This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on fiber to the home (FTTH) network design and basics. The presentation covers drivers for FTTH including increasing bandwidth demands from technologies like HD video. It discusses fiber network components and architectures like PON and point-to-point. Specific topics that will be covered include network design configurations, fiber installation techniques, and the "nuts and bolts" of fiber network components. The goal is to explain why fiber networks are needed to support future bandwidth growth and new applications, and provide basic knowledge of fiber network implementation.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on fiber to the home (FTTH) network design and basics. The presentation covers drivers for FTTH including increasing bandwidth demands from technologies like HD video. It discusses fiber network components and architectures like PON and point-to-point. Specific topics that will be covered include network design configurations, fiber installation techniques, and the "nuts and bolts" of fiber network components. The goal is to explain why fiber networks are needed to support future bandwidth growth and new applications, and provide basic knowledge of fiber network implementation.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on fiber to the home (FTTH) network design and basics. The presentation covers drivers for FTTH including increasing bandwidth demands from technologies like HD video. It discusses fiber network components and architectures like PON and point-to-point. Specific topics that will be covered include network design configurations, fiber installation techniques, and the "nuts and bolts" of fiber network components. The goal is to explain why fiber networks are needed to support future bandwidth growth and new applications, and provide basic knowledge of fiber network implementation.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on fiber to the home (FTTH) network design and basics. The presentation covers drivers for FTTH including increasing bandwidth demands from technologies like HD video. It discusses fiber network components and architectures like PON and point-to-point. Specific topics that will be covered include network design configurations, fiber installation techniques, and the "nuts and bolts" of fiber network components. The goal is to explain why fiber networks are needed to support future bandwidth growth and new applications, and provide basic knowledge of fiber network implementation.
Mark Boxer Applications Engineering Manager, OFS Jeff Bush Professional Services Manager, OFS
Page 1
Agenda
Drivers for FTTx
Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts the components Installation techniques Network design configurations
Page 2
The world is changing
In the past 15 years, weve seen
The Internet iPods HDTVs DVRs Smartphones (Blackberry, iPhone, etc) Tablet computers
All of these revolutionary technologies require
more BANDWIDTH (telecommunications capacity) We must expect and plan for more and faster changes in the future!
Page 3
Video on all screens - HDTV
Pixel 1080 pixels
An image is built on a screen, pixel by pixel,
One HDTV program = 8-12 Mbps TV 12 Mbps 1920 pixels
1 house = 48 Mbps bandwidth, just for video, today TV 12 Mbps TV + DVR 24 Mbps
How about tomorrow?
Page 4
Video Evolution over next 5 10 years
2D Video Format
T Mature o d a y Growing Fast
Standard Definition (SD) High Definition (HD)
Mb/s Native Mb/s (compressed) per stream H.262 or MPEG- H.264 or 2
MPEG-4
480p
249
1080i/720p
1,493
16
Very High Definition (VHD)
1080p
2,986
32
16
Super HD
2160p
14,930
100
50
Ultra HD
4320p
59,720
400
200
New Standards
Source: OFS Estimates from Industry Data
* ITU Recommendation J.601, Transport of Large Scale Digital Imagery (LSDI) applications
Page 5
Video Bandwidth Growth Driving Fiber To The Home (FTTH)
Data Rate to Each Home 10,000
Top Tier Data Rate (Mb/s)
1,000
2012 Offers Fiber:
20 - 1,000 Mbps
No limit!!*
100
Copper Speed Limit
10
Digital
1 42% annual growth Increasing 4 times every 4 years
0.1 0.01
Analog Modems
0.001
* Fiber limit is >50 Tbps
Source: Technology futures and OFS
Year
0 1980
1990
Text
2000 Pictures
2010
2020
Video HD SHD 3D
Page 6
Agenda
Drivers for FTTx
Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts the components Installation techniques Network design configurations
Page 7
Why Fiber? Greater bandwidth, longer distance, lowest cost per bit
Copper 2400 Pair Copper Cable 100 Gbps to 1 KM
Bandwidth
Distance
Cost per Bit
Fiber
1 Fiber Cable >50 Tbps >5000 KM Bandwidth
Distance
Page 8
Cost per Bit
Why fiber? Lower cost, higher performance
Metallic cable technologies are approaching
their useful limits Copper (telephone) and coaxial cables (Cable TV) More expensive, less reliable, less capacity
Feature
Benefit
High bandwidth
High information carrying
capacity
Low attenuation
Long distances without
repeatersless expensive
Light weight Small size
Easier installations Unobtrusive
No metallic conductors
No grounding problems No crosstalk
Passive
No power requirements No circuit protection needed
Difficult to tap
Very secure
Wireless systems have significant capacity
limitations
Fiber optic cable is less expensive than
copper, more reliable and has more capacity Inexpensive
Widely deployable. Cost
effective
Page 9
Why fiber? FTTH lower operating expenses (OPEX) versus competing technologies
Why? Fewer truck rolls
Remote provisioning though software Increased reliability vs copper/coax electronics in field such DSL/HFC Savings estimates vs DSL/Hybrid Fiber-Coax
FTTH Opex saves $100 to $250 per subscriber vs DSL
or HFC
Page 10
Agenda
Drivers for FTTx
Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts the components Installation techniques Network design configurations
Page 11
Wireless Loves Fiber (and vice versa)
Page 12
Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the cell network Mobile bandwidth demand, driven by smartphones and video, is growing rapidly Fiber is needed to and up the tower for 4G networks and beyond Fiber has many advantages for cell network operators, shown below:
Bandwidth
Weight Tower loading/bracing Grounding Installation time Power losses Space Cooling requirements
Page 13 13
Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the Telephone and Cable Networks Telephone: FTTN Fiber to the Curb/Node Cable: HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax Switch or Node
12 - 24 fibers Central Office OLT
Typical distance range
Twisted Pair or coax
5 to 100 KM
150-1500 m
Fiber to the Node, Copper/coax to the home
Potential 24-100+ Mbps per subscriber (variable based on distance and metal cable quality) Asymmetric bandwidth (more downstream than upstream)
Page 14
Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the Power Network Fiber is an integral part of the utility communications network
Substation to substation communications, broad deployment
Equipment within substations, broad deployment FTTH in limited cases Smart grid initiatives are changing the nature of power delivery
Nuclear
Renewable
Transmission
Distribution
Smart Meter --:Information
Micro Grid
--:Power
Page 15
Agenda
Drivers for FTTx
Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts the components Installation techniques Network design configurations
Page 16
FTTH Electronics A typical FTTH network has an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) or switch at the Headend or Central Office
Fiber Management
The OLT or switch converts incoming traffic into
laser pulses and sends them down the fiber.
OLT
Unmanaged Switch
ONU
Fiber Encoder & DVD
And an Optical Network Terminal (ONT), media
converter, or gateway in the home. The ONT converts the signals from light to electrical signals. The ONT contains ports to distribute signals on the existing home wiring (or wirelessly).
The ONT may be either inside or outside the home.
Page 17
Typical FTTH Architectures
PON (Passive Optical Network) Incorporates a signal divider, such as an optical power splitter One fiber at the central office feeds many fibers in the field G-PON (Gigabit PON) and GE-PON (Gigabit Ethernet-PON) are the most common architectures
Point-to-Point (Active Ethernet)
One fiber in the headend = one fiber in the field
PON OLT Optical power splitter or wavelength filter
Point to point
Switch
Some equipment will serve both architectures
Page 18
Summary of todays common FTTH architectures
Current gen
Next gen
Current gen
Next gen
Point to Point (Active Ethernet)
2.4 Gbps total
10 Gbps total
1.2 Gbps total
10 Gbps total
100 -1000 Mbps per sub
GPON
Downstream bandwidth
GE-PON
Upstream bandwidth
1.2 Gbps total
10 Gbps total
1.2 Gbps total
10 Gbps total
100 -1000 Mbps per sub
Typical distance
20 km
20 km
20 km
20 km
20 km
Wavelengths (nm), Downstream/ Upstream)
1490 1310
1577 1270
1550 1310
1577 1270
1550 1310
PON OLT Optical power splitter or wavelength filter
Point to point
Switch
Page 19
l1, l2 l3, l4
WDM PON Networks
Provides a dedicated wavelength (light color) per customer
l15, l16
CO or Head End
WDM Mux/DeMux
WDM Mux/DeMux
l1, 3 -15
WDM Mux /DeMuxs
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 1 fiber per subscriber
WDM Mux/DeMux
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 WDM Mux/DeMux
l2, 4, -16
Typical 1 Gb/s up/down dedicated to each subscriber
Longer reach than GPON or GE-PON
Emerging technology
Page 20
FTTB Fiber to the Building (MDUs)
Fiber to a switch or node with many ports to feed multiple customers Uses Cat 5 or higher copper wiring or coax to the unit Typical up to 100 Mb/s connection, limited by copper/coax bandwidth Can be either symmetric or asymmetric bandwidth Sometimes includes fiber to the floor Typical distance range
Copper or coax cables
5 to 80 KM Unit
100 m max in building
Central Office or Head End Single-mode Fiber
Switch or node
Page 21
Agenda
Drivers for FTTx
Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts the components Installation techniques Network design configurations
Page 22
Light as a Communications Method
Used for hundreds of years
Smoke Signals
One if by land, two
if by sea
Page 23
John Tyndall and William Wheeler
John Tyndall, 1854 Demonstrated that light could be guided within a liquid Light Guide
William Wheeler, 1880
Invented Light pipes for home lighting using reflective pipes Similar to concept used today for interior car illumination
http://www.fiber-optics.info/history
Page 24
Optical Fiber Fastest communications pipe available Coating
Light ray
Cladding
Core
Light travels in core and is constrained by the cladding
Acrylate coating protects pure silica (glass) cladding
Page 25
Fiber Structure Core - The center of an optical fiber. Contains dopants to change speed of light.
125 microns
Coatings
Cladding
Cladding - Outer layer of glass to
contain light. Different refractive index.
vv vs
Core
8-62.5 microns
Coating - Cushions and protects
fibers.
250 microns Page 26
Two main types of fibers - Single-mode and Multimode
Singlemode fiber Carries only one mode of light Multimode fiber Carries multiple modes of light
Index of refraction profiles
8-10 m 125 m
Singlemode
cladding
core 50-62.5 m
Multimode
125 m
Page 27
The FTTx Network Macro View
Central Office /Headend
Fiber to the Cell Site Drop closures
Drop cable
or terminal High level picture of where things go
Aerial cable Fiber Distribution and Splitter Cabinet
Splice closures
Underground cable
Page 28
Typical Outside Plant Cable Types
Aerial and Underground
Aerial Self-Supporting (ADSS),
Duct and armored loose tube cables
Ribbon Cables
Blown Fiber Units
Microcables Drop Cables
Page 29
Outside Plant Fiber Optic Cable
Most often loose tube cable structure Fibers loose in buffer tubes Handles stress/strain and temperature fluctuations and climatic extremes
Also available in ribbons
Fibers and buffers are color coded Underground applications Direct Buried typically armored Duct cable Aerial applications Lashed to a messenger Self-supporting (ADSS, All-Dielectric, SelfSupporting
Buffer tube Fiber Loose buffer tube structure
Ribbon fiber and cable structure
Page 30
Inside Plant Cables
Indoor cables are different than outdoor cables Most often tight buffer cable structure Provides additional protection for handling Facilitates connectorization Multiple types of cable structures Riser, plenum, low smoke/zero halogen products Designed to meet flame smoke ratings Yellow colored jacket indicates single-mode fiber
Page 31
Fiber management devices and closures
Used to route and connect fibers Fiber management devices are used in the central office or remote cabinets Closures are used in the field to connect cables together Multiple designs available for each component
Page 32
Connectors Fibers use special, precisely manufactured connectors
LC Connector
Connector color indicates the
polish of the connector Polish type indicates amount of back reflection Critical parameter to ensure proper transmission Blue = Ultra polish Green = Angle polish
SC Connector
MPO Connector (12 fiber ribbon connector)
Page 33
Splitters Used with Passive Optical Network (PON) systems Used to split one fiber into multiple fibers Decreases power Splits bandwidth Split ratios are factors of 2 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 1x32 Different deployment methods Centralized splits Distributed splits Cascaded splits
Splitters
Splitter Distribution Cabinets
Page 34
MDU deployments MDU installations are different than single-family home installations Most MDU installations require tight bends and bend insensitive fibers Manufacturers have developed fibers and distribution products specifically for MDU applications
Page 35
Agenda
Drivers for FTTx
Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts the components Installation techniques Network design configurations
Page 36
OSP Cable Placement Options
Aerial Fast, minimal restoration time Typical choice for overbuilding existing aerial plant
Below Grade Required by regulations for most Greenfield installations Aesthetically pleasing!
Page 37
OSP Cable Placement Options
Below Grade
Direct Buried In conduit In gas Lines In sewers
Page 38
OSP Buried Considerations
Existing neighborhood, or a new
development? Must call your local One Call to locate existing utilities. Expose these utilities wherever you will be crossing them. A vacuum excavator is normally used to expose utilities. This is called soft excavation. Source: FTTH Council
Page 39
Overbuilding with Buried Plant
Directional Drilling
Bores under driveways, streets, landscape,
around existing utilities
Least restoration of ground of buried solutions
Ensures good aesthetics
Higher skilled operation than other methods
More expensive equipment
Typically surface launched
Pilot bore is followed by a pullback of the cable
Source: FTTH Council
Page 40
Overbuilding with Buried Plant
Vibratory Plow
Lower cost option where no surface obstacles exist
Little damage to surface, normally just leaves a
narrow slot
Typically requires minimal restoration to the
ground after installation
Conduit/cable is installed behind the plow blade
Less operator expertise needed
Normally requires only one operator
Source: FTTH Council
Page 41
Greenfield with Buried Plant
Open cut trenching
Often lowest cost method
Easiest to operate method, lower
skilled operator
Requires the most restoration of the
ground of the 3 methods
In new developments can lay
cable/conduit in common utilities trench
Source: FTTH Council
Page 42
Splicing Fusion Most common type of splice Fibers joined together and melted at approximately 1600 degrees C
Illustration of electrodes used
to form fusion splicing arc
Mechanical Common overseas Less common in US FTTH installations Splice sleeve to cover completed splice
Page 43
Optical Loss Budget
Designers must ensure enough light can reach the home in both directions. Fiber Management
OLT
Unmanaged Switch
Component
Typical loss values
@ 1550 nm
Fiber
0.25-0.30 dB/km
Splices
0.05 dB
Connectors
0.25 dB
Splitters (1x32)
17-18 dB
Encoder & DVD
Page 44
Agenda
Drivers for FTTx
Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts the components Installation techniques Network design configurations
Page 45
PON Design Considerations
CapEx/OpEx Cost per Household Cost per Subscriber Cost to Connect Scalability Ease of in-network additions Ease of network extensions Build ability Ability to construction within required timelines Ability to construction without damaging customer relations
Incremental Cost per HH Passed Relative to Take Rate
$180
$160
$140
Incremental Cost
$120
$100
$80
$60
$40
$20
$0
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Hubbed Split
$75
$81
$82
$88
$94
$95
$101
$101
$108
$114
$114
$121
$127
$127
$133
$134
$140
$146
$147
$153
Distributed Split
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
Page 46
Approximate cost proportions
Fiber Materials are only ~8% of cost per home* Fiber Materials must last decades and support multiple generations of electronics FTTH Installed cost per Home*
Electronics: OLT and ONT
generations
8% 43%
32%
Electronics: installation labor 4
generations Construction, Pathways, Design
17%
ODN: Optical Fiber, Cable,
Splitters, Connections
* 35% take rate, costs and proportions may vary from this typical example Proper Selection and Design of the Fiber Materials (the 8%) can help lower the cost of the other 92% Page 47
Network Design Options
Home Run or Active Ethernet/Point to Point Design Central Office
Fibers from the OLT/switch all
the way to the home For PON, splitters placed in a central office Minimizes OLT port usage
SFU
OLT or switch
SFU
SFU
Splitter for PON systems
Page 48
PON Design Options
Centralized Design
Central Office
Splitters placed in a cabinet or hub Reduces OLT port usage Requires investment in cabinet
SFU Cabinet
OLT
SFU
F1 Fiber Splitter
SFU
Page 49
PON Design Options
Distributed Design
Splitters placed in splice cases
Minimizes fiber sizes and splicing Requires dedicated OLT ports
Central Office
Splitter
OLT
Splitter F1 Fiber
F1 Fiber Splice Case
F1 Fiber Splice Case
SFU
SFU
SFU
SFU
Page 50
PON Design Options
Cascaded Design
Central Office
Multiple splits between OLT and ONT
Balance between fiber and OLT port usage Increased loss Splitter
OLT
Splitter
F1.5 Fiber
F1 Fiber
Splice Case or Cabinet
Splice Case or Cabinet
SFU
SFU
Page 51
PON Design Examples
Typical Layout Centralized Split Drop Pedestal Serving Area
Roadway
Households
Drop Pedestals 250 HHs
Roadway
Splitter Cabinet 288 Fiber F2,1-288
288 Fiber F2,1-280 Dead,281-288
288 Fiber F2,1-272 Dead,273-288
288 Fiber F2,1-264 Dead,265-288
288 Fiber F2,1-256 Dead,257-288
Feeder Fiber
Page 52
PON Design Examples
Typical Layout Distributed Split Splitter Serving Area
As the cost per port drops, designs that require a higher utilization of ports but less fiber and splicing become more cost effective
Take Rates
3.
As take rates increase, the impact of dedicating OLT ports to a greater number of splitters is reduced
Assessing Cost Impacts
When conducting a cost analysis to determine the impact of different design
approaches, it is helpful to focus only on cost that vary between the designs
4.
Eliminate costs that are common to the designs being assessed
Cost Assessment Focus
Cost effectiveness can be measured in multiple ways:
Cost per household/living unit
Cost per subscriber
Page 54
PON Design Considerations
Example Cost Assessment Incremental Cost per HH Passed Relative to Take Rate $180
$160
$140
Incremental Cost
$120
$100
$80
$60
$40
$20
$0
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Hubbed Split
$75
$81
$82
$88
$94
$95
$101
$101
$108
$114
$114
$121
$127
$127
$133
$134
$140
$146
$147
$153
Distributed Split
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
$99
Page 55
PON Design Considerations
Example Cost Assessment Incremental Cost per Subscriber Relative to Take Rate $2,500
Incremental Cost
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$0
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Hubbed Split
$1,502
$813
$545
$440
$377
$316
$288
$254
$239
$228
$208
$201
$195
$182
$178
$167
$165
$163
$155
$153
Distributed Split
$1,980
$990
$660
$495
$396
$330
$283
$247
$220
$198
$180
$165
$152
$141
$132
$124
$116
$110
$104
$99
Page 56
MDU Design Approaches
1.
MDU ONT ONT placed at existing demarcation point Utilize existing wiring (coax, cat 3/5) to the living units
2. Single Family ONT
Drop placed to each living unit
ONT mounted within the living unit
3. Desktop ONT
Drop placed within living units (along molding, etc.)
Page 57
MDU Design Pros and Cons
1.
MDU ONT
2.
Single Family ONT
3.
Avoids challenges and costs associated with retrofitting buildings
Dependent on type and condition of existing wiring
Eliminates usage of existing wiring (possibly substandard)
Cost and labor intensive
Desktop ONT
Minimal space requirements
Typically requires drop to be routed through the living units (aesthetics)
Page 58
Summary Video, internet, and new applications are driving bandwidth increases that require fiber Fiber is the best method for providing low cost, high bandwidth services
Lowest cost/bit Lowest OPEX More reliable than metallic technologies Lower attenuation, weight
Fiber architectures include various versions of PON and Point to Point
Multiple ways of deploying FTTH Different design options for outside plant can significant impact costs and network functionality
