. KURTH, p. uc.
2s,
Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity

allowed to exercisethe sacred ministry until
they had been examined in council.1 The
Council of Soissons(744) further enactedthat
the said strolling bishops and priests should
obtain the approval of the bishop of the diocese.2 The Councils of Ver (755),3 of Mainz
(813),* and of Tours (813) 5 issued still further
edicts againstthem. The twenty-secondcanon

of Mainz
describes
these
nomads
as
" acephali
. . . hippocentauris similes, nee equi nee homines "
and threatens
them
with
excommuni-
cation and prison.

Although the Irish are not mentioned in
these texts, there can be no doubt that it is
against them they are principally aimed.8

Moreover, the forty-third canon of the second
Council of Chalon-sur-Saone
(813) expressly
names
them : " There are in certain places
1 CONC. GERMANICUM, can. 4 (MANSI, XII, 367).
2 CONC. SUESSIONENSB, can. 5. Cf. E. VYKOUKAL,
examens du clerge paroissial
Lea
d, Vepoque carolingienne (Rev,
d'hist. eccl., XIV,

1913, 84-83).
3 CONC. VERNENSE, can. 13 (MANSI, XII,
583).
4 CONC. MOGUNTIACUM, can. 22 (MANSI, XIV,
71).
'- CONC.TURONENSEIII, can. 18 (MANSI, ibid., 85).

6 EDM. BISHOP, Spanish Symptoms (Journal of Theological Studies, VIII, 1907, p. 283).
20
Scottiwho pass themselvesoff as bishopsand
confer sacred orders ;
these ordinations
are
void, and all the more so sincefrequently they

are tainted by simony." * A capitulary, dated
September 813, which recapitulates all the
measures taken by preceding councils, bids
every bishop to investigate if there be not

some of these foreign clerics in his diocese, in
1 GONC.CABILONENSEII, can. 43 (MANSI, XIV, 102).The synod of Celchyth (Chelsea ?) held on 27 July, 816, excluded by name also the Scotti from sacred functions,
and
pronounced
against them a still more vigorous ostracism
:
" Quinto interdictum

Scotorum
in
cst:
alicujus
ut nullus permittatur
dioecesi
sacrum
sibi
de generc
ministerium
usurpare, neque ei consenlire liccat ex sacro online aliquot

attingere,
vel ab eis accipere in baptismo,
missarum,
inccrtum
vel eliam Eucharistiam
ant in celcbratioiie
populo praebcre, quia
est nobis, unde, ei an ab aliquo
ordinentur.
Schnits
quomodo in canonibus praecipilur, ul nullus episcoporum vel

presbyterorum invadere temptaverit alius parochiam, nisi cum
consensu proprie
(si';) episcopi.
est ab alienis nationibus
sacra
Tanto magis respuendum

ministeria
pcrciperc,
cum
quibus nullus ordo inetropolitanis, nee honor aliis habeatur "

(Can. 5 : HADDAM and STUBBS, Councils,
III,
581).
Irish
pseudo-bishops were still present in England in the last

quarter oE the twelfth century, as is proved from the
following passage which occurs in a letter written, about
1178, by Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury,
to his
suffragans : " Swit et diebus istis quidam pseudoepiscopi,
Hibernienscs, aid scoticac linguae simulanies barbarian, rum
it nullo impositionem manus acceperint, episcopalia /M/KI/.X
tntniiiiMriint.
etc."
(PL.- CCVI1.
-7
160).

which case he must send them home.1
Charles
the Great, himself, had ordered the expulsion
of an Irish priest about 795. The priest in

question had causedscandalin the dioceseof
Cologneby eating meat in Lent. But, inasmuch as it had not beenpossibleto try the
culprit on the spot, for want of sufficientevidence,the future emperortook the courseof
sending him to Offa, King of Mercia, who was
invited
to undertake
to forward
him to Ireland
in order that he might be tried by his own

bishop.2
Just as much as Charles showed himself
severe to foreigners whose conduct was blameworthy did he endeavour to protect those
who from praiseworthy motives moved about
or settled
in his dominions.
The Scottic monks
of Honau having been deprived of a part of

their property, Charlescompelledthe plunderers
to restore without delay all they had seized;
for the damageis doneto the king whenthose

under his protection are hurt (quia res peregrinorum proprie stint regis), and he adds in the
1 Capitul. Aquisgranense, Excerpia,
XCVII, 364 j MG, Capitul, I, 174).
z Ep. 12 (MG, Epitt., IV, 181).
Canon.,
23 (PL,
same decree,dated 772-774: " Si quis eorum
hoc non fecerit, recognoscat
sc rcgis praeceptum
non obaudire: quia rcges Francorum libertatem
dcderunt omnibus peregrinis Scotorum,ut nullus
rapiat aliquid de rebus eorum, nee ulla generatio
praeter eorum gcncrationem possideat ecdesias
eorum."l Einhard,his biographer,tells us that

he lovedthe peregrini,andwelcomedthem with
such
kindness
that
soon
their
numbers
en-
cumberedthe palace,and even becamea tax

on the country.2 It is certain that to the
influenceof the emperoris due the sixth canon

of the Councilof Tours, in 813, which compels
bishopsto receiveat their table foreignersand
the poor.3 In the writings of the period can
be detectedtraces of weariness,perhapseven
of jealousy,felt by his subjectsfor the marked
favour the monarch showed these strangers.4
1 MG, Diplom. Karoli
I, ed E. MULBACHER, 1900, Nr.
77, p. 111.
'" Amabat peregrines et in eis suscipiendis magnum

ndbebat curam, adeo ut plerumque eorum multitude) non
solum palatio, verum etiam regno non inmerito viderettir
onerosa
II,
" (EiNHARD,
Vita
Karoli
Magni,
21 ; MG, Script.,
455).
8 CONC.TURONENSEIII, Can. 6 (MANSI, XIV, 81).

4 EIXHABD, Vita Kar., loc. cit.-"
Venit iste Britto vel
Scoto (sic) ad -ilhim alterum Briitoncm, qui intua iacct. O
29

To protect the missionaries,
monks,and earnest
pilgrims, and to attract men of learning, such
appears to have been the twofold design of
Charles and his successorsin their regard.
Dcus,
libcra
istud
monasterium
de istis
Brittonilus
11am,
sicut apes uiidiqxc ad mcttrem revertitntur, ita Jii omnes ad

istum veniunt."
(Vita Alcuini, 18 ; MGr, Script., XV, I,
190).-ALCUIN, Ep. 82 (PL, C, 266).
IV.-Pilgrims
and ShamPilgrims
THEclose
ties
uniting
the
Carolin
dynasty with the Holy See resulted in
making easierand popular the pilgrim-
age to Rome. Although the insular "peregrini

were far from being pilgrims in the ordinary
senseof that word, aswe have alreadypointed

out, neverthelessthere were not wanting among
them personswhosemovementsweregoverned,
either from the very start or by chance,by a
desireto visit someparticular shrine. We know
that Saint-Gall, Bobbio and Peronne, after the
deathof their founders,attractedmany of their

countrymen.
Cadroe, in the tenth century, began his

wanderings by a visit to the tomb of St. Fursa.1
MarianusScottuselectedto be ordainedpriest
in the basilica of St. Kilian at Wurzburg.2 But
naturally it was the limina Apostolorum which
formed the greatest attraction to the pious

fancies
of the
inhabitants
of the
1 Vita Kadroe, 19 (Boll, I, p. 476).

8 MAK. SCOT., Chronicon, ad an.
CXLVII,
780).
isles.
1081 [MLIX]
It
is
(PL,

related that St. Molua, who died about 609,
wishingto perform a pilgrimageto the tomb of

the Apostles, came to ask leave of absence
from his master, St. Moedoc.
When the latter
urged the difficultiesin the way, the applicant

appears to have forcibly expressedthe warmth
of
his
desire
in
the
words :
Romam, cito moriar." l
" Nisi
videro
Thus Rome was fre-
quently visited by Irish pilgrims;* but their

neighbours, the Anglo-Saxons, showed even
still greater eagernessto enter the Eternal City.
It is surprising to note with what enthusiasm
and in what numbers English kings, priests,

nuns and monks carried out this long pilgrimage.3
The letters
of St. Boniface
and of the
Em-
peror Charlesgive instructive details as to the

habits of pilgrims and sham pilgrims in their
day. It would happenthat traders would join
1 Ada
Sanct. Bib.
a Vita
Agili,
Kiliani,
8 (ibid.,
ex cod. Salin.,
col. 480.
24 (MABILLON, 2 saec., p. 324) ;

p. 992) ;
Vita
Findanl,
8 It was considered worthy of record

if a year passed without communication
and Borne (W.D.D. CUNNINGHAM, The
industry and commerce during the early
Cambridge, 1005, I, p. 85).
32
Vita
c. 7.
in the chronicles
between England
Growth of English
and middle ages,

the pious bandsin order to benefit by the exemption from tolls granted to pilgrims; l but
this
was
not
the
worst
offence
committed.
The Apostle of Germany,writing to the Archbishop of Canterbury, implores him to restrain
his flock, and nuns in particular, from an immoderate passion for pilgrimages. He points
out the drawbacks ; he even calls attention
to
the grave disorders so-calledpilgrims of the

weaker sex had committed in many of the
cities of France and Italy.2 Furthermore a
council in 813 disapprovedof pilgrimagesto

Tours and Rome undertaken by clerics or laymen for superstitious or profane reasons.3
Doubtlessit was the experienceof the material

and moral dangersincurredon pilgrimagesthat
inspiredthoseversestingedwith sadnesswhich
an Irish
hand has traced on a MS. folio of the
ninth century : " To go to Rome, much labour,
little profit: the King whomthou seekestthere,

unless thou bring him with thee, thou findest
him not. Much folly, much frenzy, much loss
'CAROL. M., Ep. 7 (PL, XCVIII.
907).-Cf.
Mogunt. 753, c. b (JlANSl, XII, 572).
1 MG, Epist., Ill, 354 s.
3 CONC.CABII,. II. v. 45 (MANSI. XIV. 102-]()3).
3
Cone.

of sense,much madness[is it], sincegoing to
death is certain, to be underthe displeasureof
Mary's Son." l
1 The two quatrains in old Irish are in the Codex Boernerianua (A, 145, 6) of the Library of Dresden, containing the epistles of St. Paul in Greek with the Latin
interlined, a MS. written by an Irish scribe of the ninth
century.
These verses have been translated and published
by J. H. BERNARD (Irish Liber Hymnorum, II, p. 191) and
WHITLEY
STOKES and JOHN STRACHAN (Thesaurus
Palaeo-
hibernicus, Cambridge, 1903, II, p. 296) ; cf. SCRIVENER,

Introduc. to the criticism of the New Testament, 4th ed., I,
p. 180. To see the point of the second quatrain one must
know that in old Irish " teicht do Roim " (to go to Rome),
was an expression capable of being used as the equivalent
of teicht do ecaib, " to go to death, to die."
Herein lies
the connection between the two verses (D'ARBOls DE
JTJBAINVILLE, in Rev. celt., XII, 1891, p. 154).
V.-Some
Reasons for the Irish
Missionary Exodus
^O judge from the extraordinarynumber
of emigrant clerics and monks one
might suppose that the disciplinary

regulations dealing with clerical or monastic
stability were less solidly established in Ireland
than
on the continent.
Such
was not
the
case.
The canonsand religiousrules are at one there

as well as elsewherein condemningthe unsteady
and the gadder. A synod, attributed to the
time of St. Patrick, says : " First it is one's
own country one must teach after the example
of the Saviour ; only in caseit refuses to learn
is it allowableto abandonit after the example

of the Apostle." 1 In what way did the people
of Ireland give an excusefor the application of
this alternative
we shall look
known
under
? That is a matter into which

later.
The canonical collection
the name of Hiberncnsis
contains
a canon, also purporting to be of Patrician

1 HADDAN and STUBBS, Councils and eccl. docum. relating
to Great BrHow
and Ireland,
II. par. 2, p. 335,
35

origin, thus worded : " Patricius
ait:
monachus
inconsultoabbatevagusambulansin plebedebet
excommunicari." 1 Furthermore,
the
rules of
St. Ailbe of Emly (t c. 540)2and of St. Columban (f6i5)3 are formal as to the necessity of
enclosurefor monks. St. Maelruain (1"792)and
the wise men of Ireland,
consulted as to the
emigration movement which, in the eighth

century, drew such numbers of religious out
of their country, disapproved of it.1 Nevertheless, the great number of monks in Ireland,
examplessuch as those of Columban, Fursa, and
Kilian, a real call to apostleship, a summonsto
a higher grade in ascetic life, the pagans of
Gaul and Germany to be converted, the ignorant
to be instructed
are not these fit motives
to justify the distant enterprises of these tire1 WASSERSCHLEBEN,

Die Irische Kanonensammlwig, Leipzig,
1885, lib.
xxxix,
c. ii, p. 151.
1 The Rule of S. Ailbe of Emly, ed. JOSEPH O'NEILL,

str. 33, 48, 52, in Eriu : The Journal of the school of Irish
Learning
Dublin,
III,
p. 105 and
109.
* " Mortificaiionis igitur triplex est ratio . . . [tertio] non

ire quoquam absolute " (Reg. Columbani, IX ; PL, LXXX,
216).
4 Cf. W. REEVES, The Culdees of the British Islands,

Dublin, 1864, p. 9 ; E. J. GWYNN and W. J. PURTON, The
Monastery of Tallaght (Proceed, of the R. I. Acad., XXIX.
sect. C., 1911, p. 133).
36
less travellers,enterprisesof which the results,
in spite of the lossesinevitable to all collective
and prolongedworks, remaina lasting glory to

their country and their faith ? In addition we
must not forget that the Danish invasions,
which gave all Ireland over to fire and blood
for a period of two hundredyears,greatly contributed to hasten the flow of emigration. It

was about 795 that the Vikings made their
first appearance on the Irish shores.1 At first
they sacked the monasteriesestablished on the
isles and along the northern and eastern coasts
of Ireland. lona,2 Bangor, Moville 3 were the

first to be attacked and were plundered on
several
occasions.
Armagh, the religiouscapital of Ireland, was

pillaged three times in one year by the Norwegianchief Turgesiusand was seizedin 832.*
Forannan, the Coarb of St. Patrick, was com1 The war of the Gaedhil
with
the Gaill,
ed. J. H.
TODD
(Rer. Britan. medii aevi scriptores), London, 1867, p. xxxiixxxiii.
Cf. H. J. LAWLOR, in his edition
Martyrology
of
Ricemarch
London,
1914, I, p. x.
* The war of the Gaedhil
3 Ibid., p. 7.
(Henry
of The Psalter and
Bradshaw
with the Gaill,
Society),
p. xxxv.
4 Ibid., p. 9, 15 ; cf. STOKESand LAWLOR, Ireland and the

Celtic Church, 6th edition, London, 1907, p. 259 s.
37

pelledto fleebearingwith him the venerated
shrine of the national apostle. In spite of the
resistanceencounteredin several places, the
enemysooninvaded the island from the south
and west; they pressedin on all sides,ascending the rivers in their ships and mooringin the
lakes of the interior, whencethey ravaged at
their will churchesand monasteries. They cap-
tured or slaughteredthe monks,carriedoff the

relics, and flung the reliquariesand booksinto
the water.1 The greatliterary centres,Clonard,
Clonfert, and Clonmacnois,the pride of learned
Ireland, were ruined. The numerous foreign
students, who had been attracted to these seats
of learning, regainedas best they could their

own countries ; the forsaken masters, unable
to live any longer by their great knowledge in

the disordered island, also crossed the seas in
great numbers,bearingwith them as their only

baggagetheir most valuedmanuscripts.2
1 Ibid., p. 13, 139, etc.; cf. E. O'CuRRY, Lectures on
the manuscript Materials of ancient History Irish, Dublin,
1861, p. 5.
2 Cf. The Antiphonary

H.
ZIJIHER,
Celtic
of Bangor, ed. WARREN, I, p. xii,
Church
in Britain
and
Ireland
(transl.
A. Meyer), London, 1902, p. 92.; H. ZIMMER, Neues Archiv,
XVII, p. 210-211; L,. TRAUBE,O Roma Nobilis (Abhtmdlungen der bayer. Akademie, I Cl., XIX, p. 373).
38
This abandonmentof their country by the
learnedIrish, when their help might have been
of use in combating either materially or morally
the invader, might lead to the belief, as New-
man remarks in his essayon The Danesand

the Northmen in England and Ireland,1 in a
weakening of patriotism or a lessening of
Christian charity. Nevertheless, observes this
author, is it believable that the fate of their
countrymen can have been indifferent to most

of these emigrants of the ninth and tenth
centuries,whoseown life was one of complete

self-sacrifice
and
holiness
Was
it
not
rather
that they themselves were treated with indifference by their fellow-countrymen ? In support of this last supposition, Newman cites a
passagein the Life of St. MalachywhereinSt.

Bernardspeaksof the Irish as barbarians.2 It
would appear that there had been between
the cultured few and the great mass of the
population such a mental disproportion as

1 J. H. NEWMAN,
p. 280 s.
8 See a
discussion
Historical
of
Sketches. London,
St.
Bernard's
testimony
1896, III,
in
St.
Bernard's Life of St. Malachy by H. J. LAWLOR, London,

1920, p. 161-163.
39

renderedimpossibleany cohesionin view of
a commoneffort amid the generalcollapseof
everything. Nearer to the events than St.
Bernard, and better acquaintedwith Ireland,
Alcuin, who doesnot fail to extol the doctissimi
magistri of that country,1has no hesitation in

also describing the mass of the nation as very
barbarous(perbarbara).Again, a documententitled the Colloquy of the Two Sages, having
the appearanceof a prophecy,but which, in

reality, was drawn up subsequently to the
height of the Danish invasions (it is of the
tenth century) explains in its own fashion the
trouble caused in the ranks of studious society
by the coming of the invader by foretelling that
in thosedays " discipleswould no longer stand

up respectfullyin the presence
of their masters."8
We must also add, if we are to believe the Four
Masters,that, towards 845,bands of Irish robbers
were formed in the island, now given up to

anarchy, who rivalled the Vikings in cunning
and vandalism.4
1 ALCUIN, Ep. 280 (MG, Epist., iv, 437).
2 ALCUIN, Ep. 287 (ibid., p. 446).
8 The Colloquy of the two Sages, ed. WHITLEY STOKES
(Rev. celt., XXVI, 1905, p. 43).
1 TH. OLDEN, Church of Ireland, London, 1895, p. 172. On
40
Under these conditions,
it xvould seem that
the only issue which remained open was the
one indicated by the canon already quoted:

De relinquenda vel docendapatria :
" de relin-
quendapostea,si non proficiet,juxta exemplum

Apostoli." Besides,the migration of the learned
Irish had started before the beginning of the
Danish incursions ; but these events, on the
one hand, and the warm welcome, on the other,
that awaited them from the Carolingian princes,

gave it a further impulse.
the acts of violence of every kind committed in Ireland
by the inhabitants, during the ninth and tenth centuries,
see the suggestive passages of the Annals inserted by W.
Reeves in an appendix to his work, Primate Gallon's
Visitation, Dublin, 1850, p. 94-95.
VI
Ireland's cDoctissimi Magistri'

Abroad
THROUGHOUT
the
Middle
Ages
there
was probably not a more barbarous

period in Western Europe than the
hundred years which ran from 650 to 750.
Classical
and
clerical
studies
had
fallen
into
utter decay. With very few exceptions,even

the best instructed laymen scarcelyknew how
to read and write.
The clergy, indifferently
skilled in Latin letters, despisedthe national

tongue which was in truth still undeveloped,
and were totally ignorant of Greek. A French
copyist, who was about that time transcribing

the Salic Law, mistook for Greek the famous
Malbergic glosses it contains, and which in

reality are words in the Prankish tongue.1
Charles the Great realised the necessity there
was to improve this state of things. In order
to do so, he summoned foreign teachers to
Gaul : the Italians Peter of Pisa, Paulinus, and
1 See the Biblioth&que de VEcole des Charles, LX,
p. 409, n. 2.
42
1899,
Gaelic Pioneersof ChristianityPaul the Deacon,the SpaniardClaudius, the

Anglo-Saxons
Alcuin, Sigewulf,Witto andFridugise. About the year 782 two Irishmen came
to complete this academicalgroup; one of

these was named Clemens (who is not to be
confounded with the heretic of that name) ;
the other, whose identification
is more difficult,
was either one of the Dungals or Josephus

Scottus. The passagein the GcstaCaroli Magni
describing the arrival of these two foreigners is
well known.1 We will only recall its principal

features which are picturesque and well describe
the period and the persons with whom we are
dealing. The two Scottiland in companywith

British traders. Their knowledge,both sacred
and profane, is soon perceived. They them-
selvesclaim to be merchants; they selllearning

to those who will buy it (si quis sapientiae
cupidus est, veniat ad nos et accipiat eani).
When Charles hears of this, he hastens to have
them brought to the palace, and then inquires

on what conditions they will consent to let the
Prankish youths benefit by their learning.

1 Gesta Karoli
XCVIII,
Magni,
I. i (MG, Script.
1371-1373).
43
I, 731 ; PL

They do not prove exacting,thesemen who
are without the necessariesof life ; all they
require is food and shelter with the addition

of eagerpupils (locatantumopportunast animos
ingeniosos,et sine quibns peregrinatiotransigi
non potest, alimenta et quibus tegamur). So
Clemensstays as professorto the school at
the palace. Charles being dead, Louis the
Pious
maintains
him
in
his
duties.
At
the
last he withdraws from them only to go to
Wurzburg to die near the tomb of St. Kilian.1

His companion was sent to Italy, where he
taught in the monastery of Saint Augustine at
Pavia.
We
shall
not
here undertake
to
enumerate
all the scholarly Irish who assisted in one way

or another the work of literary renovation
undertakenby the Carolingians. This has been

skilfully done by ProfessorW. Turner in a
paper called Irish Teachersin the Carolingian
Revival of Learning.* We shall content our1 WILLIAM TUKNER, Irish Teachers in ihe Carolingian
Revival of Learning, p. 391.
* See TURNER, Irish Teachers, etc. (The Catholic University
Bulletin, Washington, XIII,
1907, 282-399 and 562-581).
On the intellectual activity of the Irish one may also con44
selves with recalling the names of the leaders of
this movement, and with pointing out the

centresfrom which their influence principally
radiated.
JosephusScottus,just mentionedas the probable companion of Clemens,was a friend and
discipleof Alcuin.1 Poemsof his addressedto

Alcuin
and Charles the Great have come down
to us.2 He also composed a commentary on
Isaias which frequently appearsin the catasult:

1 H. D'ABBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, Introduction it
Ve'tude de la litterature celtique, Paris, 1883, p. 366-390 ;
2 W. SCHTJLTZE,Die Bedeutung der iroschottischen Monche
fur die Erhallung und Fortpflansung der mittelalterlichen
Wissenschaft (Ceniratttlati /. Bibliotekswesen, VI, 1889,
p. 185-198, 233-241, 281-298) ; 3 H. ZiMMER, Ueber die
Bedeutung
des irischen
Elements
fur
die
miltelaUerKche
Citltur (Preussisc-he Jahrbiicher, LIX,

1885, p. 27-59).
This essay has been translated by J. E. EDMONDS, The
Irish element in medieval culture, New York, 1891 ; 4 E.
KENAN, Les etudes classiques au moyen age pendant la
periode carolingienne in Melanges religieux et historiques,
Paris, 1904, p. 257-281; 5 KUNO MEYER, Learning in

Ireland in the fifth century and the transmission of Letters,
Dublin,
1913 ; 6 J. VENDRYES, Grammaire du vieilirlandais, Paris, 1908, p. i-x ; 7 M. MANITIUS, Geschichte
der lateinischen
Literatur
des Mittelalters,
Munchen,
1911,
I, p. 315 s. et passim.
1 ALCUIN, Epistolae (MG, Epist., IV, p. 32, 33, 40, 119,
483).
3 MG, Poet. Lai. aevi Carol., I, 149.

45

loguesof mediaevallibraries.1 But it doesnot
appear that his influence was considerable.
The Dungals(for it is now pretty certain that
severalpersonsof that name were in France
and in Italy under Charles and his successors)z
are more celebrated.
individuals
Traube
differentiates
of the name, all Irishmen.
five
One,
known to us through Alcuin, was a bishop ;
another, questionedby the emperorabout the

alleged double eclipse of the sun in the year
810, repliesin a dissertationwhich is more remarkable for its latinity than for its scientific
merits. He also appears to have had great
need to barter his knowledge for that without
which peregrinatiotransigi non potest,for he is

constantly pleading poverty.
He is with some
probability thought to have been the recluse

of Saint-Denis, and also the person calling
himself Hibernicus
1 There
existed
exul in some verses addressed
copies
of this
work
at
Corbie,
Lorsch,
and Saint-Gall:
ci. G. BECKER, Catalogi bibliothecarum
antiqui, Bonn, 1885 (See the index).
See also MARIO
ESPOSITO,A Bibliography of the Latin Writers of Mediaeval
Ireland
(Studies,
II,
1913, p. 502-503).
2 L. TRAUBE, O Roma ndbilis, I.e., p. 332 s.; KARL

STRECKER, Ein never Dungal ? (Zeii. f. rom. Philoloaie.
XLI,
1921, 566-573).
46
to the Emperor.1 A third Dungal was called
by Lothaire to undertake in 825 the direction
of the schoolof Pavia. It was he who opposed

Claudiusof Turin, who rejectedthe veneration
of relics and images. The fourth Dungal is
more shadowy ; it is just known that he was a
poet. A fifth Dungal seemsto have been the
onewho presentedhis library to the monastery

of Bobbio in the eleventh century.2
Among the benefactors of the learned, but
necessitous Dungal, who withdrew to Saint-
Denis figures Hildoard, Bishop of Cambrai,

(790-816).3 Cambrai appears to have been, at
the close of the eighth and the beginning of

the ninth centuries,one of the favourite meeting-
places of the Scotti. The bishops availed of

their presencethere to have executedseveral
works of compilation and calligraphy which
time has preservedfor us. In this mannerwere

transcribed
for
Alberic
1 Poet. Lai. aevi Car.,
to
the
canons
of
I, 396 s.
' Of. GOTTLIEB in Ccntralblatt f. Bibliothekswesen, IV,

p. 443.
3 Poet.
Lai.
aevi
Car.,
I,
p. 411.
The letter
in which
Dungal ab episcopo quodam subsidium petit, c. 800-814

(Ep. 2, MG, Epist., IV, p. 578), was, perhaps, also addressed
to Hildoarcl.
47
Gaelic Pioneersot Christianity

the Hibernensis
contained
in the Codex camera-
censis,Nr. 619, the most ancient manuscript

of that
canonical
collection.
It
also contains
a fragment of a curious sermonin the Irish

tongue.1 It was under the episcopateof Hildoard and for his church
that were written
the
two sacramentaries (MSS. Nrs. 164 and 162-
163) the writing and ornamentationof which,

in the judgment of Edmund Bishop, bear all
the marks of works from Scottic pens.2 Finally,
the penitential composedfor Hildoard's successor, Halitgaire (817-831), betrays a Celtic

influence which is certainly attributable to the
presenceof Irishmenin that city.3

Just as Cambrai; Rheims, Soissons,Laon,
and Liege had colonies of Scotti, and at the
sametime. Dunchad,at oncea bishop and a

grammarian, taught polite literature in the
1 H. WASSERSCHLEBEN,Die irische Kanonensammlung,
p. xxx ; A. MOLINIER, Catalogue general dcs bibliotheques
de France. Depariements, Paris, 1891, XVII, p. 257 s.;
WHITELY
hibernicus,
STOKES and J. STRACHAN,

II, p. xxvi, 244-247.
2 EDM. BISHOP, in Journal
Thesaurus
Palaeo-
of Theological Studies, IV,
1903, p. 414-415.
3PAUL POTJBNIER,
Etudessur lespe'nitentiels(Rtvue d'hist.
fl lit, lift, religievses, VIII.
1903, p. 528 s.).
48

monastery of Saint-Remi of Rheims. Among
his pupils, according to all appearances,he had
Remigius of Auxerre and Gottschalk.1 Traube
also calls attention to a Latin poetry of a very

unusualstyle which, in the ninth century, was
in fashionin the provinceof Rheims,and which
looks as though imitated from Irish models.2
This
same scholar
has edited
the ludicra
of a
certain Irishman dwelling at that time at

Soissons.3
It
was
in
this
same
town
that
Heiric of Auxerre met a bishop named Mark,

nations Srito,
but
educated in Ireland,
who,
after a long and saintly episcopate,resolved to
go into exile (ultroneam sibi peregrinationem

indixit), and was then living as an anchorite
in the monastery of Saint-Medard and SaintSebastian.
From
the
mouth
of
this
old
man
Heiric gathered details of the doings of St.

Germanus of Auxerre in Great Britain,
which
details he later incorporated in his Miracula

Germani.*
1 TRAUBE, in Neues Archiv.,
XVIII,
p. 104 ; M. ESPOSITO,
op. cit., p. 508.

2 MG, Poet. Lai.
Ibid.,
aevi Car.,
Ill,
p. 710-711
(note).
p. 690.
4 HEIRIC, Mirac. Germani, I, 8 (PL, CXXIV,

1245) ;
Cf. L. TRAUBE, MG, Poet. Lai. aevi Car., Ill, p. 422.
4
49

But no town in this region was more attractive
to
the
Irish
than
Laon.
The
most
illustrious emigrant of the time, John Scottus

Erigena,1stayed there either in the court of
Charles the Bald, who had nominated him to
the mastershipof the palaceschool,or drawn

there by the bishop of the town, his friend
Hincmar the Younger,or his countrymenwho
were already established in the place.2 No
foreigner, if we except Alcuin, exercised a
greater intellectual influence in Carolingian

France than John Scottus. At once theologian,
grammarian, poet, he was held to be a master
in them all. Among his principal disciples

are reckonedWicbald, who becamebishop of
Auxerre, and two of his fellow-countrymen,
Elias, later one of the masters of Heiric
of
Auxerre and bishop of Angouleme,and, pro1 The author of the life of St. Buo mentions John Erigena
and Dungal the Theologian (thcologvm eximiwn) among
the many Irish who were driven to cross the sea by the
fury of the Danes (from WAEBEX, The Antiph. of Bangor,
I, p. xiii).
2 L. TBAUBE, in Notes Archiv., XVIII, p. 104 ; O Roma

nobilis, I.e., p. 362-363 ; Poet. Lat., p. 519, n. 4. On John
Scottus, see M. ESPOSITO,op. cit., p. 505 s.
50

bably, Martin the Irishman (1875), one of the
most learned representatives of the Scottic
colony of Laon.1 This Martin compiled a

Greco-Latin glossary which we still possess,2
and, like his reputed master, he wrote Greek
verse.3 It is known that Erigena translated
into Latin the works of the pseudo-Denys

the
Areopagite. The knowledgeof Greek revealed
in this work
filled with
wonder
Anastasius
the
Librarian himself. He, on this occasion, wrote

to Charles
the Bald : " Mirandum est quomodo
vir ille barbarus, in finibus mundi positus, talia
intdlectu caperein aliamquelinguam transferre

valuerit." 4 Thanks to the Scotti, it became
the fashion to talk Greek at Laon. Bishop

Hincmar attempted it ; still better, he who,
accordingto his uncleHincmar of Rheims,was

1 L. TRATJBE,Poet. Lai., p. 519-520, n. 5 in fine ; p. 422,
n. 2 in fine ; p. 523.
2 It is Ms. 444 of .Laon ; cf. Catal. gener. des Mss. des

bibl. publ. des Dep.. Paris, 1849, I, p. 234. E. MILLER in
Notices
et extraits
des Mss.
de la Bibl.
nat. et autres biblioth.,
XXIX,
2nd. part, p. 1-230. Cf. L. GOUGAUD,Repertoire
desfac-similes des Mss. irlandais (Revue celtique, XXXVIII,
1920, p. 6).
3 Poet. Lat,
III,
p. 696 s.
1 ANASTASIUS,Ep. 2 (PL, CXXIX,

51
739).
ignorant of his own languageprided himself on
speakingIrish.1
Sedulius
Scottus reached the continent
about
the same time as John Scottus Erigena. He
settled at Liege.2 He was there retained

by bishop Hartgaire (840-855) as professor
in
the
school
of
Saint-Lambert.
In
his
great poverty his teaching obtained for him

some resources; moreover, he knew how, by
graceful and kindly verses, to interest in his
lot the most powerful personagesof the time,

such as bishops Hartgaire and Franco, Charles
the Bald, Lothair I and his wife Irmingard,

Louis the German and others.3 He, too, was
acquaintedwith Greek,but in a lesserdegree

than John Scottus.4 Like him, however, he
was endowed with encyclopaedicknowledge.

Grammarian, he comments Eutyches, Donatus,
1 HINCMAB,
Hincm.
Opusculum
Op., II,
LV
capitulorum
(SIBMOND,
p. 547).
8He arrived in this town between 840and 851, according

to H. PIEENNE, Sedulius de Liege, in Memoires couronnes et
autres memoirespublies par VAcademieroyale de Belgique,

XXXIII,
1882, p. 20.
1 MG, Poet. Lai. aevi Carol., Ill,
p. 180-183 ; 190-192 ;
187 ; 195 s., etc.
1 S. HELLMANN,Sedulius Scottus,Munchen, 1906, p. 122.

52
Priscianl; philosopher,he explainsthe Isagoge
of Porphyry; expounder,he writes his Collectaneumin EpistolasPauli -; scribe, it is probable he has left us copies from his own hand
in the Greek Psalter (Nr. 8017) of the Arsenal
Library in Paris,3and in the Epistles of St.

Paul in Greek of the Codex Boernerianus
of the
Library of Dresden (Ms. A. 14515

)4; finally,
political writer, he composed for Lothair II
the De rectoribus christianis, a sort of royal
mirror.5 In his poems he namesseveral of

his countrymen and companions: Dermot,
Fergus, Blandus, Marcus, Benchell. Like him,
1M. ROGER, Le commentariolum in arlein Eutychii de
Sedulius Scottus (Revue de philologie, 1906, 122-123) ; S.
HELLMANN, op. cit., p. 105 s ; M. ESPOSITO,op. tit., p. 505.
2 Cf. L. GOUGAUD,Les Chrelientes celtiques, p. 259.
8 MONTPAUCON, Paleo.
gracca, III,
7, p. 236.
Neverthe-
less SAMUEL BEBGEB (Hist, de la Vulgate, p. 116) refuses to

believe that this Psalter was made by Sedulius of Liege.
Cf.
L.
GOUGAUD,
Repertoire,
1 O Roma nobilis,
p. 2.
6 Published
p. 348.
by MAI and
p.
7.
Cf. L. GOUGAUD,Repertoire,
later
by HELLMANN,
p. 19-21.
The poems which intersperse this work have been published by TKAUBE, Poet. Lai. Ill,
p. 154-166. Cf. H.
TIBALLA,
Das
Augustinische
Idealbild
d. christl.
Obrigkeit
als Quelle d. Furstenspiegel d. Sedulius Scottus w. Hincmar

("cm Reims,
Greisswald,
1916 (Dissert.).
53
they are grammarians,scholars,sages; some
are priests ; they ask only to gain a living by
their learning, for they are, as are all those
arriving from Ireland, very poor.1 Under this

aspect they and others like them will specially
interest us a little later. For the present let
us seek to appreciate in a few lines the nature
and value of this Irish learning, of which we
have named the principal representatives in
foreign lands, and to show what effect it pro-
ducedon their contemporaries.

1 Poet. Latin., p. 168 :
" Nos
tumidus
Doctos
Boreas
grammaticos
vastat-raiserabile
presbiterosque
visu-
pios ;
Fessis ergo favens, Hartgari floride praesul,

Soplios Scottigciias suscipe corde pio."
VII.--The
Knowledge of Greek in
IrelandDuring the Middle Ages
WE must
guard
against
exagge
and anachronisms when treating of
the
mental
culture
of
ancient
Ire-
land. It has beenproved that from the intellectual point of view the influence of St. Patrick
left
no
effect
on
the
Irish
Christian
com-
munities. A century goes by, and, in the
period illustrated by what has beencalled the

secondorder of Irish Saints,straightway arise
on all sides monasterieswhich quickly become
centres at once of piety and science: Moville,
Clonmacnois,Clonfert, Clonard, Bangor.1 What
instruction was given in these cloisters ? What
was the
extent
or value
of the lectures
of a
Finnian of Clonard, of a Comgall of Bangor ?
This is what it is hard to decide,for the personal
1 I;.
GOTJGAUD. Li*
Clii-i-tit'nti-.-i
"_>11 s.
55
i-cUiyues.
p. 7:178
,m.I
Gaelic Pioneers ot Christianity

work
of
these
masters
has
not
reached
us.1
Judging by the writings of their disciples,and

for exampleslet us take Columbaof lona 2and
Columban of Luxeuil,3 it is permissibleto believe
that it was possible to acquire in Ireland,

about the sixth century, a thorough knowledge
of the Sacred Scriptures, some acquaintance
with the most celebrated Fathers of the West,
a latinity usually correct, ornamented with
abstract
and rare words.
Furthermore,
some
profane authors of Rome were read,4 and a

few acquiredthe art of writing Latin metrical
verse.5
This was enough to make Ireland appear

to the people of the seventh and eighth centuries as the privileged ark which preserved,
1 There remains to us only a, penitential bearing the
name of Finnian.
Wasserschleben and O. Seebas identify
this
Finnian
with
the
founder
of Clonard.
1 The critics are all agreed in attributing

to him the
hymn Altus prosator. It has been published by BERNARD
and ATKINSON, Irish Liber Hymnorum, I, p. 62 s. and in
Revue celtique, V, p. 205 s.
3 Columban
has left a rule, a penitential,
letters
poems which will be found in MIGNE, PL, LXXX.
and
" In Columban there are reminiscences of Persius, Virgil,

Ovid, Horace
Virgil.
5 Columban
and Sallust;
has left
in Cellanus
us hexameters
and
Adamnan
and other
verse.
of
amid universalbarbarism,the depositof sacred
learning and classical letters. Men then came
from the neighbouring countries, from Gaul
and Great Britain, to draw abundantly from
this store.1 Are we to go further and claim
that, even in those remote days, Greek was
cultivated
is much
with
more
honour
in
doubtful.
It
the
is true
island
that
This
we are
informed that Columba, Columban, Adamnan

make use of Greek words, that Columba knew
lona in Hebrew had the meaning of the Greek

"n-fpuTTepd
and of the Latin columba, that
Adamnan expresses the same linguistic doctrine,2 but do these supply evidence sufficient
to enable
us to
affirm
that
Greek
and
Hebrew
were currently taught at lona and Bangor, and,

with still greater temerity, that " all the monks
who took part in the foundation of Luxeuil

knew Greek ? " 3 Assuredly not.
Or, because
1 Cadoc, Agilbert, Egbert, Willibrord,

Aldfrid, Sullen,
etc. . . studied in Ireland ; cf. PLUMMEB, Bedae hist, op.,
II, p. 196-197 ; L. GOUGAUD, Chr&i. celt., p. 251.
* D'AKBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, Cours de litterature celtique,
I, p. 391. M. ROGER has very well unravelled all these
questions in his fine work : L'enseignement des lettrea
classiques d'Ausone A Alcuin, Paris, 1905, p. 268 s.
3 A. TOTJGARD, L'hellenisme mi moyen age (Leitres
chretiennes,
III,
p. 233).
5?
Gaelic1'ioneers
ot Christianity
the biographerof St. Patrick, Muirchu Maccu
Mactheni, who was living in 698, may have
borrowed from the Antiquities of Flavius Josephus, or may have drawn inspiration from
Apollonius of Rhodes,1or becauseCummian

quotes in his De controversialpaschali from a
work which has been attributed to St. Cyril,
does it follow that these writers were directly
acquaintedwith these Greek authors in the

original ? 2 The Greek words found in other
works
and the
Latin
texts
written
in Greek
charactersare not more convincing. Generally

in all this we must see only a pedantic and
purely verbal display, easily obtainedwith the

help of glossaries,or else the mere fancies and
whims of pretentious or merry scribes.
It has beenwritten that " the religiousand

literary educationof Ireland were two_parallel
and simultaneousfacts." 3 In truth the great
1 WHITLEY
STOKES, in Academy
of 22 March,
1890,
p. 207 ; Cf. Rev. celt, XI, p. 370 ; ROGER, op. cit., p. 266.
2 ROGER, op. cit., p. 272.
It is now known that Cummian
borrowed his quotation from a Latin work on the Paschal

question falsely placed under the name of St. Cyril (Cf.
BR. KRUSCH, Studien sitr christlich-mittelaU. Chronologic,
p. 341 s).
3 H. PmKNXK. ,SVrf//?M/
c/p Lief/c. \<. P.
58
founders
of Irish
schools were saints and their
scholars were monks. The word " sage," so

frequently employed in the Christian literature
of the Scotti, is constantly applied to a person
who is learned
at once both
in the sacred and
profanesciences.To speakvery strictly, there

was held to be but one science, that of the Sacred
Scriptures. It was that science people came

chiefly to seek from the Irish doctors.1 The
other branches of learning were only considered
to be handmaids or assistants to religious
education. The liberal arts, prosody, poetry,

chronology, were in principle believed to have
no other right to exist than in so far as they

were useful in preparing the mind for the lectio
divina, by which was meant the study of the
Divine Thought as expressedin the Bible and
handed down by tradition.2 Beautiful handwriting, exquisitely minute painting, two arts
brought to the greatest perfection in Ireland,
also served, first and foremost, to multiply and
embellish religious books, liturgical works, and
the writings of the Fathers.
1 BEDE, Eccles. hist., Ill, 7 (PL, XCV, 127);
(ibid., 165-166); V, 15 (i&R, 25.",.}
2 KOGER, op. cit.. p. 237.
.V)
III,
27

Now, such a system of education aptly
qualified the Irish monks to work in the intellectual reform undertaken with the protection
of Charles the Great. For, in fact, the Em-
peror in no way aimed at the formation of

mere humanists, of men devoted to the special
and exclusive study of ancient literature : he
simply wished to raise up priests and monks
capableof understandingand copying Latin,

and
to
furnish
them
with
well
written
and
faultless books for study and for the services

of the Church. So the Irish taught the Franks
orthography and grammar ; 1 they commented
the Scriptures, they brought from their isle

some biblical and liturgical works ; above all
they made numerouscopiesof such works on

the continent. We have given someidea of the
academicand literary works of these emigrants ;
here is the place to say a word about their
calligraphic and artistic skill.
1 To the Irish
taught
add Dubthach
sachanus
grammarians
on the continent
already
in the ninth
mentioned,
century,
(TRAUBE, Poet. Carol., Ill,
(HAUREAU,
Singular
hist,
et Hit.,
who
we have
to
p. 685), Malp. 18), Cuind-
melus (HAUREAtr, p. 19) and a Scot dwelling at Milan

(MG, Epist., IV, p. 201) ; cf. Rev. Btn.. X 1893, p. 10G s.
60

Catalogues of ancient libraries describe a veryconsiderable number of manuscripts as scottice
scripti ; 1 but in the later middle ages and in
modern times the scriptura scottica was considered unreadable,
and
some Mss. in
that
writing were destroyed. Many others were lost.

Nevertheless,without any exaggeration, we can
reckon at one hundred the religious Mss. copied
by Irish hands before the end of the eleventh
century and actually in the possessionof continental libraries.2 Paleographers are agreed
in recognising the influence of the scriptura
scottica on the calligraphic reform of the ninth
century; it largely contributed to the birth
of
the
small
Caroline.3
But
it
was
still
more
1 TBAUBB has drawn up a list of the manuscripts in

Scriptura scoitica from the old catalogues in Perrona
Scottorum, p. 529-532.
2 W. SCHULTZE, Die Bedeutung
ftir
die Erhaltung
der iroschoUischen
und Fortpflanzung
Monch
der mittelalterlicJien
Wissenscfiaft,
p. 85 s.; 233 s. 281 s.
Of. E. HULL, Early
Christian
Ireland,
ch. XXIV,
Irish
Libraries
abroad,
London, 1005. See my Repertoire des fac-similes des mss.

irlandais (Revue celtique, XXXIV,
1913, 14-37 ; XXXV,
1914, 415-430
; XXXVIII,
1920, 1-14).
3 M. PROU, Manuel de PaUographie latine et francaise,

Paris, 1890, p. 43 ; A. GmT, Manuel de diplomatique, Paris,
1894, p. 514.
6l

from the ornamentalpoint of view that the
Scottic artists were imitated by continental
scribes.1 Their plaiting, their interlacing,their
initials shapedlike animals or encircledwith
red points, their largeplatesbrilliantly coloured
and filled with groupings of the most fanciful
and varied designs,all of these are to be found
mingled with elements of Anglo-Saxon origin
(acanthus, volutes, branches, the human form
less rudimentarily treated) in the style called
Franco-Saxon, which began to flourish in the
ninth century in the north of France, a region,
as we have seen, that was particularly rich in
Scottic colonies. Any eye only slightly acquaintedwith the art of Irish miniaturists will
detect at a glance the ornamental motives
borrowed
from it in certain initials
in the second
Bible of Charlesthe Bald (Bibl. Nat., f. lat. 2) or
in the ornamentalpagesof the Gospelsof SaintVaast at Arras, a manuscriptcited by Leopold

Delisle as the type of the Franco-Saxon school
of northern
France.2
1 PEOU, op. cit., p. 75 ; A. MOLINIER,

miniature,
Paris, 1892, p. 85.
Lea tnanuscrUe
* Cf. L. GOUGAFD, Repertoire, passim.

62
et la

Under Charles the Bald, a lettered prince,
the compass of studies tended to enlarge.
Dialectics and the study of Greek, hitherto only
superficially pursued, made a great advance

under John Scottus Erigena and his disciples.
Thesereally knew Greek,and they cultivated

and made known the writers
of Greece.1 Whence
came their knowledge ? The arrival in Eng-
land of Theodore,Archbishop of Canterbury,

who came from Tarsus in Cilicia, and of his
companion Hadrian, who had received a Greek

education, cannot have been without
influence
on the progress made in the cultivation of

Greek in Ireland. Intercourse with Plato, the
Alexandrinesand Origen developedthe naturally speculativegeniusof John Scottus,making

of him a bold thinker, even a too bold one,
for he specially fell into the aberrations of
pantheism.
The emigrants of this generation furthermore largely benefited also by their residence
on the continent from the point of view of their
intellectual development. Dungal of Pavia,

1 MARIO ESPOSITO, The Knmeledge of Greek in Ireland
during ihe Middle Ages (Studies, I, 1912, 665-683).
63

John Scottus,and perhapsDicuil,1perfectedon
the continent their philological, patristic, geographical, and philosophicallearning. S. Helmann has shown also that the scope of the
studiesof SeduliusScottuswasnotably enlarged
by frequentingPrankishlibraries.2 But in spite
of all this, if we collect the evidence given by
contemporaries
about the scholarsof Ireland, we
ascertain
that
these witnesses
are conscious
of
beinglargely indebtedto theseIrish scholarsfor

the development made in learning.
In their
eyesIrish knowledgeis out of the common,and

is worthy of the most pompous praise.
The Venerable Bede appreciated highly the
excellence of the traditions of learning and
piety taught to the English children by the

Celtic monks of Lindisfarne, as also the liberality
with
which
the
Irish
welcomed
land all strangers thirsting
to
their
own
for knowledge.3
1 DICUIL, author of De mensura orbis tcrrae, was also a

grammarian
and poet.
He crossed to the continent
early
in the ninth century ; but where he resided is not known.
Of. M. ESPOSITO,Dicuil, an Irish monk in the ninth century,

in Dublin Review, October, 1905, p. 327-337.
1 HELLMANN, Sedulius Scottus, MUnchen, 1906, p. 103 s.
" Imbuebantur praeceptoribus Scottis parvuli Anglorum,
una cum majoribus
studiis
64
et observatione
disciplinae
Other authors can find nothing less than the
superlativeto expresstheir admiration for the

learned Scotti.1 The Welsh biographerof St.
Cadoc depicts his hero leaving to follow the
lectures
of these excellent
masters from
whose
mouth he gathers " the sum of Western learning." 2 Alcuin recalls the services rendered to
Christianity by* the " doctissimi magistri dc

Hibernia, who brought about such great progressin the churchesof Christ in England, in
Gaul, and in Italy." 3 The Monk of SaintGall describesClemensand his companionas
men
" incomparablyinstructedin letters secular
regularis " (Bede, Eccl. Hist., Ill,
3). " Erant ibidem
eo tempore multi nobilium simul et mediocrum de gente
Anglorum qui, tempore Fiuani et Colmani episcoporum,
i-elicta insula patria, vel divinae lectionis vel contineiiUoris
vitae gratia illo secesserant. Et quidam quidem mox se
monasticae conversationis fideliter manciparunt, lectiono
operam dare gaudebant, quos omnes Scotti libentissime
suscipientes, victum eis quotidianum sine pretio, libros
quoque ad legendum et magisterium gratuitum praebere
curabant
" (Ibid., Ill,
27).
1 " Peritissimi
Scottorum "
c. 15) ; " Quidam perltigsimi
(NENKlus,
Hist.
Brittonwn,
Scotti " (Vita Samsonis, 37,

ed. FAWTIER, La Vie de S. Samson, Paris, 1912, p. 133).
8 Vita
S. Cadoci,
7 (REES,
Llandovery,
1853, p. 36).
3Ep. 280 (MG, Epist,, IV, 437).

65
Cambro-BrUish
Saints,

and sacred."1 One of the representativesof
German erudition in the ninth century, Ermenrich of Ellwangen (t8;4), in his letter to abbot
Grimoald, extols the Irish isle " unde nobis
tanti luminis jubar advenit" " because, bestow-
ing philosophy to the small and the great, she

fills the Church with her science and her teach-
ing." 2 At the beginning of the eighth century

St. Aldhelm of Sherborne beheld with a jealous
eye the troops of pilgrims of sciencewho sailed
to the shores of Erin.3
After
the Danish
in-
cursions it is the inverse phenomenon which

Heiric of Auxerre depicts in a dedication to
Charlesthe Bald precedinghis Vita Germani.

He representsalmost all Ireland transporting
herself with her troop of philosophers to French
shores.
He adds : " The
more an Irishman
is
learned and clever, the more decided is he to
this voluntary exile, where he goesto answer to

the wishes of a new Solomon."
1 " Viros et in eaecularibus et in sacris scripturis

parabiliter erudites " (MG, Script., II, 731).
'Epist. ad Grim. abb. (MG, Epist., V, p. 575).
8 " Cur, inquam,
classibus
Hibernia,
quo catervaiim
isthinc
incom-
lectores
advecti confluunt, ineffabili

quodam privileyio
. . " (Ep. 3, PL, LXXXIX,
94).
cffcratur.
'PL.
CXXIV,
1133.
66
Gaelic Pioneers of ChristianityJ

Enoughhas now beensaid, makingallowance
moreover
for
the
oratorical
tone
of
this
testi-
mony, to appreciate in what high esteem

foreigners held Irish sciencein its heyday. Let
us now investigate more intimately into the
wandering existence of our travellers, observing
them first during their passagefrom the natal

isle
to
" the place of their peregrination" ;

then during the period of their exile. This will
give us an opportunity to examinethe establishmentsdestinedto serve as their asylum on

the continent.
VIII.-Travelling
Methods of the
Islanders
WATTENBACH
has
quoted,
inthe
memoir called Die Congregationder
Schottenkloster in
Deutschland,1
curiouspassagein the Chronicleof Jocelin of

Brakelondwhich he thought presenteda living
picture of the habits of an Irish pilgrim in the
late middle ages.2 But it is difficult to decide
whether in this particular passage the author
is referringto Irish or Scotchpilgrims. Scotti,

1 WATTENBACH, in Zcitschrift
fur christlicfie Archacologie
und Kunst,
1856, p. 21-30, 49-58.
This paper has been
translated
into English.
W. REEVES lias enriched it with
very many and appropriate

This translation
logy, VII,
appeared
(LADy
of
Ulster Journal
1859, p. 227-216 and 295-318.
be, as is often
letter
notes which double its value.
in the
asserted,
his dated
FERGUSON,
1891
Life
the
:
translator,
of Archaeo-
Reeves cannot
for
we read in a
" / don't know a word of German "

of
W.
Reeves,
Bishop
of
Down,
Dublin, 1893, p. 173). Wattenbach's work deals chiefly

with Irish foundations of the later middle ages.
a JOCELIN
OF BRAKELOND,
Chronicon,
35, ed. J. GAGE
ROKOWODE, p. 35 (Camden Soc.), London, 1840 ; ed.

TH. ABNOLD (Memorials of Saint-Edmund's Abbey, 1.
p. 252 s.) ( Per. Brit, medii ami Scriptorcs). London, 1890.
68
from the pen of an English writer of the twelfth
century, may well mean either Scotch or Irish ;x
consequently this quotation from the Chronicle
can have for us only the value of a simple
analogy. So we prefer to gather here and there
from
other
documents
the
traits
which
are
fittest to bring before us most clearly the conditions under which the Irish travelled
and were
received on the continent in the early middle

ages.
As a rule they set out in bands. One such

band would often consist of twelve persons.2
It would indeed have been imprudent to undertake alone a long journey abroad in those
stormy and violent times.3 If they did not
think they were numerous and strong enough,
monks and clerics willingly joined caravans of
1 TH. ARNOLD, op. cit., p. XLII, and the late translator
of the Chronicon, M. L. C. JANE (The Chronicle of Jocelin
of Brakelond, monk of Saint-Edmondsbury, London, 1907,
p. 226) both translate Scotti by " Scotch."
2 See W. REEVES, The Life of St. Colvmba written by
Adamnan,
Dublin,
1857, p. 299-303.
3 On the precautions to be taken, propter frequentiam

latrocinii, on setting out for a journey, see letter 44 of
Einhard (MG, Epist., V, p. 132) and letter 104 of Lupus of
Ferrieres
(IV,
p. 91).
60

traders; this is what Clemens,the pedlar of
wisdom, and his companion did.
I do not know where J. V. Pflugk-Harttung

found that emigrantsusually reachedGaul by
way of Britanny andthe Loire.1 No text proves
this. On the contrary, severalexpresslybear
witness.that the Irish sailed first to Great Britain,
crossed that island, and then took ship again
from its southern coast, probably from some

Kentish port, in order to crossthe Channelin
its narrowest part.2 I have, moreover, shown
that
this,
in its
main lines, was the route
followed by St. Columban.3 It was also the

1 PFLUGK-HAKTTUNG,
The Old Irish
on ihe Continent,
I.e., 77. The articles of H. Zinimer on the same lines have
also failed to convince me.
See H. ZiMMER, Ueber directe
Handelsverbindungen
Westgulliens
mit Irland
im Altertum
und fruJicn Mittelalter
(Sitzungsberichte
der fc. Preussifichcn
Akad., 1009, p. 363-400, 430-476, 543-580).
2 Vulganius (MABILLON, Ada

2, p. 541), S. Cadroe (Boll, March,
the Kentish coast.
On the port
porlus), near Sandwich, Kent, as
Sanct. O.S.B., 4 saec.,

I, p. 476) embark from
of Richborough (Riitubi
a place of embarkation
for the continent,

see BEDE, Eccl. Hist.,
of PLUMJIER (TI, p. 5).
I,
1 and the
notes
3 Un point obscur de I'itintraire de S. Colomban venant en

Gaule (Annales de Bretagne, XXI,
1907, p. 327-343).
Cf. Neues Archiv (XXXII,
518-519) and Analecta Bollandiana
(XXVI.
477).
70
itinerary chosenby ClemensScottus,1by St.
Kilian,2 by Rombault,3and by severalothers.
Agilbert, the future bishop of Paris, returning
from studying the Holy Scripturesin Ireland,
followedno other route.* Furthermore,Thierry
of Saint-Trond
tells us that
from
the time
of
St. Rombault (eighth century) this was the

road constantly followed.3 Doubtless it is to
the
likeness
of
the
Latin
names
for
Great
Britain and Britanny, and to the belief in a

vague racial kinship, that several modern writers
have been led into thinking that there was
frequent intercourse between Ireland and
1 " Contigit
duos Scottos de Hibemia
cum mercatoribus
Brittanis
ad litus
Galliae devenire " (Gcsta Karoli,
I, 1 ;
MG, Script., II, p. 731).
2 " Ad vicinam Scottiae Britanniam
pervenit
; quam non
longa navigatione
praetcricns,
Galliam
attigit
" (Passio
Kiliani
; Boll, July, II, 615).
3 " [E Scotia] in Britanniam
ex more gent is transmeat.
.
Inde transmisso Morinoruru
freto, qua brevissimus
transitus
maris est, in Gallias defertur " (THIERRY OF S. TBOXD, Vita
Rumoldini, I, 3 ; Boll, July, I, 215).

4 BEDE, Eccl. Hist., Ill, 7 (PL, XCV, 127).
5 See note 3 above, and the marginal note on folio 33
of the
Codex Palatino-Vatic.
Nr.
830 of the
Chronicon
of
MARIANUS ScOTTtrs, reproduced in MG, Script., V, p. 481

(PL, CXLVII, 602-603). The Scot expelled by Charles the
Great for breaking, abovit 795, the rule of Lenten abstinence
is sent back to Ireland by way of the kingdom of Mercia.
71

Armorica.
munication
rather
As a matter of fact the direct combetween

the two countries
was
rare.1
Once landed on the Boulogneor Ponthieu

coast,2the peregriniwould take the mostvaried
directions, either in
accordance with
pre-
arrangedplans or by following the inspiration

or circumstances
of the moment.
Certain
mon-
astic traditions, acceptedby the Celts,lead us

to believe that those who had adopted wandering out of pure asceticism most frequently
travelled
on foot.
This
form
of mortification
was in fact largely practised ; it was even

compulsory for certain monks. The Regula
cujusdam patris ad monachos,which we think
is of Celtic origin, considers an abbot un1J. LOTH, L1Emigration brctonne en Annoriquc, Paris.
1883, p. 104 s. Samuel Berger is, in my opinion, wrong
when
he writes
: " Now, Britanny
was, more than any
other
land,
a, spiritual
monasteries
that
Irish
for
colony
their
[Biblical}
sees
texts
neighbouring
countries ? "
For my part,
I do not
of Ireland
...
is it
radiated
(Hist,
believe
not
from
; its
bishops
natural
Britanny
to
had
admit
on the
de la Vulgate, p. 49).
in this
radiation.
3 Vulganius disembarks at the mouth of the Authie, St.

Boniface at Quentovic, where also Theodore of Canterbury
embarks, St. Cadroe lands at Boulogne, Chaidoc snd
Fricor
on
the
Ponthieu
coast.
72

mortified who, in his displacements,consents
to make use of a horse or a car. A vigorous
monk
who
did
not
thus
travel
on foot
rendered
himself, according to the same rule, liable to

excommunication.1
The
Or do
monasticus
de
Kil-ros is not in any degree less severe. It

concedesonly to an aged abbot (seniculus) an
equiculumad her faciendum." Moreover,we

formally know that St. Aidan,3 St. Chad,4 and
St. Kentigern 5 went their mission rounds on
foot. St. Wilfrid, going at the age of seventy
to Rome, covered the whole land portion of
his journey on foot in 704.6 To abstain from
driving or riding was held to be an apostolical
tradition,7 and was sometimes put on the
same level
1 Regula cuj.
LXVI,
901).
as continence
pains
and abstinence.8
ad monachos,
c.
20 and
21
It
(PL,
2 Ordo (PL, LIX, 565).

3 BEDE, Eccl. hist., Ill, 5 (PL, XCV, 123).
4 Ibid.,
Ill,
28 (ibid.,
168).
5 JOCELIN OF FURNESS, Vita Kentegerni, 19, ed. A.P.

FORBES (The Historians of Scotland, Edinburgh,
1874,
p. 192-193).
" EDDIUS, Vita Wilfrida,
50-54 ; cf. CH. PLUMJIER, ed.
of BEDE, II, p. 320.

' See the references in preceding
notes.
8 Of. Can. hibern., in HADDAN and STUBBS, I, p. 108-109.
It is stated in the Welsh laws of Howel the Good that, in
73
is probablethat the insular asceticsand missionaries
conformed
to this custom.
The texts
do not say so very categorically;l but the

extreme fatigue of which several travellers
complain,2the poverty of most of them, the

destitution to which, from want of baggage,
they are seen to be reduced,3all these indications
incline
one
to
think
that
as a
rule
certain
trials,
there must be olitnincd
the evidence
and
et abstinentes,
id est a
oath of persons " continentes
muliere, a carne et equitatione " (OWEN, Ancient Laics and
Institutes of Wales, London, 1841, p. 790 and 828). On this

ascetic custom,
see my paper Anciennes
traditions
ascetiques,
I. L'usage de voyager i) pied (Scene d'ascetique et de mystique,

III,
1922, p. 50-59).
1 Epistolae Scottorum Leodienses, in Neues Archiv,
XIII,
p. 360-363 ; MG, Epist.,
IV, p. 195 s.; Ep. 3 : " Siquidem
inflrmitate
pedum prepeditus
cum suis fratribus
ire Eomam
non potest.
Beati
eritis,
si tali
venerabili
seni opem
pietatis impendatis.
. . ."
I. 215).
2 SEDUL. SCOT., Cannina
Ill,
p. 168) :
Vita Arjili,
II,
III
c. 24 (Boll., July,
(THAUBE,
Poet.
Lot.,
" Fessis ergo favens, Hartgari floride praesul,

Sophos Scottigenas suscipe corde pio "
Read the curious account of the pilgrimage to the tomb of
St. Heribert
of Cologne
of the claudicus
Scoilicus
Duntac,
in the Vita S. Heriberti (MG, Script., XV, 2nd. part,

p. 1245 s.). He is miraculously cured : qui "prius male
tripes, nunc bene bipes coepit discurrere.
3 Epistolae Scot. Lead., I.e., passim.
74
they used no other form of locomotion than
walking.1
Great
indeed
was the
distress
of those who
migrated both before and after the Danish
invasions. Such personsas Clemens,Dungal,

Seduliusare reducedeach moment to implore
the pity of a prince or noble for themselvesor
their countrymenin want. They realise that
they may be burthensome to the society which
receives
them : " Nos ergo pauperes ct prr,-grini oneri forsitan ft fastidio vobis videamur
essepropter nostrammultitudinemct importunitatem ct clamositatem."2 But hunger, thirst,

fatigue, the inclemency of the weather roughly
try them and compel them to groan aloud.3
The better to reach the heart, these men of
1 St. Columban, nevertheless,
will according to the custom
o the time travel by boat on the Khine, and St. Samson
"
would use the car,
quern de Hibernia apud se apportaverat
" (Vita Samsonis, 47, ed. FAWTIER, p. 143).
2 DUNGAL, Ep. 4 (MG, Epist., IV, p. 580).

8 Epist. Scot. Lead. Ep. I, " In magnis augustiis coarctor,
immo vivere non possum in tali miseria, non habens ad
manducaiiduin
minimam
et
bibendum,
particulam
nisi
pessimnm
de pessima cervisia."
panem
et
The Irish
monks who overran

the continent
often applied the term
" miser " to themselves
(Of. WATTENBACH, in Rev. Celt., I,
1870-1871.
p. 263).
75

letters give vent to their woes in Latin verse.1
A Scottusthreatened with chastisement escapes
from Bobbio and takes refugeat Saint-Zenoin

Verona; there, in poverty and loneliness,he
beginsto regret the cloister of Saint Columban
and writes the following distiches :
Nocte dieque gemo,quia sum peregrinuset egens:
Attritus febribus nocte dieque gemo.
Plangite me, iuvenes, animo qui me colebatis :
Rideat hinc quisquis : plangite me, iuvenes.
Magne Columba,roga dominum ne spernerab ipso :
Quo reddar tibimet, magne Columba, roga. . .2
Another, at Soissons,chilled by the cold, envies

the good fire at which Carloman, son of Charles
the Bald, a monk in the same town, warms
himself:
Karlomanne, tuis arridet partibus ignis.

Nos vero gelidos urit iniqua hiems.3
This one going to Rome is attacked and slain

1 All
neque
had
not
sermone
this
latino
resource
peritus,"
" Non sum grammaticus

says an Irishman
settled
at Liege (Epist. Scot. Lead., Ep, 2).

' Lamentum R[efugae] cuiusdam (MG, Poet.
Carol, III, p. C88).
'Poet.
Lai.,
I.e., p. 690.
76
Lai.
aevi
by brigandson the banks of the Aisne.1 That
other, returning from the Eternal City, is
stripped by robbersof a part of his clothes.

In
detail
he enumerates
his losses in a letter
to Franco, bishop of Liege, hoping, says he,

that the prelatewill from his charity makegood
the damage done : " Vincat vestrapittas raptorum impietatem. . . .''1 FLODOARD,Hist. Eccl. Ron., IV. 48 (1IG, Script., XIII,
p. 597).
1 Ep. Scot. Lead., Ep. 4.
77
IX.-Charitable
Institutions
Benefit of the (Scotti.'--'
for the
Monas-
teria Scottorum.'
IN the
foregoing
pages,
we
have
nam
severalcontinentalbishopswho werenoted
for their zeal in helping the Scotti: St.
Faro of Meaux, St. Didier of Cahors, Ansoald
of Poitiers,Hartgaire and Franco of Liege,the

bishops of Cambrai. Other prelates occupied
themselvesin getting restoredto them establishmentsfor assistance
or for permanentrefuge
which
Irishmen
had founded
for
their
fellow-
countrymen at places frequented by them, and
of which they had been unjustly despoiled.

Thesewerehospicesspeciallydestinedto shelter
travellers and pilgrims (hospitalia Scottorum},1
or monasteries open only to Scotti who wished
to end their days in retreat on foreign soil

(monasteria Scottorum). Several establishments
servedat the sametime for both thesepurposes.

During the Merovingian epoch we see St.
1 0)'. Du Cange, s.i1.
Bertin causingto be built by four personswho
had comefrom Great Britain a refugefor the
poor and for travellers.1 Mention is also made
of the construction, about 725, of a xenodochium
at Moutiers-en-Puisaie,south-west of Auxerre,2
for the British who were going as pilgrims to
Rome.3 But these establishments were destined,
the first, for the poor and for strangers in

general, the second, for Britons only ; it would
appear that we must look for the earliest examples of monasteria Scottorum, properly so
called, at Peronne and at Honau.
It will
be recalled
how Charles the Great was
energetic in restoring the monks of the Alsatian
cloister to the possession

of their stolen property. The documentwhich ordersthis restitution gives reason to believe that there existed
already, prior to 772, several similar establish1 FOLCUIN, Gesia alibat. S. Bcrtini
(MG, Script.,
XIII,
610).
2 Canton of Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaie (Yonne).

3 Gesta episcop. Autissiodorensium (MG, Script,, XIII,
395). Lupus of Ferrieres informs us that Charles the
Great had given Alcuin the cell of St. Josse, in Ponthieu,
not far from Quentovic, to be made a hospice for travellers
(Ep. 11, MG, Epist., IV, p. 21). This hospice may have
been used by the Scoiti landing in those parts,
79
Gaelic Fioneers ot Christianity

ments.1 The Emperorworkedhard to increase
the number of these pious and charitable
foundations, which were greatly to his taste.
But the disrepute into which the Scotti fell

towardsthe closeof his reign suddenlystopped
this development. The Irish were even dispossessed
of their institutions, and the usurpers
not only refused to receive travellers who
soughtshelterin them but droveout the monks

who
had
lived
there
from
childhood
and
re-
duced them to beggary.2 We learn these facts

from a canon of the council of Meaux in 845
which distinctly demands the reorganisation of
1 Cf. HAUCK, op. cit., p. 305.
the
phrase
we have
We have quoted above
here in view
" . . . vit nullus
rapiat
aliquid de rebus eorum nee ulla generatio praeter eorum

generationem possideat ecclesias eorum " (MG, Dip!. Kar,
ed. E. MULBAOHER, I, No. 77, p. 111).
1 Cone. Meldense, c. 40 (Mansi,
XIV,
praedecessorum
suorum
et ordinata
" Ad-
827-828) :
monenda est regia magnitude de hospitalibus,
quae tempore
et exculta
fuerunt,
et
modo ad nihilum sunt redacta.

Sed et hospitalia Scotoruin,
quae sancti homines gentis illius in hoc regno construxerunt,
et rebus pro sanctitate sua acquisitis ampliaverunt,
ab
eodem hospitalitatis
officio funditus
sunt alienata.
solum supervenientes in eadem hospitalia

verum
etiam
ipsi,
qui
ab
infantia
religione Domini militaverunt,

ostiatim mendicare coguntur."
80
in
Et non
non recipiuntur,
eisdem
et exindc
locis
ejicivmtur.
sub
et

the Scottic hospices and their restitution to
their
lawful
owners
and
administrators.
At
this council were present Wenilo, metropolitan

of Sens,Hincmar of Rheims and their suffragans,
Rudolf of Bourges, and some other bishops.
The Fathers of the Council begged for the
intervention of the king. That king was Charles
the Bald, the best protector of the Scotti after
Charles the Great ;
he was not deaf to this
appeal,and, at the Diet of Epernay (846),he

confirmed
the measures
taken
at Meaux
with
a view to the re-establishmentof the hospitalia

Scottorum.1
The same beneficial episcopalintervention

appears again in a letter of uncertain date
addressed by the bishops of the provinces of
Rheims and Rouen to Louis the German, very
probably at the time of his invasion of western
France (858).2 The drafting of this letter is
attributed
to Hincmar
of Rheims.
In
it
the
bishopsagain claim the return of the Scottic

establishments to their former use ; then, in
1 Praef. Cone. MeW.. (Capit.,
p. 390-391).
- Cf. E. LAVISSE,
p. 380.
(,
Histoirc
Karoli
de France.
81
II,
MG, Leges, I,
Paris,
1903,
][,

addition, they requestthe monarchto seeto it
that the administrators
submit themselves, as
is prescribedby the canons and capitularies,

to the jurisdiction of the bishops,who, they
add, will in return show them the most kindly
attention.1
From the middle of the ninth century, the
Irish monasteries
and hospicesmultiplied chiefly
outside the Prankish kingdom of the west.
The Scottic professorand poet Donatus(t86_|.),
having becomebishop of Fiesolc, gives, on
2Oth August, 850, to the monastery of Bobbio
a church in the district
of Piacenza, and to
it was afterwardsadded a hospice for Irish

pilgrims.2 In 883, Charles the Fat erected in
Rhaetia
a monastcrium
Scottontm
at
Mount-
Saint-Victor, the sameplaceto which the Irish

anchorite Eusebiushad withdrawn twenty-nine
years before. Two yearslater the sameprince
made over to this monastery the revenues of
oneof his villas for the maintenanceof a hospice

'PL,
CXXVl,
IT.
tfiarite, Paris, 1906, III,

1 G. ToxoNI,
Piacentina,
Ospizio
1801;
Cf.
L.
LAIXEMAND,
Hlsloir,
,/," /,/
p. 183.
pel
)it'llji-ini
Cf. Rcnir
p. 123-124.
82
iY/m/< si.
/liftui-iq,',-.
XLVIII,
Strenna
ISfli,

destined for twelve pilgrims on their way lo
Rome.l
In the tenth century the German monarchs

studded
their
dominions
with
similar
founda-
tions. We find the Irish establishedabout 945

at
Saint-Michel-en-Tierache
in the Ardennes.2
The
and
at
existence
Waulsort
of Waulsort
was officially recognisedby a charter of Otto I,

king of Germany, under date igth September,
946. According to that document,the house

was to remain the property of the Scotti, and a
monk of that nationality was to be made abbot
solong asthereremainedonein the community.

This abbeywas speciallydevotedto sheltering
foreign travellers, whence it received the name
of monasteriumperegrinorum.3
The Scot Cadroe,abbot of Waulsort, having

beencalled to Metz by bishopAdalberoI (929964)in order to restorethe monasteryof SaintClement(953), was replacedby the Irishman
Forannan. He negotiated withTheodoric, Adal1 RATPBRT, Cams S. Galli (5IG, Script.,
the
editor's
- Boll.,
IT. T3).
See
note.
January,
3MG, Dipt,
II,
749-751.
I, p. 160-161; Cf. L.UUYE. Elude sur
I'aVbaye de Wnulsorl, Liege, 1890, p. 11.

bero's successor,the annexation of the neighbouring abbey of Hastiere to his monastery.1
AdalberoII (984-1005)
showedhimselfnot less
inclined than his predecessors
to confideto the
islanders the monastic
cese.
establishments
of his dio-
" Scotti et reliqui sancti peregrini semper
sibi dulcissimi
babebantur"
remarks
Constantine
of Saint-Symphorian,his biographer.2 At that

time the abbey of Saint-Clement had at its
head the Irishman Fingen. Adalbero begged

him to undertake also the government of SaintSymphorian, which had been destroyed a long
time before, probably by the Normans. Fingen
restored that house and brought it within the
Scottic influence. Two charters, one from Pope
JohnXVII, the other from the emperorOtto III,

ordered that only monks of Irish origin should
be received there as long as that country supplied sufficient recruits.3 Fingen ended his
career
as a reformer
at Saint-Vanne
1 Vita secunda Forannani,
r. 2 (Boll.,
April,
of Verdun.
III,
827).
2 Vita Adalberonis II (MG, Script., IV. COS).

3 D. CALMET, Hist,
Ottonia, "...
Regia
de la Lorraine,
denuo nostra
Preuves, p. 396, Pn'c.

munificentia
donamus
atque confirmamus ; ea videlicet ratione, ut abbas primus

nomine Fingenius, Hiberniensis nations, quern ipse praelibatus
episcopns
[Adalbero]
tune
84
temporis
ibi
constituit,

Seven of his companionshad accompanied
him
there.1
At this same period Cologne also possessed

an important Irish colony. In 975, Archbishop
Eberger " immolated " to the Irish in sempitcrnum the monastery of Saint-Martin.2 Marianus
Scottus, who dwelt in this cloister from 1056 to
1058, has left us a Chronicle3 the importance
of which for the local history of that time is all
the greater because the documents dealing
suique successores, Hibernenses inonaehos habeant, quanidiu sic essepoterit ; et si det'uerint ibi monachi de Hybernia,
de quibuscumque uationibus semper ibi monachi habeantur . . ." See verses 110 and following of the Messin poem
written by an Irishman, published by Ti'MJJLF.n in Neuea
Archiv.,
V, p. 437.
1 Gusto Kplscop.
Virduncnsiuni
Script.,
IV, p. 48).
(in ( 'ALMET, p. 202 ;
A strange liturgical
.M(i.
comliiu.-;i imi \v,:s
in practice at Toul under the bishopric

of Gerard (f D'Ji).
This prelate
maintained
a number
of Greek and Scotic
clerics who daily
gathered in his oratory
to perl'oim
the
divine
Vila
praises at different
S.
Gerardi,
19;
altars,
MG,
Script.,
more putrio.
IV,
501).
(WiDiuc,
Gerard's
biographer reports, in chapter 22 (p. 503), an incident

which testifies to the keen regret one of these Scotti felt
at the bishop's
death.
2 MARIANUS SCOTTUS,Chronicon, ad an. 997 [CMLXXV]

(PL, CXLVII,
780).
3 The Cod. Palalino-VaVicanus
Nr.
actual handwriting
(cf. 0. WAITZ. Pi-nun, ml
Chronic.,
of Marianus
in PL. I.e... col.
fiOl-604).
85
830, s. XT, is in the

with the origin of the abbey of Saint-Martin
have been,it is thought, falsified in the eighteenth century by a monk of that house,Dom
Olivier Legipont.1 Marianus gives the names
of the abbots of Saint-Martin from 975 to
1061: they are all Irish.2 The Cbronicon or
CatalogusAbbatum Sancti Martini Coloniensis

says also that, under the abbacy of Kilian
(986-1003),Eberger, with the consent of the
emperorOtto III, gave various goodsto this
monastery
"
" in usus rnonachorum -peregrino-
3 but this detail is probably invented,

the Catalogusbeing preciselyone of the docurum
ments which falls under the suspicion of having
been forged. In the days of abbot Elias,

another monastery of Cologne, that of SaintPantaleon, also passed in its turn into the
handsof the Irish (1042).*

1 OPPEBMANN,
Krilische
Studien
zur
alteren
Kolner
Geschichte (Westdeutsche Zeilscfirift f. Gesch. u. Kunst, XIX,

1900,
p.
271-344).
See the
supplementary
note
of
D.
URSMEE BEBLIEBEin Archives Beiges, April, 1901, p. 89-91.

It has also been published
in
1901, p. 424-427.
2 Chronic., I.e., col. 780-787.
the
Revue Bcned.,
XVIII.,
3 iJG, Script., II, p. 215.

1 M'ARJAX. SCOT., Chron., acl an. 1004 [MXLII].
col.
7St.
'
I.e.,
In the eleventh century, the Scotti were
welcomed
even outside
their
own
monasteries
with very special interest. They were considered to be saintly people, and the work which
they executedwith their pens for their hosts

contributed to make their visits appreciated.1
Under the abbacy of Richard (t 1034) they
were received
with
extreme
kindness
at Fulda.
A special warming-placeand dormitory were

reserved for their use, and during their stay
the abbot watched over them with paternal
care.2 At that period, it is true, there were no
longer to be seenin the bands of emigrants

those justly suspected adventurers whose boldness of manner and speech the founder of
Fulda had had to suppress. On the contrary,
one might often see an ascetic who, escaping

from groups of his countrymen, would come to
some cloister in the far recessesof Germany to
beg for the shelter of a narrow cell where he

might dwell alone till death.
' Vita Mariani
5 " Hie
Ratispon., 2. 11 (Soil, February, II, 307).
[Ricliardus]
etiam
multos
sanctos
Scottigenae
gontis viros in commune fratrum liabebat, atque camiuatam

ot dormitorium
ministrabat
[MXXXIX],
ipsis
seorsum
simul
et inter
fratres
sub-
sicut pater." (MARIAN. SCOT., Citron., ad ;in.

I.e., col. 781.
X.-The
Recluses
FROM
the
very
beginning
ofmonas
in Ireland, a strong tendency is noticeable towards the life of an anchorite.
It
was not unusual to see pious cenobites, in the
very
bloom of manhood
or its decline, retire
"
"
to the desert " or
to a hard prisonof stone,"
as their biographersexpressit, in order to give
themselvesup entirely to absolutecontemplation.1 This is what, among others, St. Fintan
of Rheinau (t 878) did. Captured and carried
off by the Vikings, he escapesfrom them in the
Orkneys, trusts himself to the ocean, lands
among the Picts, accomplishesin fulfilment of
a vow a pilgrimage ad limina, then, on his

way back,takesup his abodeat the monastery
of Rheinau, near to Schaffhausen, and there
passesin a cell the remainingtwenty-two years

of his mortal
life.2
1 G. T. STOKES and H. J". LAWLOR, Ireland
and the Celtic
Church, London, 1907, p. 178 ; \\"HITLEY STOKES, The

Martyrology of Oengus, London, 1906, p. 45, 320 ; \YHITLEY
STOKES, Cummin's poem on the Saints of Ireland (Zeit. /.
celtische Philol,
2 Vita Fiii'lniii
I.
1897, p. 59-78).
-. 10 (.MO. Script.. XV, 501-505).

88
During the eleventhcentury this practice of
asceticism
increased.
Fulda
in turn
sheltered
two recluses: Animchad (f 1043)l and the

chronicler Marianus himself, who dwelt in
seclusionthere from 1059 to Io69.2 By the

ordersof the abbot of Fulda and the bishop of
Mainz he was transferred to Mainz where,
under the sameconditions, he closed his earthly
exile.3 At Paderborn, in Westphalia, it is the
Scottic
Paternus
burned
to death
to
be
in his " clausola " when
who
allows
himself
the
city was destroyedby fire, after he had spent

many years in seclusionin it (1058).*
When
and
the namesake
Mainz,
of the recluse of Fulda
Marianus
Scottus
of
Ratisbon,
arrived in Bavaria, about 1075, he met a

fellow-countryman called Murcherat (Murchera-
tus), apparently a Latinising of the royal

name of Leinster--Murrough-now
Anglicised
into Murphy, who was also dwelling there in

solitude.5 One of his travelling companions,
1 .MAR.
2 Ibid.,
3 Ibid.,
4 Ibid.,
SCOT., Chron.
col. 780.
col. 789.
col. 786.
5 Vita Mnricmi
(I.e., col. 781-785).
Ratisp., c. 3 (I.e., p. 368).
89

John, was also seized,after a while, with a
desire to
lead
an anchorite's
life.
He
set
out from Bavaria, penetratedinto the valley

of the Danube, passedthrough Melk, where
Henry II, the Saint,had raiseda tomb some

time before to the Irish saint Coloman, assas-
sinatedin 1012at Stockerau,1

and finally found
at Gottweig,in the March of Austria, the ideal
cell in whichhe expired.3
The
first intention
of this
second
Marianus
Scottus was to make the pilgrimage to Rome;

but the welcome he received at Ratisbon, the
advice of the hermit Murcherat, and the offer
that was made to him of the priory of Weih
St. Peter detainedhim and his companionsin

the Bavarian city. They formed the original
core of a congregationwhich, despite some
interruptions and many vicissitudes, was to
continue almost to our own day, the so-called

1 Passio S. Cholomcmni (MG, Script., IV, 075).
' VilaMariani, c. 3 in fine (I.e., p. 368).
Let us remember
that in the preceding pages mention has already been made
of three other Irish recluses: Arnanus at Cahoi-s,Dungal

at Saint-Denis,
and Eusebius at Mount
Saint-Victor,
tlif neighbourhood of Kothis (Vorarlberg).

90
in
Scotch Benedictine congregation(Schottenkongregation) of which the Superior-General was
the abbot of Saint-Jamesof Ratisbon.1

The building of Saint-Jaines'swas started
about 1090with the assistanceof the burgrave
Otto and with contributions from the neighbouringgentry and rich burgesses
of the city in
order to provide shelter for the Scottic monks
whose number had rapidly increased.2 A letter
written by the growing community to Wratislaw, King of Bohemia, has reached us. The
monks ask this prince for an escortfor messengersthey propose to send into Russia.3
This mission was accomplished. The biographer of Marianus reports, in effect, that the
monk Maurice penetrated as far as Kiev ;

1 Cf. Kirchenlexicoti,
X, col. 1905-1907.
at the word
Schottenkloster,
Vol.
* THOMAS RIED, Codex Mstorico-diplomaiicus

opiscopaius
Ratisbonensis,
Ratisbonae,
1816, Nrs. 178 and 184 (I, 160,
171) ; FEKD. TANNER, QeschlMe dcr SiscKofe von Regens-
burg, Regensburg, 1883, I, 566, 570, 602, 603 ; G. A. RENZ,

Bcitrage zur Gcschichte de Schottenabtei St. Jakob und des
Priorates Weih SI. Peter in Regensburg (Studien u. Mittheilungen aus dem Benedictiner u. dem Cistcrcicnser-Orden, XVI,
1895, p. 64 s.) ; Rcgesten, ib., p. 250 s.
3 FEZ, Thcs. Anecd., VI. I, p. 291. Cf. REXZ, Regcsitn
p. 252.
qi

that the king and nobles of the country presented him with precious furs with which
he loaded
several
chariots,
and
that
he re-
turned, safe and sound, to his monastery under
the protection of traders of Ratisbon. The

narrator adds that it was with the price obtained
for these furs that
the cloisters
and roof
of the monastery were built.1
We have now reached our proposedlimit.

It
is undoubtedly a reasonable one.
The
foundation of Saint-James'sof Ratisbon opens

a new period in the history of the monastic
establishments of the Scotti on the continent,
a period far less interesting, far less bustling

than the one we have described.
Henceforward
Germany is the only country towards which the

tide of religious migration flows, and the number
of emigrants grows ceaselesslyfewer. The

1 Vita
iit Kiev,
Kijoivie
Mariani,
c. 4 (I.e., p. 369).
see L. ABRAHAM'S study :

(Bulletin
internal,
On the Irish
Mnisi
de I'Academic
monks
irlandzcy
des sciences
de
Cracovie, No. 7, July, 1901, p. 187). A. PARCZEROSKI'S

work, Poczathi chrystjanismu w Polsce i Misya Irlandska
(The Beginnings of Christianity in Poland and the Irish
Mission), ext. from Annuaire de la Soc. dcs sciencesde Posen,
1902, would appear to be founded, to judge by M. Louis
Leger's report of it in the Rev. celt. (XXVI, 1905.p. 389),

cm documents
that are often
of questionable
92
value.

Scotch, under cover of the actual sameness of
their name in Latin (Scottf) with that of the

old Irish, succeededin passing themselves off
as the real founders of the monasteria Scottorum,
and gradually displaced the Irish in those

places where German monks had not already
installed
1 Hi'
Hull..
B.
themselves.1
Miiriiiiin.
Folivuiu-y.
I,
II,
SViWonuji
in
flrriiinnin
361, :Jfl2 ; Kirchenlexicon,
93
I.e., o.]. loon.
SECOND
THE
PLACE
OF
CONTINENTAL
PART
IRISH
SAINTS
RELIGIOUS
FOLKLORE
IN
The
Place of Irish
Saints in Conti-
nental Religious Folklore
MANY
aterritory
ofcontinenta
Europ
has preserved traces of the passage
across it of Irish saints. The abbey
of Luxeuil, founded by St. Columbanin 585,

was, in Merovingian times, as we have already
shown in Part I, a veritable nursery of abbots,
bishops, and missionaries.Two of the most

celebrated monasteriesof the early middle ages,
the two most important centresof the learning

and the intellectualwork of the period, Bobbio
and Saint-Gall, owe their existence to Irishmen,
Bobbio to the same Columban, and Saint-Gall
to the first disciplesof St. Gall, who has left

his name to a town
Confederation.
and canton
of the Swiss
The dioceseof Wurzburg placeditself under

the patronageof another Irishman, St. Kilian ;
in a like manner Lower Austria adopted St.
Colomanas its patron. The tomb of St. Fursa

at Peronne drew numbers of his fellow-country-
men to that hallowed spot, which, as late as

7
97
the tenth century, was still known as Perrona
Scottorum.
For close upon four hundred years Irish

saints, filled with burning missionary zeal,
laboured incessantly to spread the Christian
faith and monastic discipline in Gaul, Belgium,
Alsace, in Alemannia, Franconia, in Italy, along
the course of the Danube, and down the valley
of the
Rhine.
Without
doubt
Ireland
has continued
land of high Christian renown;
to be a
but at no
period of her history, not even when she lay

quivering under the appalling cruelty of the
Penal Laws, did she more fully deserve the
name of the Island of Saints, which has been
bestowed
on her.
In the first part of this work we have retraced the story of the wonderful activity of
the Irish on the Europeancontinent from the

sixth to the twelfth century, a story which in
its main
features
is well known.1
It will
now
be of interest to go in search of such traces as

1 See W. LEVISON, Die Iren und die frankische Kirche
(Historische Zeitschrift, CIX, 1912, p. 1-22), our ChretienUs
celtiques, Paris, 1911, ch. V, Les expansions irlandaises,
fl.pd supra (Part I).
these strangershave left in the traditions and
customs of the people of the districts they were
wont
to
overrun
and
of the
localities
in
which
they founded lasting establishments. Pilgrimages and devotions still carried out in the
sanctuaries which preserve, or claim to preserve, their relics; prayers in which their
names are invoked ; local sayings in which
their names appear ; coxintry fairs and feasts
in which their memory is perpetuated,such

will be the matter brought together in the
following pages.
The late Miss Margaret Stokes devoted herself with zeal to seekingfor traces of the insular
"peregriniin France and Italy, and she has

blazed the trail
for later archaeologistsand
lovers of folklore.
Her two books, Six Months
in the Apenninesin Searchof the Vestigesof

Irish Saints in Italy (London, 1892), and Three
Months in the Forests of France ; a Pilgrimage
in searchof Vestigesof the Irish Saints in France
(London, 1895), may claim the merit of resting
on an abundantand picturesquedocumentation
obtained on the very spots made illustrious by
the presenceof the saints of Ireland. Nevertheless,they are opento the criticism of being
99
somewhatcapriciouslycomposed
; and, above
all, of an inclination to put too frequentlymere
legendin the placeof history. True it is that
it would be impossibleto handlesuch a subject
of religious folklore as the one with which we
are dealingwithout taking stockof its legendary

characteristics ; but, while giving full value to
the influencelegendhas played in the development of popular beliefs, devotions, and customs.
we must guard against placingit on the same

level
with historic
truth.
It shall
to avoid running on that rock.
100
be our care
I.--The
Three Great National
Saints
THEthree
patrons
and
wonderto whom, from the very beginning,
Ireland consecrateda most special
worship of love are St. Patrick, the apostle of

that island, the virgin of Kildare, St. Brigid,
and St. Columcille, the abbot of lona.
St. Patrick had travelled
through Gaul,
but it was only in Ireland that he carried

out his apostleship. His cult was, however,
introduced to continental countries by the very
first missionaries from beyond the seas. His
natalis, on the I7th March, a birthday which
has remained, above all save one, sacred to
every son of Erin, was celebrated as early as

the seventh century at Luxeuil, at Peronne, and
at Fossesin Belgium; at Echternach,Corbie,

Nivelles and Reichenau probably from the
very foundation of those abbeys. The celebration of the I yth March can be proved at
Treves and at Landevennec in Britanny
tenth
1 Vila
and
eleventh
Gertrudis
(MG.,
in the
centuries.1
Script,
rer. meroi:,
II,
p. 402-463)
(for Fosses) ; L. GOUGAUD,art. Celtiques (liturgies), in the

101

When we realise the antiquity and wide
spreadingof this liturgical devotion, we are
the less surprisedthat popular piety should in
its turn have seizedupon this foreign saint in
order to make of him one of its
most beloved
heroes. Manychurchesandmonasteries
boasted
that they possessed
someof his relics: SaintPierre of Rheims, Lisieux, Issoudun, Pfaffers in
Switzerland, Lumiar near Lisbon. The village

of Neubronn, half a league from Hohenstadt,
near Aalen (Wurtemberg),possesses

a statue of
the saint which is greatly venerated throughout
the district.1 In Upper Styria,8 Patrick is in-
voked as protector of cattle ; elsewhereprayer

is
said
to
him
to
obtain
the
cure
of the
deaf
Diet, d'archeol. by Gabrol et Leclercq, col, 3005 (for Luxeuil,

Nivelles,
Reiclienau,
Landevermec)
logisches au$ Handscliriften

(for
Corbie)
The Calendar
WILSON (H. Bradshaw

Echternach)
; BR. KRUSCH, Chrono-
(Neues Archiv, X, 1885, p. 92)

of St. Willibrord,
Society), London,
; P. MIESGES, Der Trier
ed. H.
A.
1918, p. 5 (for
Festkalender
(Trier-
isches Archiv, Erganzungsheft XV, 1915, p. 38); KtlNO

MEYER, Verses from a chapel dedicated to St. Patrick at
Peronne
(Erin,
V, 1911, p. 100).
1 A. BIRLINGER, Aus Schwaben : Sagen. Legenden, Aberglauben, Bitten, Wiesbaden, 1874, p. 67-68.
1 RICHARD ARDREE, Votive Weihgaben dcs Ttatholischen
Volks iii SwldeulscMand, Braunschweig, 1904, p. 38.
102
and dumb.1 According to a Breton saying,
whoever kills an earwig with his finger gets
the saint's blessing.2 This, no doubt, is at-
tributable to the undying belief which insists

that the apostle of Ireland drove out of that
island snakesand all poisonouscreatures.

Irishmen held strange opinions about their
saints. They had not the least hesitation in
assigning to them the most extraordinary func-
tions and in conferring on them the very first

places in the ranks of the Blessed. Thus the
belief that St. Patrick would be calledupon to

judge all Irishmen at the last day took firm
root among them.3 As to Brigid of Kildare,
Irish
devotion
went
so far
as to
confound
her
1 See The Tablet of 29 March, 1890, p. 486, and Notes and

Queries, 7th Series, X, 1890, p. 9 and 97.
8 " An hini a lac'h eur garlosten gand e vis
En
eus bennoz
zant
Patris."
(E. ERNAULT, Dictons ct proverbes bretons, in Melusine, XI,

col. 310).
8 Book of Armagh, fol. 8a (Of. The Tripartite

Patrick,
ed.
WHITLEY
STOKES, London,
1887,
Life of St.
p.
296);
Liber Angeli, ibid., p. 355 ; Adainnan's Second Vision

(Revue celtique, XII, p. 420) ; Homily on St. Patrick in
the Lebar Breac (Trip. Life, p. 477) ; Ninine's Prayer (The
Irish Liber Hymnorum, ed. BERNARD and ATKINSON,
London, 1898, II, p. 36) ; Tripart. Life, p. 31, 258-261.
103
GaelicPioneers
of Christianity
with the Mother of God : her devotees addressed
her
as
" the Mary of the Gaels" and even
" Mother of Jesus," 1
The saint of Kildare enjoys a remarkable

popularity through all westernEurope. There
is no doubt, moreover,that this popularity is
due to the very intensepropagandacarried on
in favour of their national saints by Irish monks,
missionaries, and peregrini wherever they penetrated.
A German writer of the thirteenth century;

Nicholas of Bibra, scoffs at certain whims of
these foreigners, and notably at the exaggerations into which they were led by their unlimited
admiration
He writes
for
the
saints
thus of the Scotti who
of
their
race.
in his time
still dwelt in the abbey of Saint-Jamesat

Erfurt:
Sunt et ibi Scoti, qui, cum fuerint bene poti,

Sanctum Brandanum proclamant essedecanum
In grege sanctorum,vel quod Deus ipse deorum
Brandani frater sit et eius Brigida mater.
1 See Chretientes celtiqucs, p. 261 ; G. L. HAMILTON, The
Sources of the Fates of the Apostles and Andreas (Modern
Language Notes, XXXV, 1920, p. 304).
104

Sedvulgus miserum non credenshoc fore verum
Estimat insanos Scotos simul atque profanes
Talia
dicentes.
. -1
The Erfurt satirist goes on to say, if you

challenge these Scotti to explain their quaint
theological marvels, they would simply allege

in their justification the words of the Saviour:
" Mater mea et fratres mei hi sunt qui verbum
Dei audiunt ct faciunt" (Luke viii, 21), and
they would close the discussionwith :
Sic Brigidam matrem, Brandanum dicite fratrem,
Nam perfecerunt quecunqueDeo placuerunt.
The festival of St. Brigid was kept on the

1st of February in the eighth century at
Reichenau
and at Echternach,
in the ninth
century at Nivelles and perhaps at Rheinau,2

1 NICOLAUS DE BIBEBA,
Carmen
satiricum,
FISCHER (Geschichtsquellen
der Provinz
Sachscn,
C. 1550-1565, p. 90).
ed. TH.
I, 1870.
Cf. WlNTERFELD, Deutsche Dichter,
p. 420-430.
" See my article Celtiques (liturgies), Diet. Archeol. cited,

col. 8005 ; The Calendar of St. Willibrord,
ed. WILSON, p. 4 ;
L. DELISLE, Mtmoire
sur d'aiiciens sacramentaires,
p. 311 ;
the fragment of the calendar contained in the Codex

Rhenaug. Nr. 30 of Zurich was brought from Nivelles to
Rheinau
by
St.
Martyrologium
series,
VI,
Fintan.
Cf.
E.
EGLI,
1890-1893,
p.
136-141);
EM.
Verzeichnis der St. Gctller Heiligenlcbcn

schriften,
Das sog. Fintan-
(Anzeiger f. schweizerische Geschichte, New
Beuron,
1918, p. 119.
MUNUING,
Das
und ihrer Hand-
and in the tenth century at Saint-Gall. In
order to follow the developmentof her cult,
whether official or merely popular, it is only
necessaryto let the eye roam over the map of
Irish
establishments
on the continent.1
It will
then be seen that wherever Brigid had been

venerated there had been either an Irish religious
foundation or an Irish colony.
In the district
of Saint-Omer, a Scotti zone

"
of influence,2 the peasants, to serve St.

Brigid," go to a church possessinga statue of
the saint (at Wavrans-sur-1'Aa, at Givenchyle-Noble, at Leubringhen, at Norbecourt, at
Lumbres, at Saint-Denis of Saint-Omer), when
they need her help to obtain the cure of their
cattle.3 The Wallon peasantry also come to
invoke
the saint's aid for their
live stock in the
chapel dedicatedto her which looks down on

the town of Fosses,which place itself owes its
origin to an abbeyfoundedtherein the seventh

century by the Irish St. Foillan. The pilgrims
1 See map at the end o my Chretientts
celtlques.
2 Chr&tientts celtiques, p. 149 ; W. LEVISOX. Die Iren, p. 5.

8 A communication
made by the abbd E. Guibert,
author
of a pamphlet on the local devotion to St. Brigid in the

Saint-Omer district, published at Saint-Orner in 1021.
106
GaelicPioneersoi Christianity
present wands to be blessed, and then with
them touch the sick animals.1 Liege, where

an Irish colony existed in the ninth century,2
possessesa church under the name of the saint
of Kildare.3
The building of the parochial church of

Saint-Brigid (now destroyed)at Colognegoes
back to the period in which the abbeys of
Saint-Martin
and of Saint-Pantaleon
fell to the
Scotti (tenth and eleventh centuries).4 This
church of Saint-Brigid actually adjoined the

first of these abbeys.5 Four other parochial
churchesand seven chapelsof the dioceseof
Cologneare dedicatedto the virgin of Kildare,
under whoseprotection the local fannersplace
1 CAIIIEB, Caracteristiques des saints, p. 140. On tho
other churches and chapels dedicated to St. Brigid in
Belgium,
see
T.
A.
WALSH,
(Ecclesiastical Review, XXXIX,

2 Chretientes
Irish
Saints
in
Belgium
1008, p. 133-134).
celt., p. 105, 289-290.
3 JOSEPH BRASSINE, Analccta

p. 82.
4 Chretientes celt., p. 170-171.
5 K. H. SCHAEFEB, Kirchen
Leoditnsia,
und
Liege,
Ckristentum
1907,
in dan
spatromischen und friihrnittelalterlichen

Koln (Annalm d.
hist. Ver. f. den Niederrhein, XOVIII,
1916, p. 111). The
church of Saint-Martin
o Cologne possesses relics of the
saint.
She was venerated at Trevee f roin the tenth
(MlESf.ES, ftp. fit,, p. 23).
107
century

their
domestic
animals.1
At Mainz
there were
a chapel and beneficeof Saint-Brigid. They

were attached to the ancient church of Saint-
Paul, which is described as being a Schotten-
kirche. The chapelstood in the Altenmiinstergasse.2
Speakingof the collegiatechurch of SaintPierre-le-Vieux, Grandidier writes in his Histoire
dcVtglisect dcs4vques
de Strasbourg
: " On the
1st of February the relics of St. Brigid of
Kildare are reverencedthere. In our own day
they still call certain ' cantons
' which belong
to the collegiate church the dimes (tithes) of
Saint-Brigid, not because, as some papers appear to assert, they were given to the church of
Honau by that saint, but because the Scotch
or Irish who came to dwell in it brought there
from their own land a portion of her relics, and

this led the people to honour with the name of
Saint Brigid the property they consecratedto

her. The canons of Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux [at
1 L. KORTH, Die Patrocinien der Kirchen und Kapellcn in
Erzbistum
K'dln,
Diisseldorf,
1904, p. 39 s.;
ADAM \VREDE,
Rheinische Voiltakunde, Leipzig, 1919, p. 155.

8 F. J. BODMANN, RheingauischeAlterthumer, Mainz, 1819,
II,
p. 593.
108
Strasburg]have under their control the loaves
of Saint-Brigid, and their best wines also bear
the ' rubric
' of this
saint."1
The church of Saint-Michael at Schotten, a
town in the GrandDuchy of Hesse,and taking

its name from a colony of Scotti, has one of its
altars dedicated to St. Brigid and another to
the Breton saint Josse,or Judoc.2
The archives of the church of Liestal, near
Basle, preserve indications of donations made

to St. Brigid at the beginning of the thirteenth
century, and of a lumen sanctae Brigidae.3 A
document of the year 1507 counts the abbessof
Kildare among the patrons of that church, and
another, dated 1608, mentions a
Sankt Prigithae zu Liestal."

did this devotion
from
" Gotteshaus
By what channel
Ireland
reach Liestal
" It is a mystery for me," declares the author

1 GKANDIDIEB, Histoire de Veylise el des evequeade Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 1778, I, p. 406.
8 S. A. WI'RDTWEIN, Dioccsis Moguntina in archidiaconaius
distincta,
Mannhemii,
1777,
III,
p.
87 ;
HEBEB,
Die neun vormaligen Schottenkirchen in Mainz und in

Oberhessen (Archiv. f. hessische Geschichte u. AUerihumsJcitnde, IX,
1861, p. 319-348).
3 A perpetual flre was kept up at Kildare

St. Brigid till the Reformation.
109
in honour of

of a recent study on the saints and churchesof
Basle.1 However, without falling back on the
abbey of Saint-Gall,which is at a considerable

distance from Liestal,2 in order to solve this
problem, we may mention the neighbouring

abbey of Sackingen, which is held to be of
Irish
foundation,
and also, at some distance
higher up the Rhine, the abbey of Rheinau,

where dwelt
St. Fintan.
The liturgical books of Genoa bear witness

that devotion to St. Brigid flourished also in
Liguria.
The proximity of Bobbio might
furnish a natural explanation of this fact, but
Signor Cambiasopresentsus with another in

his work VAnno ecdesiasticoe le feste dei santi
in Geneva,published in 1917. This cult would
appearto have beentransplantedto this region

1 KARL GAUSS, Die Heiligen der Gotteshauser von Baselland (Easier Zeitschrift
fiir Geschichte und Alterivmskttnde,
II, 1902, p. 152-153.)
' The late Father A. Poncelet, a Bollandist,
noticed that
a legend which took deep root at the abbey of Saint-Gall

made
St.
Brigid
a relative
of St.
Gall
himself
(Analecta
Bollandiana, XXIII,
1904, p. 335). The Abbey of Pfavers,
or Pfaffers, (canton of Saint-Gall, Switzerland) was possessed of relics
E. A.
of St. Brigid
and of other
Irish
saints.
STUECKELBERG, GeschicMe der Sfli^iien
eie, Ziirich.
1002. p. 7-8.
110
See
in der
by the CanonsRegular of the Lateran, who
reckon St. Brigid amongtheir canonesses.1
It
is a fact, howeverstrangeit may appear,that
the Canons Regular claim that St. Patrick was
one of their Order,and likewisethat St. Brigid

sanctified
herself in the same institution.2
Mention has alreadybeen madeof vineyards

and other
lands consecrated
to our saint.
The
peasantry of Amay, a village between Huy

and Liege, still believe that the blessed earth
of St. Brigid cures cattle and drives away from
their stableswicked peopleand witches. " So

great is this belief that the earth is sprinkled
around for a distance of ten leagues." 3
Saint Brigid, who is invoked in the Irish
prayer of Saint Moling as the protectressof

travellers, is similarly honoured in a German
Reisesegen
of the fifteenth century.4 Her name
1 CAMBIASO,op. cit., p. 122.
* See the article Canons and Canonesses regular by the
Bight Rev. A. ALLARIA,abbot of San Teodoro at Genoa,

in the Catholic Encyclopaedia, col. 290-291.
3 AUGUSTE
HOCK,
Croyances
et remedes
populaires
du
pays de, Liege, Liege [1873], p. 84. On the " campestria

pulckerrima, quae Brigidae vocantur," in Ireland, see
GIBALDUS CAMBB., Topographia hibernica, p. 206.
" \. SCHOENBACH, Zum Tobiasaeyen (ZtiMvifl
III
ffn-
Gaelic Pioneers ot Christianity

also occurs in the formulas of blessingsagainst
bad
weather.1
In the country parts of Britanny the popularity of St. Brigid is still shown in various
ways.2 Some years ago there was, in one of
the " chapellesfrairiales" of Morbihan dedicated to her, a very old wooden statue, all
worm-eaten, with
the well-known
emblems of
the Irish saint. In order to replace it, the

rector purchaseda new statue, in fine plaster,
with gilt trimmings, representingSt. Bridget of
Sweden. The people of the " frairie" protested
" They have changedour Sainte Brehet ;
we won't have this one, and we shall bring her

no offerings." They were as good as their
word. The purveyor of the chapel sent in his

resignation.3
deutschea Altertum,
XXIV,
p. 18S). Cf. L.
Etude sur les loricae celtiques (Bulletin

chretienne, II, 1912, p. 125).
lAo.
Br.,
GOUGAUD,
d'anc. lit. et d'archeol.
FRANZ, Die kirchlichen Benediktionen, Freiburg
i.
1909, p. 100, 101, 104.
2 See A. LE BBAZ, Les saints bretons d'apres la tradition

populaire (ArmaUs de Bretac/ne, IX, 1893-1894, p. 44s.);
PAUL SEBILLOT, Petite tetjende doree de \a Haute-Bretagne,
Nantes,
1897, p. 115 s.
31 have these details from the Very Kev. Canon Buleon,

parish priest of the cathedral of Vannes. who kindly sent
them
to me the 6th November,

112
1921.
Saint Columba, or Columcille, abbot of lona
(t 597)j was less known on the continent than

the preceding two.
Nevertheless Adamnan, his
biographer and successor,affirms that by the

end of the seventh century his name had already
penetrated into Spain, the Gauls, beyond the
PennineAlps, and evenas far as Rome,capital

of all cities.1
Furthermore,
the name of the
holy Abbot is inscribed in the calendar of St.

Willibrord, which dates from the first years of
the eighth century, on the gth of June, the

day of his natalis. The editor of this calendar,
the Rev. H. A. Wilson, remarks that this com-
memorationis probably due to St. Willibrord's

relations with Ireland, where he spent a dozen
years of his life.2 The name of this saint is
found associatedwith varioussuperstitiouspractices against storms, fires, and field rats. Here
is a charm which has been preserved for us in
a manuscriptof the fourteenth century in the

library of Munich :
Contra tempestatemisti tres versus
scribantur in cedulasquatuor et ponantur
1 Vita
Columbae,
III,
23, ed. Fowler,
* WILSON, op. cit., p. 32.

8
113
p. 164-165.

,-ubterterram in quatuor partes provincie :
t sancteColumquille, remove mala queque procelie,
t ut tune orasti, de mundo quando migrasti,
t quod tibi de cells promisit vox Michaelis.1
Adamnancertainly speaksof the power the

saint
obtained
from
heaven
to command
the
winds,a powerhe usedin variouscircumstances

;
but he nowheresaysthat this privilegewasconferred on him by the ArchangelMichael.3
There exist very interesting variants of the
precedingformula. One runs as follows:
SancteColumquille, remove dampna favilla (sic),
Atque Columquillus salvet ab igne domus.8
As will be observed,it is against fire that St.

Columcille is here invoked.
According to Irish
legend,it would in fact appearthat he put out

a conflagrationby singingthe hymn Noli pattr,
1 A. SCHOENBACH, Eine Auslesc altdeutscher Segensformeln (Analecla Graeciensin, Graz. 1893, p. 45) (Cod.
lat.
Monacensis
7021, xiv s.).
2 Vita Columbae, III,
24, p. 163.
On another occasion
the storni was calmed in response to & prayer of St. Oainnech (II, 13, p. 82-83).
8 Ms. of Pembroke College, Oxford (fourteenth

MOWAT,
Anecdoia
Oxoniensia
Series), Oxford, 1882. p. 3.
(Mediaeval
and
century).
Modern
the compositionof which has been attributed
to him.1
A sixteenthcentury manuscript,preservedin
the library of Linkoping, in Sweden,gives the
following formula :
Sancta Kakwkylla
remove dampnosafacilla vel favilla
quod tibi de celis
concessit
vox
micaelis.8
In this charm, which is evidently inspired by

the one at Munich, the word favilla has, as in
the previousone, beensubstitutedfor "procella

;
furthermore,
a female
saint,
known, Sancta Kakwkylla,
not
otherwise
has ousted St.
Columcille. This new personagehas never

ceasedto puzzle folklorists.3 Now they know
that this name, absolutely unknown elsewhere,
arises from
the
written
distortion
of that
of
Columcille. This distortion took placein Germany. What proves this to be the case is,
1 Preface to the Noli Pater in the Irish Liber Hymnorum,
cited
ed. II,
p. 28.
s A. G. NOREEN, Altschwedisches Lesebuch, Halle, 18921894, p. 98 s. (Nr.

3 W. DREXLER,
180).
Noch
einmal
Sancta
Kakukabilla-Cutu-
billa (Zeit. des Vereins fur Volkskunde, VIII, 1898, p. 841342). Of. H. GAIDOZ in Milusine, XI, col. 3.
"5
Gaelic Pioneersoi Christianity

in the first place,the following recipeagainst
rats
Fur die ratzen schreib disc wort an vier ort in das haws
" Sanctus Kakukabilla,"
and, in the secondplace,it is the statue of the

saint (here the changeof sex has taken place)
which appearson the altar of the church of
the ancientmonasteryof Saint-Ulrich at Adelberg, in Wurtemberg,and which bears the inscription Cutubilla. A painting at Zeitldorn, in
Lower Bavaria, represents the same mysterious
female
two
saint.
mice
In
both
cases St. Cutubilla
has
at her feet.2
As the
name
of the abbot
of lona
was in
Latin written Columcilla, as is seen by its in-
scription in the calendar of St. Willibrord, it

must have been thought that this name denoted a female saint.
This is how the intruder
Cutubilla or Kakukylla has becomein German

folklore
a rival
to St. Gertrude
of Nivelles
for
the destruction of mice, rats, and field-mice.3

1 W. DREXLER, loc. cit.
1 HEINBICH
OTTE, Handbuch
der
kirchlichen
Kunst-
ArclMeologie des deutschen Mittelaliers, Leipzig, 1883, I,

p. 566 ; R. ANDREE, Votive Weihgaben, p. 16 ; J. ZINOEBLH
in the Zeitsch.
3 DREXLEE,
des Ver. f. Volkskunde,

I, p. 444.
loc. cit.; E. AXDKEE, loc. cit.
116
II.-St.
Brendanthe Navigator
WHEN
and
under
what
form
was
the
marvellousstory of the fabled voyages of St. Brendan carried to the
continent ? It
is not easy to answer this
question with precision. The oldest known

versionof the legendappearsto be the Navigatio
Brendani,a Latin compositionwhichdatesback
to the tenth or eleventh century.
dictine
chronicler
The Bene-
Raoul Glaber, who lived in
the eleventh century, was already acquainted

with St. Brendan's Odyssey.1 The most ancient
Anglo-Norman versified adaptation of the Navigatio dates from c. 1121,and the Von SenteBran-
dan, the oldest Germanversion, likewise goes

back to the twelfth century.2 Subsequentlythe
Navigatio was translated in prose and verse into
almost every tongue of the West.
It is very probable that the Irish, who were
1 RAOUL GLABER, Hisioruimm
libri quinque, II, 2 (Migne,
P.L., CXLII,
p. 629 s.).
See CARL STEINWEG, Die handschriftlichenGestalhmgen
der lateinischen Navigatio Brendani
(RomaniscTie Forsehungen, VII,

* W.
MEYER,
Die
letjcnde, Gottingen.
1893, p. 1 a.),
Ueberlieferung
1918, p. 125.
"7
der dfutachen
Brandan

scattered a little in every part, laboured to
spreadthe report of the adventuresof the bold
sailor whom they promotedto the dignity of
" dean of the assembly of Saints," and even to
be the brother
of Christ.1
But
the wonderful
yarns of which St. Brendanwas the hero were

not received favourably everywhere. There has
come down to us a thirteenth century poem in
which these wild excessesof the imagination
are severely handled. The authors of these
fairy tales would, in the opinion of the anonymous author of this piece, be far better employed in spendingtheir time copying out the
Psalms of David or in reciting them in atonement for their own sins or those of their brethren
than by stuffing them with such nonsense:

Expediret magis fratrem psallosDavid scribere
Vel pro suis atque fratrum culpis Deo psallere
Quam scripturis tarn impuris idiotas fallere.*
1 See above.
One may still read, in an Irish
poem of
the eleventh century, these words addressed to St. Brendan :

" Ancient
Rome, full of delights,
and Tours remain under
thy protection,
etc."
(KuNO MEYER, Ein mittelirisches
Gedicht auf Brendan den Meerfahrer, in the Sitzungsberichte
of the Academy
of Berlin,
Cl. of philos. and hist., XXV,
1912, p. 440).
8 Ed. PAUL MEYER in Romania, XXXI,

878 ; ed. CH. PLTJIOIER. in Vitie Sanclomm
Oxonii,
1010, IT. j>. 201.
1902, p.
Hiberniae,
St. Brendan, whoselegendfilled so large a
spacein the literature of the middle ages,has
enjoyedonly an insignificantpart in the popular
traditions
of
continental
countries.
In
the
cathedral of Giistrow (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)

the saint is representedholding a candle, which,
accordingto legend,one day spontaneouslylit

itself. In 1495, during a conflagrationwhich
brokeout at Wittstock,the peopleof the district,
whose trades necessitatedthe use of fire, made
a vow to celebrate yearly the saint's festival
on the aQth of December.1 As the reader may
have possibly guessed,the associationof the

name
of Brendan
with
the flame of a candle
and with the conflagration at Wittstock arose
simply from the likenessexisting betweenthe

name of the saint, which in German is written
Brandan or Brandon, and the word Brand, i.e.
fire, a word which in French has produced the

vocable " brandon."
In
the
fourteenth,
fifteenth
and sixteenth
centuries, St. Brendan still enjoyed great popu-
larity in the Germanprovincesalongthe Baltic

coast.
It has been ascertained
that
the name
Brandanus or Brandanies was often given in

1 TI. OTTK. op. " '"'.. !- p. 563.
i IQ
Gaelic Tioneers ot Ulinstiamty

baptism to children of all ranks, nobles, the
professionalclasses,merchants,mechanicsand
peasants.
At Giistrow and its neighbourhood,St. Brendan's day (in sunteBrandaninsdaghe,amdageS.

Brandani)appearsin fifteenth centurycontracts
as a popular date just like Michaelmasand the
Feast of St. Martin
in other countries.
In these
regionsit was even customaryto keep a triple

feast of St. Brendan, one on the I5th, i6th, or
I Jth May, accordingto local particularities of

the calendar,
another
after
the Whitsuntide
festival, and the third on agth December.1
SomeMss. preservedin continental libraries

contain an Oratio Brendani, composedon the
lines of the Irish loricae. This prayer, of a very
pronounced superstitious flavour, appears to
have enjoyed some popularity in the middle
ages.2 St. Brendan was invoked by persons

bitten by snakes. His name appears also in
the formulas of ordeals by use of the Psalter.3
1 GBOTEFEND, Das Fest des heiligen Brandanus (Korrespondenzblatl des Gesammti'ercins der deutschen Geschichts
und Altertumsvereine,
57th year,
1909, 395-396).
* See my Etude sur lea loricae celtiques (Bui. d'anc. lit. et

d'archeol. chret., 1911, p. 265 s.).
3 MG., Formulae, ed. ZEUMER, Nr. 672.
Of. A. FRANZ,
Benediktionen, II, p. 174, 363, 391.
120
III.--The
MissionaryMonks: Saint
Columban
and Saint Gall
SAINT
COLUMBAN
left
the
imprint
ofhis
own strong character upon the monks
who had passed beneath his severe
discipline. After his death, his influencecontinued to make itself felt through the agency
of his numerous disciples, many of whom played
a role of the first importance in the Church and
worldly society of the eighth century.1
Columban overran Neustria and Austrasia,
visited the banks of the Loire, Marne, and
Rhine, and crossed Switzerland on his way
to die at Bobbio in Italy in the year 615. It

is there
he lies
buried.
The abbeys of Pfaffers and Einsiedeln in

Switzerland possess relics of the saint.2 The
emperor Henry II caused an altar in the cathedral of Bamberg to be placed under his name
1 See above,
Iren. p. 6.
and Chrtt.
celtiques, p. 148 s.; LEVISON, Die
* STUECKELBERG,Gesclticlite dcr Ueliquien in der Schweiz,

p. 7, 8, 13.
121
Gaelic Fioneers ot Christianity

and an altar of the abbatial
church of Hirschau,
in the dioceseof Spires,was in 1091dedicated

to the holy fathersBenedict,Columba,Colum-
"
ban, Gall and Magnus." 1

Verses in honour of St. Columban appear in
the tituli which Raban Maur composedfor the
church of Fulda."
A cave, situated in a lofty
position about 1,500metresnorth-eastof Annegray, is creditedwith having once servedas a

hermitagefor the Irish saint. It still bearshis
name, and the water which flows at the foot of
the rock
is held
to be miraculous.3
The memory of St. Columbanremains also

attached to two other caves in the neighbourhood of Bobbio.
One of these is in the moun-
tain at La Spanna. Accordingto popular tradition, the saint had the habit of retiring there
from
time to time.
A hollow
is shown on the
face of the rock which the countryfolk believe
1 ST. BEISSEL, Die Verehnmg der Heiligen und Mirer

Reliquien in Deutschland wahrend der zweiten Halfte dcs
MMekilters,
Freiburg
i. Br. 1892, p. 24.
2 M.G., Poet, carol., II, p. 208, 216.
3 See my article in Diet, d'arcfi. chrtt., Colomban (Archeologie de Saint), col. 2196. Annegray. com. of Voivrc, .".IT.
i>f Lure
(Haute-Saone).
to be a miraculousimprint of his hand.1 The
second cave, situated
to the
north-west
of
Bobbio, is alleged to be the spot where the

abbot drew his last breath.2
The wells dedicated
to
St.
Columban
in
Germany and a prayer in old German(Segen

des hi. Columbanus),which forms part of a
collection of superstitiousprayers of the sixteenth century, prove that the saint was also
the object of popular worship on Teutonic

soil.8
1 See article
cited
above.
Of. D. CAMBIASO, San Colom-
bano, sua opera e suo culto in Liguria (Rivista diocesana

Genovese, VI, 1916, p. 121-125). We may note, with
respect to this handprint, that St. Magnus, who, according
to tradition, vras a disciple of St. Gall, having crossed the
Leek in order to carry the Gospel into Allgau, built a cell
for himself at the place since called Mangstritt (footprint of
Magnus) where in later times was built the monastery of
Fiissen. See M. OTT, article Magnus in the Cath. Encyclopaedia and DAVID LEISTLE, Die Aebte des St. Magnusstiftes
in Fiissen (Studien u. Mitteilungen zur Gesch. des Benediktiner-Ordens, N.F.I., 1911, p. 549 s.).
2 See art.
cited
above
in
Diet,
d'arch.
chret.
3 H. WEINHOLD, Die Verehrung der Quellen in Deutschland (Abhandlungen

of the Academy of Berlin, 1888, p. 87).
J. BOLTE, Deutsche Segen des 16 Jahrhunderts
(Zeit. des
Vereins f. Volkskunde, XIV, 1904, p. 435). The same

formula is found in NISARD, Histoire des livres populaires
(Paris, 1854, II, p. 50) with the name of Coloman. son <>t
123

In Britanny, a country which nevertheless
the saint had not crossed, he was anciently
honoured as can be gathered from the considerable number of churches and chapels dedicated to him, and also from the Breton old
liturgical books.1 At Locmine"(Morbihan) for

centuries
he has been invoked
for
the cure
of
mad and epileptic persons. This explainsthe

expression" Kas can de Logouneh" (he must be
taken to Locmine "), which is the same as saying : he is mad.2
In many lands the cult of St. Gall has developed step for step with that of his master
St. Columban, as at Pfaffers, Einsiedeln, Bamberg, Hirschau, and in Liguria.3 In addition,
Stueckelberg enumerates some sixty Swiss
localities where St. Gall is (or was) venerated,
king Tibery (sic) of Hibernia.
There exists also a Latin
prayer attributed to St. Columban (See my article Celtiques
(liturgies) in the Diet, d'arch., col. 2986.
"See Colomban
(Archeologie
de Saint),
col.
2196;
J.
LOTH, Les noms des saints bretons, Paris, 1910, p. 25 ;

[F. DUINE], Memento des sources hagiographiques de Vhistoire
de Bretagne, Rennes, 1918, p. 120 s.
2 E. EBNAULT, in Melusine,
XI, 208.
3 STUECKELBERG, loc. cit.;
BEISSEL, loc. cit.;
BIASO, L'anno
Geneva,
ecclesiastico e le feste dei snnti in
1917, p. 248.
124
D.
OAM-
and more than a dozen German, Lorraine, and
Alsatian churcheswhich preservesomeof his

relicsor have beenplacedunderhis name.1
St. Gall occupiesan important place in the
popular devotionsof Germany. He is reckoned
amongthe genii of fountains(Brunnenheiligen)."
He is also invoked, notably in Bavaria, as a
Speisespender
saint.3 It is under this title he
appearsin a Tobiassegen
or form of blessingfor
the welfare of travellers
Sante Galle diner spise pflege.

Sante Gerdrut dir herbergegebe.4
(May St. Gall giveyou food andSt. Gertrudea bed.)

His feast-day (i6th October) is a cardinal date
1 Wittnau
(in 809), Weissenau
(in 1172), Gallenweiler
(in 1173), Murbach,
Constance,
Ueberlingen
(in 1300),
Reichenau,
Metz, Seefelden,
Ziinmern,
Bietkingen,
Gutestein. Saint Blasien
(E. A. STUECKELBERG, Die schweizerischen Heiligen des Mittelalters,
Zurich,
1903, p. 51).
1 WEINHOLD, loc. tit.
3 M. HOEPLER,
Die
Kalender-heiligen
als Krankheits-
patrone beim bayerischen Volk (Zeitschr. d. Ver. f.
Volks-
kunde, I, 1891, p. 302).

1 MUELLENHOFF
and
SCHEBEE, Denkmaler
deutscher
Poesie und Prosa, Berlin,
1892, I, p. 189.
On the 16th
October it was customary to bless wine destined to comfort

fever patients.
See the formula in FRANZ, Benediktionen,
II, p. 478-479.
125
in the rustic calendar of Alsace, as the following
sayings show :
Selon que S. Gall le voudra,
L'ete prochain se montrera.
Au jour de S. Gall, crac !
La pomme doit etre au sac.
A la Saint Gall la vache
Dans
1'ecurie
se cache.
S. Gall, Dieu nous protege!

Laisse tomber la neige.1
1 P. RISTELHUBEB,
La
Saint-Gall
populaires, X, 1895, p. 602).
126
(Bevuc
des traditions
IV.-Saints Specially Honoured in

Belgium and France
THEstory
ofSt.
Dimphne,
orDymp
bristles with obscure points. Even
her Irish nationality remains in doubt.
Legendmakesher the daughterof an Irish pagan

king. Secretlybaptised,it is said that she fled
from her native land in order to escapefrom a
shameful destiny. She is supposedto have
landed at Antwerp and to have fixed her residence at Gheel. Her father, according to the
legend,having discoveredthe place of her retreat, crossed the seasto secureher, and finally
slew
her
with
his
own
hand.
This
saint
is
thought to have lived in the sixth or seventh

century ; but the earliest known reference to
the veneration paid to this virgin and martyr
goes back no further than the middle of the

thirteenth century.1
She has an altar in the btguinage of Hasselt
1 L. VAN DEB ESSEX, Elude critique et KtUraire sur lea
Vitae des saints Mtravingiens
de rneien;j.e Belgique,
Louvnin,
1907, p. 316.
127

(Belgian Limburg), another in the church of
Saint-Quentin
in the same town,
and a third
at Herck-la-Ville ;l but she is more particularly

venerated at Gheel (Province of Antwerp),
where
she is invoked
for
the care
of the
insane
for whom that city has provided a large establishment.
Formerly it was customaryto subjectpersons

to a treatment which consisted in making them
crawl nine times beneath St. Dympne's ceno-
taph. The spot wherethis rite was performed

is called by the countryfolk kruip huise (the
creeping house). " The I5th of May, festival
day of the martyr, ganging (a generalpilgrimage)
takes place,and hundredsof peasantmen and

women of the neighbourhood, who are neither
mad nor sick, passbeneaththe cenotaph."2

In the footsteps of St. Fursa (t c. 650) and
of his two brothers Foillan and Ultan, whom
the Belgians call Feuillen and Ultain, one treads

on more solid ground.3 The official cult of
1 J. BRASSINNE,op. oil., p. 85.

* H. GAIDOZ, Un vieux rite medical
col. 252).
' See Chritientts celliquee, p. 150 s.

128
(Mttusine,
VIII,
Fursagoesback to Merovingiantimes.1 He is
the patron of Peronne,wherehis tomb is preserved, and of seven other parishes of the dio-
ceseof Amiens. Severalchapelsand wells also

keep alive his memory in Picardy.2
The tomb of St. Fursa was a spot beloved

by Irish piety. Foillan and Ultan were among
the first to crossthe seato visit it as pilgrims.
Foillan did not stay long in the monastery of
Peronne; soon he went to dwell at Nivelles,
another place where the Scotti were personal?

gratae?
Foillan received as a gift from Itta, wife of
Pipin II, Mayor of the Palace,and mother of

St. Gertrude of Nivelles, the land of Fosses on
which he founded a monastery. He perished,

murderedby brigands,in the forest of Seneffe.
The town of Fossesstill holds his memory in
high veneration. Every seventhyear it celebrates,amid a great concourseof pilgrims and

much ceremony, the procession or march of
1 L. DEI/ISLE, op. cit., p. 310.
1 NORBEBT FRIA.RT, Histoire de S. Fursy,
et de S. UUain, Lille [1913], p. 462.
de S. Feuillen
3 VAN DER ESSEN,op. cit., p. 2, 82,151. Cf. W. LF.VISON,

inthcWestdeutscheZeitficJififlf.
Geschichfen. Kmist. XXVII.
1909, p. 503.

St. Foillan. The neighbouringplacessend as
their delegatesarmed " compagnies." It takes
nearly the whole day to bear the bust of the
saint
over
station-of
the
which
traditional
there
course.
At
are seven-the
each
"
com-
pagnies" fire a salute.1

Lige, which has a church dedicatedto St.
Brigid, has another under the invocation of St.
Foillan, as have also Omezeeajid other Belgian
towns and villages.2 Devotion to St. Foillan
hasevenreachedAix-la-Chapelle,wherea parish
church and a guild, both very old, are placed
under his patronage.3
The most ancient
Vita
Gertrudis
was written
shortly after the death of that abbessby a monk
1 E. 0. DELCHAMBRE, Vie de S. Feuillen, Namur, 1861,

p. 211 s. Cf. FELIX BOUSSEAU, Legendes et coutumes du
pays de Namur, Brussels, 1920, p. 108 s. The septennial
procession of St. Foillan was celebrated on the 25th September, 1921.
I am indebted for this information
to Dom
Ursmer Berliere,
O.S.B., who had the kindness to send me
the detailed programme
of the festival.
' BRASSINNE, op. cit., p. 87 ; T. A. WALSH, Irish Saints

in Belgium (Eccles. Review, XXXIX,
1908, p. 125).
8 KORTH, op. cit., p. 64-65.
The existence
of this
church
is attested by a document dated 24th March, 1166. (C.

RHOEN, Geschickte Her St. Foilanskirche zu Aachen, Aachen,
1892, p. 6),
130
GaelicPioneers
of Christianity
of the doublemonasteryof Nivelles. Theauthor
relates that on the eve of her death Gertrude
sent a brother to Ultan, abbot of Fosses,to ask
if he could foretell when she should give back

her soul to God. Ultan gave the following
answer to her messenger: " To-day is the ijth
of the calendsof April [i.e. i6th March]; tomorrow the soul of the virgin Gertrude will
leave her body. Tell her to have no fear.
She may die without a tremor and joyously
depart, for the blessed bishop Patrick gets

ready, with the chosen angels of God, to re-
ceive her into glory." 1 The prophecy came

true next day: Gertrude died the I7th March
of the year 659.
From the early middle ages her cult was
spread,not only over Brabant, Flanders,and

the north of France, but also along the banks
of the Rhine and in Germany. In all these
countries very many churches and chapels bear
her name.8 As to the popular devotion offered

to her, none greater flourishes. Guardian of
1 Vita, ed. BB. KRUSCH, M.G, Script, rer. Alerov., II,
p. 462-463.
8 BRASSINNE, op. cil., p. 89 ; KORTH, op. cit., p. 75 ;

P. MIBSOES, Der Merer Fesikalender, p. 88.

wells,1harbingerof Spring,3patronessof gardeners,3 destroyer of rats and field mice,4
bringer of peace,5aboveall else,however,she

was invoked as the protectress of travellers and
purveyor of good lodgings.6 In order to obtain her favour before setting out on a journey,
it was customary to drink the viaticum called
Gertrudis amorem, the Sinte Geerts Minne of the
Flemish countries, the Gertrudenminne of Ger-
many, a custom which goes back very far,

and recalls the Johannisminne always held in
great esteemin the landsof southernGermany.7

1 WEINHOLD,
loc. cit.
8 " Am Gertrudentage steht der Bar auf " (Tyrol) ; " Urn
Gertraud geht die Warm von der Erd' auf " (Bavaria),
sayings quoted by J. ZINGERLE, Johannissegen itnd Gertrudenminne (Sitzungsberichte of tlie Academy of Vienna :
01. of philos. and hist., XL, 1862, p. 221).
3 ZINOEBLE,op. cit., p. 222 ; ANDREE,Votive Weihgaben,

p. 12.
* ZINGERLE,
op. cit.,
p. 221-222.
5 See TH. FISCHER'Snote at p. 104 of his already quoted

edition of the Carmen satiricum of NICHOLAS DE BIBRA ;
GRIMM, Deutsche Mythologie, 2nd. ed., p. 53, 797, 798.
6 " Sante Gertiut dir herberge gebe " (MoLLENHOFF and
ScHERER, op. cit., I, p. 189 ; ZlNGERLE, op. cit., p. 225 ;
J. WERNER,
Beitraye
des Mittelaltcrs,
zur Kunde
der lateiniscken
Literatur
Aarau, 1905, p. 182.
' On the antiquity of this custom, see ZINGERLE,op. cit.

and chiefly FHANZ. Benediktionen, I, p. 289-290.
132
According
It was alsoreputedthat Gertrudeof Nivelles
received the dead on their leaving this world :
" Aliqui dicunt quod quandoanimaegressaest,

tune prima nocte pernoctabit cum beata Gertrude, secunda nocte cum archangelis, sed tertia
nocte
vadit
sicut
definitum
est de ea." l
She
was also invoked as the patronessof a good

death
0 pia Gertrudis, quae pacis commodacudis

Bellaque concludis, nos caeli mergito ludis.3
For an explanation of this devotion we must
probably look to the circumstancesof the

death of the abbess herself, St. Patrick
with
angels acting as her usher into the heavenly

court.
to
an
addition
[later
Vita Oertrudis tripartita

" to
the
love
than
the
eleventh
(ch. XIV),
of Gertrude
" was
century]
to the
the custom of drinking
already
in usage in tacius
Austriac ct Alimaniae partibits : " Cuncti pene volentes

peregre proficisei seu de loco ad locum peragrare devotionis
gratia in sanctae Gertrudis amore et honore vini seu
alterius liquoris potabilis haustum, qui sente Gertntd miiine
theutonice,
latine
amor sanctae Gertrudis
dicitur,
abscedendo sumere
consuevissent."
(VAN DER ESSEN, op. cit.,
p. 11).
1 Ms. of fifteenth century.

Ci. J. A. SCHMELLER,in the
Zcit. f. deutsches Altertum, I, 1841, p. 423.
2 See TH. FISCHER'S note
quoted
133
above.
Gaelic Pioneersoi Christianity

The coincidence of the festival of the virgin
of Nivelles with that of the patron of Ireland,

and the remembrance of the very special protection she vouchsafed to the monks of Erin,
must have rendered her memory dear to all
Irishmen; and it is permissibleto believethat

they, remarkablepropagandistsas they were,
had somethingto do with spreadingso widely
and deeplythe great devotion to this saint.
This is the place to mention the namesof
some of the -peregriniminores,disciples of St.
Columban, like St. Desle (or Deicola), or com-
panionsof St. Fursa and of his two brothers,

like St. Algise, St. Maugille, and St. Gobain.1
We are almost completely without historical

data dealingwith thesesecondarypersonages
;
but they still occupy a certain place in the
folklore of the north and east of France, and
for that reason they deserve some notice.
In the course of her wanderings in these
regions, Margaret Stokes came across two wells
of St. Desle near the village of Saint-Germain,
1 See above, Part I, section 2. The Forest of St. Gobain
was the scene of heavy fighting in the late war.
134
five kilometres from Lure (Haute-Sadne),a
town which owes its origin to a monastery of
which
St. Desle was first abbot.
The water
of
one of these wells is possessedof healing virtues
for childish maladiesas is vouchedfor by the

remainsof children's clothing hung around as
ex-votos. Miss Stokes gives a sketch of this
well. Other illustrations of her book depict

the well of St. Algiseat the village of the canton
of Vervins (Aisne) which bears the name of this
saint, and three wells of Saint Fursa, one at
Lagny (Seine-et-Marne),where the abbot dwelt

some time on arriving in Gaul, another at
Frohen (Somme) where he died, and the third
at
Peronne.1
Another Irishman, St. Fiacre, a contemporary
of St. Gertrude,shareswith her the patronageof

gardeners. Very few assured details about his
career are known. We learn only that he found
a protector in St. Faro, Bishop of Meaux, who
had already encouraged yet another Irishman,
St. Kilian, to settle at Aubigny, in the outskirts
of Arras.
Faro
made over
to Fiacre
property situatedat Breuil,whothereestablished

M. STOKES, Forests of France, p. Ill,
and
229.
135
177, 196, 203,
Gaelic JPioncersot Christianity

a hermitageand built a guest-housefor foreign
travellers.1
These
have
since resulted
in the
existing village of Saint-Fiacre, where for cen-
turies numbersof pilgrims have gathered in

search
of health.3
St. Fiacrewas oneof the most popular saints

of
ancient
France.
He
was invoked
for
the
cure of a great variety of ills. In Alsacethose

who are afflicted with a certain disease, about
which we will speak more fully when dealing

with
St. Monus, have recourse to him.3
In
Britanny, this Irish saint has under his invocation a chapel well known for the elegance of
its architecture and the beauty of its rood-loft.
Around this chapel, which stands two kilo-
metresfrom Le Faouet,is held a pardon, but,

1 See Chrei.
celliques, p. 147.
* Canton of Cr^cy (Seine-et-Mame).

Indulgences were
already granted to pilgrims by Philip, bishop of Meaux, in
1227 <Cf. MARTENE, De antig. Eccl. ritibus, V, 16 ; vol. Ill,
p. 283).
3 L. DU BROC DE SEQANGE, Les saints patrons dee corporations et protecteurs specialement invoques dans lea
maladies,
Paris,
1888,
II,
p.
204
s.
" Fiacrius
ist
der
typische Syphilisheilige des Elsasses" (L. PPLEOER, Das

Auftreten der Syphilis in Strassburg . . . und der Kult des
hi. Fiacrius, in the Zeit. f. die Geschichte des Obtrrhcins,
new series, XXXIII,
1918, p. 169).
136

in all the Morbihan,the chapelof St. Fiacreat
Radenac is the most frequented.1 Few people
are aware that the vehicle which is now being
eclipsed by the taxi-car owes its name to this
Irish hermit of the seventh century. A man
named Sauvage was the first to let out on hire
carriages known originally as the five sous
coaches(the rate for hiring was only five sous
the hour) from his establishment in the rue
Saint-Martin in Paris. It was a large house
known as the hotel Saint-Fiacre from its sign-
boardwhich representedthe saint. The name

waspassedon from the hotel to the carriages.2
The chief town in a canton of Finist&re bears
the name of Saint-Renan.
In his fine book
Au -paysdespardons Anatole Le Braz sketches
the legend of St. Ronan,or Renan,a solitary

of the seventh century, who would appear to
have come from Ireland to Armorica, and whose
1 There
is also a village
of Saint-Fiacre
in the canton
of
Plouagat, arrondis. of Guingamp (Cotes-du-Nord).

* See the
word
" fiacre "
in
Littre's
Dictionary.
The
explanation given by Berthoumieu does not appear to be

well grounded. He says : '' These hired vehicles were thus
named because at first they were destined to jaunt the
Parisian
crowd
to Saint-Fiacre-de-Brie
populaircs, Paris, 1873, p. 245).

137
" (Fetes ci devotions

remains are venerated at Locronan. A septennial procession,called the Trominie de S. Ronan,
denies the secondSunday of July along the

flanks of Menez-Hom, on the land of four
parishes : Locronan, Quemeneven, Plogonnec
and Plounerez-Porzay. The pilgrims of the
Tromenie
follow
a traditional
route
which
has
not varied for centuries, a route borrowed from

the
uncertain
tracks
St.
Ronan
himself
was
wont to tread fasting.1

In
order
to find
another
Irish
saint
who is
still in our own day veneratedon French soil,

we must pass from the shores of the Atlantic
into Savoy. In the ancient church of Lemenc,
on a height overlooking the town of Chambery,
is preserved the shrine of Concord (his real

name was Conchobhar Mac Concoille), archbishop of Armagh, who died in the odour of
sanctity in the Benedictine priory of Lemenc
on his way back to his diocesefrom Rome in

the year 1175." The memory of the saintly
1 A. LE BRAZ, Au pays des pardons, Paris [1900], p. 259 s.
Don F. PI.AINE, Le tombcaii monumental et le pelcrinage de
S. Ronan (Revue de I'art
p. 273-285).
Chretien,
2nd.
series,
XI,
1879,
1 GAMS, Series episcoporwn, p. 207 ; Annals of the Four

Masters, for the year 1175, ed. O'Donovan, III, p. 22-23.
138
archbishophas been kept in great veneration
in the district. " For a quarter of a century
[we maynow sayfor three-quartersof a century]
archbishopsof Armagh have severaltimes been
seen,on their journey from Ireland to Rome, to
stop at Chambery,either going or returning, in

order to venerate
the remains of their
illustrious
predecessor.One of them, Mgr. Dixon [ti866]

even solicited and obtained permissionfrom
Mgr. Billiet, archbishopof Chambery,to carry
to Ireland a considerableportion of one of the
bones
of the saint."
A confraternity of St. Concord was established at Lemenc in 1643. The feast of the
saint is celebrated on the 4th June, the anniversary day of his death. He was the second
archbishopof Armaghto die in France. A fexv

yearsearlier,in 1148,the celebratedSt. Malachy
had expired at Clairvaux in the arms of St.
Bernard, who has left us his biography.
1 H. GAIDOZ, Un saint irlandais en Savoie (Revue ceUique,

VIII, 1887, p. 165-168) ; TREPIER, Recherches historique*
siir le ddcanat de Saint-Andr6 de Savoie, Chambery, p. 201
(a work quoted by M. Gaidoz).
139
V.-Saints
Specially Honoured in
German
Lands
ST.Kilian,
bishop
ofWurzburg
and
apost
of Franconia, was put to death with
two of his companions,the priest Colo-
man and the deacon Totnam, about the year
640. He is reverencedas a martyr. Churches,

chapels,wells and mountainsbear his name in
German lands.1 In the collegiate church of
Essenthere was an altar dedicated to St. Kilian,
and, prior to the translation of St. Liborius's

relics to Paderborn (836), the Irish martyr was
co-patron of the cathedral of the last named
city.2
Schonbachhas publisheda curioustext containing a list of saints who will be called upon
to present for the last judgment the nations
which respectively they had evangelized: St.
Peterwill come forward with Judaea,St. Paul

1 BEISSEL, p. 24 ; KORTH, p. 108-109 ; WEINHOLD, p. 37 ;
HoEFLER,
p. 299.
2 FR. ARENS, Der Liber ordirutrius der Essener Stijtldrche

Essen,
1901, p. 257.
140
with the Gentiles, St. Andrew with Achaia, St.
John with Asia, St. Thomas with India, St.
Rupert of Salzburg will present the Bavarians
and St. Kilian
the Franconians.1
We have very few precise data about St.
Fridolin. It doesnot appearto be absolutely

certain that he came from Ireland ; but he is
consideredto be the founder of the abbey of

Sackingen on the Rhine to the south of the
Black Forest, in the sixth century ; and from
that spot his apostolical activity was felt throughout the Brisgau. In Alsace-Lorraine, Switzerland, Austria, Southern Germany and, above
all, in the Black Forest, the countryfolk hold

him in the highest respect.2 In these lands St.
Fridolin is regarded, like several Irish saints
with whom we have already dealt, as the protector of horned cattle (Rinderheiliger)and
1 Ms. 1756 in the Vienna Library
St. Patrick,
as we have
seen above,
(fol. 4").
an ancient
As regards
Irish
belief
claims that he will be deputed to judge the Irish.

According to a less extravagant belief, Patrick, like the saints
named above, will only be called upon to present the Irish
for the Last Judgment.
See the hymn of Fiacc Irish
Liber Hymnorum, II, p. 33 and J. B. BURY, The Life of St.
Patrick,
London,
1905, p. 319-320.
"See HERMANN LEO. Der heiliger Fridolin,

Br.,
1886, book
V.
141
Freiburg i.

horses. Formerly, at Ewatingen, near Bonndorf, the rector used to bless the horses on the
saint's festival day, the 6th March. At Oberschwoerstadt, near Sa:kingen, at Ehrenstetten,
and at Kirchpofen, near Staufen, it is the
customto wait for the Friedlesfest

beforeplacing
the yoke on young bullocks or leading calves
from the cattle-shed across the village to the
watering-place. On the 6th March, there is a
great assemblyof pilgrims at Sackingen,where

rest the bones of St. Fridolin.1
Under the name of St. Monus, or Mannus,
invocationis still madein Germancountry parts

to a supposedIrish personage
who is represented
with a handbell and a pig, after the manner of
St. Antony. Monusis the patron of marriage,

and furthermore
he shares with
St. Fiacre
and
St. Leonard, whoselife is as shadowy as his

own, the privilege of healing from the sickness
known to the peasantsof SouthernGermany

as the Monuskrankheit,and which is nothing
else than
the
worst
form
of venereal
disease.
His feast falls on the I2th July.3

1 E.
H.
MEYER,
Badisches
Jahrhundert, Strassburg,
9 HoEFtER,
Volksltben
1900, p. 406-407.
op. cit., p. 299.

142
im
neimzehnten
The celebrated abbey of Melk, which dominatesthe Danube,is oneof the most popular
placesof pilgrimage in Austria. There sleeps
the Irish
St. Coloman in a tomb
raised for him
by the emperor St. Henry. Coloman was on

his way to the Holy Land when he was assassinated at Stockerau near Vienna, in 1012, by
people who mistook him for a spy.1 The popular voice has made him a martyr. His cult is
not confined to Melk.
In the Palatinate,
in
Suabia, in Bavaria, in Austria and in Hungary,

when it is not St. Fridolin who is invoked, it is
to St. Colomanpeople have recoursefor the

protectionor healingof their horsesand horned
cattle.2 Chapels in his honour are very
numerousin thosecountries. They are generally
erected in open spacesand for choice on heights.
On the feast day of the saint, ijth October,
and on other days in the year, the animals are
brought to these chapels to receive the priest's
blessing.
1 See Chret. ceUiques, p. 172.
* AI^DREE. op. tit., p. 38 and 66 s.: Kurgefassie GcschicTtte

von dem heil . . . Kolomann
. . ., Vienna,
1774, p. 44-46 ;
C. JUHAIZ, 8. Koloman der eimtige Schuizpatron
Niederosterreic/is, Linz, 1916.
143

In
the
wood
of
Saint-Coloman,
near to
BShmenkirch (Wurtemberg) may be seen an

old chapel falling into ruins. Up to the end of
the eighteenth century pilgrimages were made
to it from a dozen neighbouring parishes on
Whit Monday. It was nothing unusual to
count from 400 to 500 horses in the wood.
The head of St. Coloman was exposed at the
door of the chapel. After the traditional

blessingthe horsescircled three times around
the building.
At Hohenschwangau,near Fiissen, in Bavaria,
the blessing of cattle and horsesstill takes place
on the 13th October. After the ceremony,some
thirty mounted horses, having once made the
round of the chapel,go off at a gallop in the

direction of Schwangau.1 Votive wells dedicated
to St. Coloman
are often
to be seen close to
his chapels.'2This Irish saint is also invoked

by marriageable maidens who address him as
follows
" Heiliger Sankt Kolomann,

O schenk' mir auch ein' Mann,
Aber
nur
kein'
Roten
1 ANDREE, op. tit., p. 66.

3 HOEPLER, p. 301-302;
WurMHOI.D.
K. IIH-. ,-!>.
i I!
! " 3
|>. :)7.
Lastly, recourse was had to St. Coloman
against pestilence. In 1713, Melk offered to its
patron a wax candle weighing 70 fbs. to obtain
for the population protection from the scourge

which was then devastating Austria.1
The Irish passion for long voyages and adventurous expeditions was so well known to
continental writers of the middle ages and later
centuries that they came to speak of it as being
in some sort a proverbial truth. The blood of
the Celt
carries
" Keltisch
him
Blut
to distant
treibt
lands
in die Feme."
:
2
English humour has compressedthis truth of

experienceinto the familiar saying : Pat is never
at bornebut whenbe is abroad. " Aucun peuple,

en effet," affirms Samuel Berger, " n'a jamais
etc plus voyageurni plus noblementinspire de

1'ardeur missionnaire." 3 It must, however, be
well understood that it was not only saints, or,

1 ANDREE, p. 81 ;
Colomanni,
Vienna,
G.
DEPPISCH, Geschichte dee hL
1734, p. 205.
1 SCHEFFEL, Der Trompeter von Sacklngen (3rd. canto :

Der Fridolinustag), Stuttgart, 1859, p. 45.
3Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers si"eclesdu

moyen Age, Paris, 1893, p. 46.
10
145

if it be preferred,candidatesto sanctity whom
the flowing tide of emigration swept far from
their
island
home.
We have dealt
in the first
part of this study with those vagabondclerics

and monks,with those episcopivagantes,
whose
unseemlyand turbulent activity estrangedfrom
them the sympathyof somecontinentalpeople.1
One may recall the witticisms of Nicholas of
Bibra against the Scotti of Erfurt. About
two hundred years earlier (tenth or eleventh
centuries), a certain Gamier of Rouen attacked
still more violently an Irish poet of doubtful

morality called Moriuh.2 On one hand, reproach is cast on some of these wandering
strangers for their heterodox or too bold
opinions; on another, they are mocked for

their boastfulness,their quarrelsomehumour,
their odd way of dressing,or for their hagiographic dithyrambs inspired by a ridiculous
fanaticism.3
1 See above.
Part
1, Ch. III.
8 H. OMONT, Satire de Gamier

de Rouen centre le poete
Moriuht
(Annuaire-biillctin
dc la soc. de Vhistoirc de France,
XXXI,
1894, p. 193-210).
8 NlCOLAUS DE BlBERA, Op. tit. ; GARNIER DE ROUEN,
op. cit.; JOCELIN DE BRAKELOND, Chronica, 85.
Cf. Chrtt.
celt., p. 160-161 and the anonymous satire against the St.

Brendan
fable-makers.
146
GaeJic Pioneers of Christianity
But nearly all thesecriticisms are addressed

to the rear divisions of the pilgrim bands, to
the lost children
who constituted
the worthless
camp followers, the wasted material, the flotsam

and jetsam, of the emigration. From the tenth
to the eleventhcentury the salt of charity was

already losing its savour, and missionary fervour
had almost grown cold.1
On the contrary, in order to describe the
great figures of the heroic age-a Columban, a
Gall, a Fursa and their imitators-the
nental
writers
of those times
cannot
contifind suffi-
ciently fitting expressionsof praise.2 The case

we have just drawn up proves beyond cavil
that the saints of this period exerted a very

1 Nevertheless
the martyr's
several
an
Irish
bishop,
called
John,
obtained
palm in Mecklenburg, in 1066, after baptizing
thousands
of pagans
in northern
Germany.
About
this martyr see Adam o Bremen (f 1070), Cesla Hummabvrgcnsis ecclesiae pontificitm, III, 20, 50, 70 (MG. Scriptores, VII, p. 343, 355, 366-867) and J. FISCHER, Knnn
Bishof Johannes ans Jrland mit Pccht als crster Murtyrer
Amerikas bezeichnet icerden ? (Zeitschrift fiir katholisches
Thcoloffif, XXIV, 1900, p. 756-758).
8 See ClirU. celt., p. 293-294, nnd also Vita Samsonis
(Boll. Ada Sand., July, VI, 582), THIERRY OP SAINTTROND, Vita Ritmoldi, I (Ibid., July, II, 215), Vita Sanctae
Odae, II, 14 (GHEsQurflRE,Acta Sand. Bclgii, 1788, VI,

p. 629), etc.
147

deepinfluenceon the peoplesthey either led or
won back to the Gospelfaith. From generation
to generationthe country peoplehave mysteriously handed down the namesof these strangers,
invoking their supernatural power for the protection
of the inmates of their
stables, their
principal wealth.
Death itself did not put a stop to the peregrinations of these transmarini. Their relics
passed from monastery to monastery, from
church to church, and with them went all those
attributes
of folklore
to which
their
names
remain
attached with remarkable persistence. On the
other hand, a good deal of superstition is

mingledwith the popular worship accordedto
the old saints
from
Ireland.
The wind
which
wafts goodseeddispersesalsoin every direction

the seedof tares and weeds. It is, however, no
less definitely established that these ardent
apostles sent new currents of religious life

throughoutChristendom,andthat severalamong
themprovedto be incomparablespiritual guides
to souls. Their zeal,their courage,their personal
virtues, the warmth of their faith have largely
contributedto assurethem their long continued
popularity.
148
But there is yet another thing which helps
to explain their success. No one is a prophet
in his own country. The history of the Church

demonstratesthe truth of that evangelicalsaying in a manner which is fairly disconcerting to
human conceptions. St. Martin, the great
apostle of Gaul, came to us from Pannonia ;
St. Boniface, the national patron of Germany,
was an Englishman. England was evangelised
by the Roman monk Augustine and his com-
panions sent by Pope St. Gregory. As to

Ireland herself, it is to the neighbouring island
that she owes her St. Patrick.
The Irish missionariescamefrom a mysterious

land, lost in the mists of the ocean which ebbed
and flowed at the furthest extremity of the

inhabited world. Weird legends were afloat
about that land. Especiallywas it said that

holiness flourished there more than anywhere
else, and that it worked wonders :
" Locus
vere
sanctus fecundusque sanctorum, copiosissime

fructificans Deo," says St. Bernard in speaking
of the monastery of Bangor, the cloister of St.
Comgalland St. Columban. He adds that the

swarms of saints (examina sanctorum} who
spreadover Europein the train of the last men140

tioned saint might well make one think that
the words of David : " Thou visitest
the earth
and blessethit, Thou makest it very plenteous"

had
been
written
beforehand
for
them.1
All thesereasonsjoined togetherexplain how

the heroes
of Christian
Ireland
have
come to
occupy an unique place in the age-longtraditions of foreign peoples.

1 Vita Malachiae, VI, 12 (MiGNE. P.L., CLXXXII,
1082),
St. Bernard of Clairoaux's Life of St. Malachy translated by
H. J. LAWLOB, London, 1920, p. 29.
INDEX
INDEX
Aalen, 102.
Abban (St.), 4.
Abel of Kheims,
Alsace, 11, 79, 98, 125, 126,

136, 141.
22.
Alto,
21.
Abraham, 7.
(L.), 92.
Altornunster,
Amay, 111.
Achaia,
Amiens,
141.
Adalbero I, 83.
- II, 84.
Adam of Bremen,
129.
Anastasius (Pope), 8.
(the Librarian),
Andreas,
104.
147.
Adamnan, 6, 56, 57, 69, 103,

113,
21.
Andree (R.), 102, 116, 132,
114.
143-145.
Adelberg,
116.
Andrew (St.), 141.
Aghaboe,
Agilbert,
21.
57.
Anglo-Normans,
Anglo-Saxons,
Agilus (St.), 10, 32, 74.
117.
7, 10, 32, 62,
64.
Agricola,
3.
Aidan (St.), 73.
Angouleme,
Animchad,
Ailbe (St.), 36.
Annegray, 122.
Aisne,
77.
Aix-la-Chapelle,
Alberic
Alcuin,
130.
of Cambrai,
47.
6, 30, 40, 43, 45, 46,
50, 57, 65, 79.

Aldfrid,
Aldhelm
66.
51.
57.
of Sherborne
Ansoald
of Poitiers,
Antony
(St.), 142.
Antwerp,
Apollonius
Arbois
(St.),
23.
89.
23, 78.
127, 128.
of Rhodes,
58.
de Jubainville
Alemannia, 98.
Algeis (St.), 19.
Algise (St.), 134, 135.
Argonne, 20.
Armagh, 37, 138, 139.
Armorica, see Britanny.
Allaria
Arnanus
of Cahore,
90.
Arnold
(Th.), 68, 69.
(A.),
Allgau, 123.
Alps, 113.
111.
(H.
d'), 23, 34, 45, 57.

Ardennes,
83.
Arens (F. R.), 140.
153
15, 28,

Arras, 11, 135.
Berber (Samuel), 58, 72, 145>
Arx (I. von),

Asia, 141.
Berliere
130.
(D.
(St.), 39, 40, 139,
12.
Ursmer),
86>
Atkinson
(Robert), 56, 103.
Bernard
Atlantic,
Aubigny,
Augustine
25.
138.
11, 135.
of Hippo
(St.),
110, 150.
- (J. H.), 34, 56, 108.
Bernaville,
18.
Berry, 14.
Canterbury
(St.),
of
149.
Berthoumieu,
Bertin
(St.),
137.
15, 76.
Ausouius, 57.
Austrasia, 121.
Austria,
xv, 00, 97, 183,
Bietkingen, 125.
Billiet (Mgr.), 139.
Birlinger (A.), 102.
141, 143, 145.

Authie, 72.
Bishop (Edmund),
26, 48.
Black Forest, 141.
Auxerre, 66, 79.
Blandus, 53.
Bobbio,
82,
six,
97,
11-14,
110,
81, 76,
121-128.
Baltic, 119.
Bamberg, 121, 124.
Bodmann (F. J.), 108.

Bohemia, 91.
Bangor,
Bohrnenkirch,
37, 55, 57, 1411.
Basil (St.), 9.
Basle, 109, 110.
Bateson (Mary), 16.
Bathild, 15-17.
Bavaria, 89, 90, 116, 125,
182, 141, 148, 141.
Bonndorf,
Beaulieu, 20.
Becker (O ), 46.
Bede (Ven.), 6, 10, 17, 18,
57, 59, 64, 65, 70, 71, 73.
144.
Bollandus (J.), 5.
Bolte (J.), 123.
Bonet-Maury (G.), 9, 10.
Boniface, St., 21, 22, 25, 32,
33, 72, 149.
142.
Boreas, 54.
Boulogne, 72.
Bourges, 81.
Brabant,
181.
Beissel (Stephan), 122, 140.
Brassine (Joseph), 107, 128,
Belgium, 18, 20, 98, 101,

107, 130.
130, 181.
Brendan (St.), 104, 105, 117,
Bonchell, 53.
Benedict
123.
(St.), xviii,
120, 146.
8, 14.
Breuil, see St. Fiacre.

Bridget of Sweden (St.). 112.
index
Brie, 8, 17.
Brigld (St.),
101, 103-108,
112, 130.
Ohaidoc, 19, 72.

Ohalon-sur-Saone,
Chambery,
26.
138, 139.
Brisgau, 141.
Britanny, 70, 71, 101, 112,
Champagne, 4.
Charles the Bald, 50-52, 62,
124, 136, 137.

Britons,
3, 79.
Broilum,
see St. Fiacre.
Brunehaut,
9.
Buleon, (J.), 112.
63, 66, 76, 81.

- the Fat, 82.
the Great, xiii, 28, a.;
42, s.; 60, 71, 79, 81.
Chelles, 10, 10.
Buo (St.), 50.
China, xxi.
Burchardus,
Oholomannus,
6.
Burgundofara,
Burgundy,
see Fara.
9.
see Coloman.
Ciaraii
(St.), 4.
Cilicia,
68.
Bury (J. B.), 4, 24, 141.
Olairvaux,
Oabrol
Claudius
of Spain, 48.
- of Turin,
47.
Clemens (heretic),
25.
(D. F.),
102.
Oadoc (St.), 57, 65.

Oadroe
83.
Cahors,
Cainnecli
Oalloc'h
Oalmet
(magister),
(St.), 6, 7, 31, 70, 72,

14, 23, 78.
(St.), 114.
(Jean-Pierre),
(D.), 84.
Cambiaso
(D.),
110,
130, 150.
xiv.
111,
48-45, 65,
71, 75.
Clonard,
38, 55, 56.
Clonfert,
38, 55.
Clomnacnois,
xii, 88, 55.
Clothairo
II, 14.
Clovis II, 15, 17.
Colnian (St.), 65.
123, 124.
Cambrai,
47, 48, 78.
Canterbury,
63, 72.
Carloman,
76.
Cologne, 28, 85, 86, 107.

Ooloman (St.), 6, 90, 97, 123,
140, 143-145.
Colton,
41.
Oarolingians,
Columba (St.), 6, 56, 57, 69,
Oashel,
5, 81, 44, 50.
xii.
Cassian, 9.
Celchyth (Chelsea ?), 27.
Celestine (Abbot), 20.
Cellanus,
St., 19, 56.
Ohd (St.), 73.
101, 113-110,
122.
Oolumban (St.), xviii, six,

7-15, 17-19, 80, 56, 57, 70,
75, 76, 97, 121-124, 184,
147, 149.
Colurncille,
see Columbfi.

Oolumquille, see Columba.
Oomgall (St.), 55, 140.
Concord (St.), 138.
Didier ol Oahors, 14, 28, T8.

Dido of Poitiers, 23.
Disibod (St.), 20.
Constance,
Disibodenberg,
Constantine
rian,
125.
of St. Sympho-
84.
20.
Dixon (Abp. Joseph), 139.

Dobdagrec,
22.
Corbican (St.), 19.
Donatus (Grammarian),
Corbie, 15, 40, 101, 102.

Ooulomrniers,
10.
- of Fiesole,
Down, 68.
Crecy, 11, 130.
Dresden, 53.
C'uimmin,
Drexler
88.
(W.),
52.
7, 22, 82.
115, 110.
Cummian (St.), 12, 58.
Du Broc de Segange (L.),
Cunningham
(W. D. D.), 32.
Cutubilla,
see Columba.
136.
Dubthach,
Cyran (St.), 14.

Cyril (St.), 58.
Du Cange, 78.
Duine (F.), 124.
Diimmler,
Dunchad,
60.
85.
48.
Dungal, 12, 75.

Dado,
13.
Dagobert I, 14.
(Bp.),
46.
of St. Denis, 46, 90.
- II, 23.
Danes, 39, 50.
Danish, 37, 40, 66, 75.
Danube, xiii, 90, 98, 143.
David,
118, 150.
- of Pavia, 47, 50, 63.

- (poet), 47.
of Bobbio, 47.
Dungals,
43, 46.
Durwachter
(A.), xiii.
Declan (St.), 4.
Dympne (St.), 127, 128.
Deicola, see Desle.

Delchambre
(E. C.), 130.
Delisle (L.), 23, 62, 105, 129.
Denys (Pseudo-), 51.
Deppisch (G.), 145.

Derinot,
53.
Desiderius,
see Didier
Cahors.
Desle (St.), 184, 185.
Dicnil,
64.
Eberger of Cologne, 85, 86.

o
Echternach,
101, 102, 105.
Eddius,
73.
Edmunds
(J. E.), 48.
Egbert,
57.
Egli (E.), 103.
Index
Ehrenstetten,
Einhard,
142.
Fiacre
18, 29, 69.
Einsiedeln, 121, 124.

Ekkehart, 11.
Elias of AngoulSme, 50.
-
of Cologne,
(St.),
11, 185-187,
142.
Fiesole, 82.
Filibert (St.), 13, 14.
Fingen, 84.
86.
Finistere,
137.
Eligius (St.), 13-15.

Emly, 36.
Finnjan (St.), 55, 56, 65.

Fintan (St.), 32, 88, 105,
Emmerich
England,
(Franz),
21.
65, 69, 149.
110.
Fischer
Epernay,
81.
Erchinoald,
Erfurt,
(J ), 147.
- (Th.), 105, 132, 133.
17, 18.
104, 105, 146.
Flanders,
131, 132.
Flavinus
(Bp.), 14.
Ermenrich
of
Elwangen,
66.
Ernault
(E.), 103, 124.
Flodoard,
77.
Foillan
(St.), 18,
130.
Esposito (Mario), 46, 50, 64.
Folcuin, 22, 79.
Essen,
Forannan,
140.
Europe, passim.
Eusebius of Mt.
11, 82, 90.
Eustasius,
15.
106, 128-
37, 83, 84.
Forbes (A. P.), 73.

St. Victor,
Fosses, 18, 19, 101, 106, 129,

131.
Fournier
(Paul), 48.
Eutyches, 52.
Ewatingen, 142.
Fowler (J. T.), 6, 113.

France, xv, 19, 46, 50, 62,
81, 99, 131, 134, 139.
Francis (St.), xix.
Franco of Liege, 52, 77, 78.

Faouet (Le), 136.
Fara (St.), 10.
Faremoutiers,
10.
Faro (St.), 10, 13, 78, 135.
FiSlidius
(Bp.), 3.
Faustus of Riez, 3.
Franconia,
20, 98, 141.
Franco-Saxon,
62.
Frankish,
42, 43, 64, 82.
Franz (Ad.), 112, 120, 125,
182.
Friart
(Norbert),
129.
Fawtier (Robert), 65.

Fergus, 53.
Ferguson (Lady), 68.
Fricor, 19, 72.

Fridolin (St.), 141, 143.
Fridugise, 43.
Fert^-sous-Jouarre,
Frohen,
10.
157
18, 135.

Fulda,
87, 80, 122.
Givencliy-le-Noble,
Fursa
(St.), 17-19, 81, 86,
97, 128, 129, 134, 185,
147.
Ftissen, 123, 144.
Gaels, xiii,
xiv,
104.
Oaidoz (H.), 115, 128, 189.
Gt. Britain,
Gall (St.),
123-126,
70, 71, 79.

Greece, 43.
6, 97, 110.
147.
Gallenweiler,
Gallia,
10e.
Glaber (Raoul),
117.
Glan, 20.
Gobain (St.), 19, 134.
Gottlieb,
47.
Gottschalk,
49.
Gottweig,
90.
Grandidier
(P. A.), 108, 109.
122,
125.
Greek, xviii,
see Gaul.
10, 17, 49, 57,
42, 51, 52, 57,
58, 68.
Gams, P. B., 188.
Gregory (Pope St.), 25, 149.
Gamier of Rouen, 146.

Gaul, 5, 8, 9-12, 15, 17, 18,
22, 36, 42, 57, 65, 70, 71,
of Tours (St.),
Grimm (Jakob),
132.
Grimoald,
66.
9.
98, 101, 113, 135, 149.
Grotefend (Hermann),
120.
Gauss (Karl),
110.
Guibert
(E.),
106.
Genoa, 110, 111.
Guingamp, 137.
Gerard of Toul (St.), 85.

GermanuB of Auxerre
(St.),
Gustrow,
Gutestein,
49, 66.
Germany, xv, 33, 36, 68, 83,
Gwynn (E. J.), 36.
119, 120.
125.
87, 98, 102, 115, 122, 123,
125, 131-133, 141, 142,
Haddan (A. W.), 27, 35, 78.
147, 149.
Germans,
98, 117, 119.
Gertrude
of Nivelles
(St.),
18, 101, 116, 125, 129-135.
Gheel, 127, 128.
Ghent, 20.
Hadrian,
63.
Halitgaire
(Bp.), 48.
Hamilton
(G. L.), 104.
Hartgr.ire
(Bp.), 52, 54, 78.
Hasselt,
127.
Hastiere,
84.
Ghesquiere (Joseph), 147.
Hauck (A.), 9, 10, 14, 20-22,
Gibrianus
Gilbert
Giraldus
(St.), 4.
25, 80.
(Ph.), 22.
Cambrensis,
Giry (A.), 61.
Haureau
111.
Heber,
(B.), 00.
109.
Hebrew, 67.
158
Index
Heiric of Auxerre, 49, 50, 86.
Helias (Bp.), 28.
Hellmann (S.), 52, 53, 64.
Henry II (St.), 90, 121, 148.
Herck-la-Ville,
Heribert
128.
of
Cologne (St.),
74.
Hesse, 109.
Hildegard
(St.),
Hildoard
Italy, 11, 44, 46, 65, 98, 99,

121.
Itta, 18, 129.
James (M. R.), 22.

Jane (M. L. C.), 69.
Janner (Ferd.), 91.
Jerome (St.), 25.
20.
(Bp.), 47, 48.
Jocelinof
Hincmar
of Eheims,
51-53,
81.
of Laon, 50, 51.
Hirschau,
122, 124.
Brakelond, 68, 60.
146.
of Furness,
John (St.), 141.
- XVII,
84.
Hock (Auguste), 111.

Hoefler (M.), 125, 140, 142,
144.
of Gottweig, 90.
of Mecklenburg, 147.
Scottus
Hohenschwangen,
144.
73.
Erigena,
xviii
50-52, 63, 64.
Hohenstadt,
102.
Honau, 21, 28, 79, 108.
Horace,
56.
Howel the Good, 73.
Jonas of Bobbio,
7, 8.
Josephus (Flavius),
58.
Josephus Scottus,
43, 45.
Josse (St.), 79, 109.
Huefner
Jouarre,
(A.),
12.
Hull (Eleanor), 61.

Hungary, 143.
Huy, 111.
Ibar
(St.),
10, 16.
Judsea, 140.
Judoc, see Jossc.
Juhaiz (C.), 148.
Jumieges, 13, 14.
4.
India, 141.
lona, 87, 56, 57, 118, 116.
Ireland, passim.
Irish, passim..
Irmingard, 52.
Isaias, 45.
Israel, xxii.
Kadroe, see Cadroe.

Kakukabilla,
see Columba.
Kakwkylla, see Columba.
Keller (P.), 12.
Kent, 70.
Kentigern (St.), 78.
Kiev, 91, 92.
Issoudan, 102.
Kildare, 101, 107, 109.'

159
GaelicPioneers
of Christianity
Kilian
(St.), 11, 20, 21, 81,
Liestal,
109, 110.
82, 36, 44, 71, 80, 97, 135,

140, 141.
Kilros,
73.
Liguria,
110, 123, 124.
Limburg,
128.
Limousin,
9.
Kirchpofen, 142.
Korth (L.), 108, 130, 181,
Lindisiarne, 64.
Linkoping, 115.
140.
Lisbon,
Krabbo (H.), 22.

Krusch (Bruno), 15, 16, 23,
25, 58, 102, 131.
Kurth
102.
Lisieux, 102.
Livin (St.), 201.
Locmine,
(G.), 22, 25.
Loire,
(L.),
82.
Loth
Landevennec, 101, 102.

Laon,
(J.), 72, 124.
Lothair
48, 50, 51.
I, 52.
- II,
Laux (J. J.), 8, 21.

(E.),
Lawlor
(H. J.), 37, 39, 88,
81.
the
150.
112.
Lumiar,
123, 137, 138.
Lupus
Leclercq (D. H.). 102.

Leger (Louis), 92.
Legipont (O.), 86.
Pious,
44.
Luke (St.), 105.

Lnmbres,
Le Braz (Anatole),
53.
Louis the German, 52, 81.
Lavisse
Leek,
138.
23, 70, 121.
Longrey, 14.
Lorraine, 125, 141.
Lorsch, 46.
Lagny, 17, 135.

Lahaye, 83.
Lallcmtnd
124.
Locronan,
106.
102.
de Ferrieres,
69, 79.
Lure, 122, 135.

Lussac-les-Chateaux, 23.
Luxeuil, 13-15, 56, 57, 97,
Leistle
(David),
123.
Lemenc, 138.
Leo (Hermann),
141.
Leonard (St.), 142.
101, 102.
Mabillon,
Leubringhen, 106.
Levison (W.), 22, 98, 106,
Macerias, see Frolien.

Maelruain (St.), 36.
121, 129.
Liborius
(St.),
Magnus (St.),
Mai (A.), 53.
140.
Liege, 48, 52, 76-78, 107,

111, 180.
160
passim.
122, 123.
Mainz, 20, 26, 89, 108.

Malachy (St.), 89, 139, 150.
Index
Malnory (A.), 12.
Mangstritt,
123.
Michael (St.), 114.

Miesges (P.), 102, 107, 131.
Manitius
Milan,
(M.),
45.
60.
Mansi, passim.
Marcellus, 11.
Marcus, 53.
Miller (E.), 51.

Mocaer (M. P.), xiv.
Moedoc (St.), 32.
Marianus
85-87,
89-02.
Marius Mercator,
3.
Mark (Bp.), 11, 49.
Marne, xiii, 121.
Martin
(St.), 149.
- (E.), 8, 11.
(Hibernicus),
51.
Martine,
136.
Moenan, 19.
Moengal, see Marcellus.
Moling (St.), Ill,
Molinier
(A.), 48, 62.
Molua (St.), 32.
Mommelin,
15.
Mommsen
(Th.), 3.
Montfaucon,
53.
Monus or Mannus (St.), 136,
142.
Morbihan,
112, 124, 137.
Maugille
Morin
Scottus, 5, 31, 71,

89, 93.
of Ratisbon,
xiii,
(St.), 19, 134.
Maurice of Ratisbon,
91.
Mazerolles,
23.
Meaux,
11, 17, 78, 80, 81,
135, 136.
Mecklenburg,
119, 147.
Mechlin,
20.
Melk, 90, 143, 145.
Menez-Hom,
138.
Mercia, 28, 71.

Merovingians,
5, 19, 78, 97,
127, 129.
Metlake,
see Laux.
Metz, 83, 125.
Meuse, xiii.
(D. G.), 3.
Moriuh,
146.
Mount Blandin,
20.
Mount Saint-Victor,
11, 82.
Moutiers-en-Puisaie,
29.
Moville, 37, 55
Mowat, 114.
Muellenhoff,
125, 132.
Muirchu
Maccu
Macthem,
58. j
Mulbacher
(E.), 29, 80.
Munding
(Em.), 105.
Munich,
113, 115.
Murbach,
125.
Murclieratus,
5, 89, 90.
Meyer (A.), 38.

-
(E. H.),
142.
(Kuno), 45, 102, 118.

- (Paul), 118.
(W.), 117.
Nahe, 20.
Namur, 130.
Nennius, 65.

Neubronn,
Neustria,
102.
Ouen (St.), 13.
121.
Ovid,
Newman (J. H.), 39.

Nicholas
132,
of Bibra,
56.
Owen, 74.
104, 105,
146.
Ninine, 103.
Nisard, 123.
Nivelles, 101, 102, 105, 129,
131.
Paderborn, 89, 140.

Palatinate, 143.
Pannonia, 149.
Parczeroski,
Noirmoutier,
14.
Norbecourt,
92.
Pardessus, 23.
106.
Paris,
Noreen (A. G.), 115.

Normans, 84.
53, 71, 137.
Paternus, 89.
Patrick (St.), 4, 24, 35, 37,
Northmen,
19, 39.
Novatianism,
4.
38, 55, 58, 101-103,

131, 133, 141, 149.
111,
Noyon, 15.
Paul (St.), xx, 34, 53, 140.
Oberschwaerstad,
the (Deacon),
Paulinus,
42.
Pavia, 47.
142.
O'Curry (E.), 38.

Oda (St.), 147.
O'Donovan
43.
Pelagius, 3.
Peronne, 18, 31, 61, 79, 97,
(John),
19, 138.
101, 102, 129, 135.
Oengus, 88.
Offa, 28.
Olden (Th.), 40.
Omer (St.), 15.
Perseus, 56.
Peter (St.), 140.
of Pisa, 42.
Pez (B.), 91.
Omezfe,
Pfaffers,
130.
102, 110, 121, 124.
Omont (H.), 14G.

O'Neill (J.), 36.
Oppermann, 86.
Origen, 63.
Orkneys, 83.
Pfleger (L.), 136.

Pflugk-Harttung
(J. V.), 70.
Philip of Meaux, 136.
Piacenza, 82.
Picardy, 129.
Ott
Picts,
(M.),
123.
Otte (Heinrich),
Otto I, 83.
- Ill,
86.
" of Ratisbon,
116, 119.
91.
88.
Pipin the Short, 22.

II, 129.
Pirenne
(H.), 52, 58.
Plaine
(D. F.), 138.
162
Index
Plato, 63.
Plogormec, 138.
Plouagat, 137.
Ploun4rez-Porzay,
Rhine, xiii, 21, 75, 98, 107,

108, 110, 121, 131, 141.
Rhoen (C.), 130.
Richard of Canterbury, 27.
138.
Plurnmer
(Ch.), 10, 17, 57,
70, 73, 118.
Poitiers,
23, 78.
- of Fulda,
87.
Richborough,
70.
Ried (Thomas),
91.
Poncelet (A.), 15, 110.

Ponthieu, 72, 79.
Riezler (S.), 21.

Riquier (St.), 19.
Porphyry,
Ristelhuber
53.
Priscian, 53.
Prosper of Aquitaine,
Prou (M.), 61.
Purton
(P.), 126.
Rodingus (St.), 20.

Roger (M.), 53, 57-59.
Rokowode (J. Gage), 68.
3.
(W. J.), 36.
Romanus,
23.
Ronibault
(St.), 20, 71, 147.
Rome, passim.
Ronan (St.) or Renan, 137,
Qu&neneven,
138.
Quentovic,
72, 79.
138.
Raban Maur, 122.

Badenac,
137.
Ratisbon,
xiii, 90-92.
Ratpert
of St. Gall, 11, 83.
Rothis,
90.
Rouen, 13, 81.
Rousseau (Fjlix),
130.
Rozoy, 10.
Rudolf
of Bourges, 81.
Rebais, 10, 13.
Rupert
Rees (W. J.), 65.

Reeves (W.), 21, 36, 41, 68,
141.
Russia,
of Salzburg
(St.),
91.
69.
Reichenau,
101,
125.
Remigius
(St.), 4:
of Auxerre,
102,
105,
49.
Renan (E.), 45.

Renz (G. A.), 91.
Rhaetia,
Rheims,
102.
Rheinau,
82.
4, 22, 48,
Sackingen,
145.
110, 141, 142,
Saens (St.),
14.
St. Augustine at Pavia, 44.

St. Blasien (Alsace), 125.
49,
88, 105, 110.
81,
St. Brigid at Cologne, 107.

- at Mainz, 108.
St. Clement at Metz, 83, 84.
St. Denis at Paris, 47.
Gaelic
St. Denis
noneers
at St. Oiner,
01
106.
Sandwich,
70.
St. Bdmundsbury, 68, 69.

St. Fiacre (Brie), 11, 135.
San Teodoro at Genoa, 111.

Sauvage (R. N.), 137.
St. Gall, xs, 11, 12, 31, 46,

65, 97, 106, 110.
St. Gerrnaine (Haute-Saone)
134.
St. James at Erfurt,
104.
- at Ratisbon,
91, 92.
Savoy, 138, 139.

Schaefer (K. H.), 107.
Schaffhausen,
88.
Scheffel, 145.
Scherer, 125, 132.
Schmeller
(J. A.), 133.
St. Lambert at Liege, 52.
Schoeiibach
St.
Martin
at Cologne, 85,
86, 107.
St. Medard, 49.
St. Michael at Schotten, 109.
St. Michel-en-Tieraehe,
83.
St. Omer, 106.
140.
Schotten,
109.
Schottenkirche,
108.
Schottenkloster,
xvii, 68, 91.
Schultze (W.), 45, 61.
Schwangau,
144.
St. Pantaleon
(A.), Ill,
114,
at Cologne,
Scotch, xvii, 68, 69, 92, 108.
86, 107.
St. Paul at Mainz, 108.
St. Peter at Ghent, 20.
- at Rheims,
102.
- at Salzburg,
21, 22.
- at Strasburg,
108.
St. Quentin at Hasselt,
128.
St. Remi at Rheims, 49.
St. Renan of Finistere,
137.
St. Sauveur-en-Puisaie,
79.
Scotti, -passim.
Srrivener
(F. H. A.), 34.
Sebillot (Paul), 112.
Sedulius
Scottus,
sviii,
52,
53, 58, 64, 74, 75.
Seebas (O.), 56.
Seefeldeii, 125.
Seneffe, 129.
Sens, 81.
Sherborne,
66.
St. Sebastian, 49.

St. Symphorian, 84.
Sicily, 3.
Sigewulf, 43.
St. Ulrich
at Adelberg,
116.
Soissons,
26, 48, 49, 76.
St. Vaast at Arras, 62.
Solignac, 14.
St. Vanne at Verdun, 84.

St. Yrieix,
9.
St. Zeno at Verona, 76.
Sallust,
56.
Solomon, CO.
Spain, 113.
Spanna (la), 122.
Spires, 122.
Salzburg, 22, 141.

Samson (St.), 75, 147.
Staufen, 142.
Steinweg (Carl), 117.
164
Index
Stockerau, 90, 143.
Stokes (G. I.), 37, 40, 48, 58,
88.
Tours, 26, 29, 33, 118.

Traube. (L), 18, 19, 38, 46,
49, 50, 51, 53, 60, 61, 74.
- (Margaret),
12, 19, 99,
135.
Trepier,
Treves,
(Wliitley),
7, 34, 88,
103.
Tuban, 21.
Turgesius,
Strachan (J.), 34, 48.

Strasburg, 21, 108, 109.
Strecker (K.), 46.
Stubbs (W.), 27, 35, 73.
Stueckelberg (E. A.), 110,
121,
139.
20, 101, 102, 107.
124,
125.
Styria,
102.
Suabia,
143.
Ueberlingen,
Ultan
(St.),
125.
19, 128,
Ursin
(St.),
13.
112, 115.
Switzerland, sv, 11, 97, 102,

110, 121, 124, 141.
Sybil, 20.
Vacandard (E.), 12-14.

Vadoalus (St.), 6.
Valery (St.), 15.
Van der Essen (M. L.),
127, 129, 133.
Tarsus, 63.
Thierry of St. Trond,
147.
Theodore of Canterbury,
72.
Theodoric
of Metz,
Thomas (St.), 141.

Tibery, 124.
Trralla (H.), 53.
Todd (J. H.), 37.
Tomianus,
129,
181.
Sulien (Sulgenus), 57.

Sweden,
37.
Turin, 47.
Turner (W.), 44.
Tyrol, 132.
23.
Tononi (G.), 82.

Totnam, 140.
Tougard (A.), 57.
Toul, 85.
83.
71,
63,
Vannes, 112.
Varennes, 14.
Vendryes (J.), siv,
Ver, 26.
Vernulus
Vervins,
(Nicholas),
135.
15,
45.
20.
Vienna, xvii, 143.

Vikings, 37, 40, 88.
Virgil, 56.
of Salzburg, 6, 21,
22.
Voivre, 122.
Vorarlberg, 90.
Vulganius, 70, 72.
Vykoukal (E.), 26.
Gaelic Pioneersot unnstiamty

Waitz (G.), 85.
Wilfrid
Walaricus,
6.
Waldebertus,
8.
Wales, 74.
Wallon,
106.
Willibrord
(St.),
113, 116.
Wilson
(H. A.),
113.
Walsh (T. A.), 107, 130.
Winterfeld
Wandrille
(St.), 13.
Warren (F. E.), 38, 50.
Wasserschleben
(F. W. H.),
36, 48, 56.
Wattenbach
(W.), 68, 75.
Waulsort,
83.
Wittnau,
125.
Witto,
43.
Wittstock,
119.
Wratislaw
of Bohemia,
91.
Wrede (Adam),
108.
Wardtwein
(S. A.), 109.
Wavrans-sur-1'Aa, 106.
Weih St. Peter, 90.
Wurtemberg, 102, 116, 144.

Wurzburg, 20, 31, 44, 97,
Weinhold
(H.),
123,
132, 140.
Weiss (Oh. Fred.), 12.
Weissenau,
125.
125,
(St.), 73.
57,
102,
102,
105,
(Paul von), 105.
140.
Welsh, 65, 73.
Zachary (Pope), 22.
Wenilo
Werner
Zeitldorn,
116.
Zeumer, 120.
of Sens, 81.
(J.), 132.
Westphalia,
89.
Wicbald
of Auserre,
Widric,
85.
Zimmer (H.), 38, 45, 70.

50.
Zimmern,
125.
Zingerle (J.), 116, 132.
166
GOUGAUD,Louis.
Gaelic pioneers
Christianity.
of
BQX
2219
,G6
GretagMacbeth"
ColorChecker
Co

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity (1923), 201pp.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity (1923), 201pp.

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity (1923), 201pp.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GAELIC

Censor Theol. Deput.

DUBLINI, die 20 Afrilis,

ano Saints in Continental Europe

Translated from the French by Victor Collins

THE WORK OF THE MISSIONARIES,MONKS AND

I. St. Columban,St. Gall and their Disciples .

II. St. Fursa and the Perigrini Minores

III. WanderingBishops,Clericsand Monks

IV. Pilgrims and ShamPilgrims

V. Some Reasons for the Irish Missionary

VII. The Knowledgeof Greekin Ireland During

for the Benefit

the Scotti.-Monasteria Scottorum

Gaelic Pioneersof Christianity

I. The Three Great National

II. St. Brendanthe Navigator

III. The MissionaryMonks : St. Columbanand

IV. Saints specially honoured in Belgium and

sources are too numerous to be indicated

ALFONS BELLESHEIM, Veber einige Beziehungen Irlands zu

MRS. THOMAS CONCANNON, The Life

MAS HEIMBUCHER, Die

Orden und Kongregationen

J. J. LAUX, Der hi. Kolumban, sein Leben und seine Schriften,

the Geometer (Ecclesiastical review,

(Trans, of the Roy. hist. Society, New ser., V, 1891, p.

L. TBAUBE, Perrona Scottorum (Sitzungsberichte der pliilos.

NICOLAUSVEBNULAEUS, De propagatione fidei christianae in

49-58), an essay communi-

cated by W. Reeves under the title : The Irish

L. TACHET DE BABNEVAL, Histoire

D. OAMBIASO, San Colombano, sua opera e suo culto in

A. DURWACHTER,Die Gesta Caroli Magni der Regensburger

H. GAIDOZ, TJn saint irlandais

en Savoie (Revue celtique,

MABG. STOKES,Six months in the Apennines in search of the

months in the forests of France : a pilgrimage in search

T. A. WALSH, Irish Saints in Belgium (Ecclesiastical review,

L. PFLEGER, Le culte d'une sainte irlandaise en Alsace : Ste

dans I'Europe continental (Vol. IX, p. 21-37

irlandais dansles traditionspopulairesdespayscontinentaux(Vol. XXXIX,

Although this secondstudy was written so

correcting,as well as by the addition of fresh

Gaelic Pioneersof Christianity

The historian who dares, after the lapse

of only a few years, to reprint unchangeda

works,he is willing to be consideredasmentally

I have to thank my devoted translator, Mr.

this delicate work. To me it is particularly

good fortune to explore, in 1912, some of the

My gratitude is no less great to Father

Augustine,O.S.F.C.for having written, at Mr.

In their distant wanderings the tireless

sweet earth of their native land," x even

as do, in our own day, the unnumberedexilesof

barous, in whoselands they were dispersed,that

they have left behind them a very deep and

God grant that the Gaels of to-day-the