Prevent excessive loss of compressor output with an attendant risk of a hot start

The P3 bleed valve must be closed prior to start to

...

Two gauges indicate the most critical engine Torque and ITT
parameters. They are:

Gas generator speed and ITT are also known as Ng and T5

Takeoff: 805°C
The maximum ITT limit is: Continuous: 805°C

Maximum 805°C
Maximum sustained ITT in normal flight is Recommended: 740°C

1090°C
The maximum allowable transient ITT (2 s
maximum) during start is

The maximum allowable continuous Ng is 101,6%

A figure of 100% Ng corresponds to 37 500 rpm

Be used without restrictions

The shaded green portion on the torque meter
indicates that this torque range may ...

May oil brands be mixed? May not be mixed at all

Fuel control heat Prevents fuel icing in the fuel system

(?) The power lever through the Ng governor and The condition lever through the
Engine speed is controlled by Ng governor

a. To control the FCU if its pneumatic operation has failed.

The Emergency Power Lever is used b. Subject to a minimum Ng of 65%

Forgetting to turn off the starter switch after starting Cause no harm, as the starter will disengage by itself
will

If the fuel supply to an engine is interrupted at (?) The propeller feathers after the engine flames out
cruise airspeeds

(?) Condition lever

These engine controls need not be used during
emergency procedures when full power is required

The Low Idle and High Idle positions of the fuel Ng at all positions of the power lever
condition lever influence
The C208 uses the following engine Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-114

(?)It is basically a scale model

The engine used in the C208 differs in the following
way from larger members
of the same engine family

The engine should be filled to within 1½ US quarts of the Max Hot or Max Cold mark

The engine is a Reverse flow free turbine with 3 axial stages and 1 radial stage

Engines of this type can be recognised on the Feathered propellers and forward-mounted exhaust pipes
airport apron by their

(?) 25:1
The approximate gear ratio between the power
turbine and the propeller is
1865 ft-lb
The maximum torque that can be used at any rpm
is
 ITT
On a summer day at a Gauteng airfield (hot and
high), the following parameter will most likely limit
engine power

New engines should (?)Be handled gently until they have been run in

Old engines tend to produce (?)Lower torque and higher ITT values than new engines

a. When fuel levels are low.

b. In icing conditions.
Igniters should be used c. In heavy precipitation

Immediately move the fuel condition lever to cut-off while continuing to wind the
If the temperature rapidly climbs towards the engine with the starter
absolute ITT limit during the start or the Ng
accelerates too rapidly through 35%, the pilot
should

During the start, the fuel condition lever should be Ng reaches 12%
placed in Low Idle when Ng reaches ___ %
Ng = 52%
After a start, the starter switch should be turned off
at which Ng?
Compressor turbine
The essential items on the engine (oil pump, fuel
pump and tacho generator) are driven by the
30 minutes
After three unsuccessful start attempts using the
internal battery, the minimum
waiting period before another attempt is
The flight can be completed, but at a reduced power setting, and the aircraft
If the oil pressure falls into the yellow arc during
flight should be grounded until the problem has been addressed

The propeller can be feathered (?)At any power setting

The propeller slipstream is required to keep excessive heat away from the cargo
The propeller must not be feathered when there is pod
a crosswind from the right with a cargo pod
installed because
Reduce the landing roll to less than that specified in the manual
Thrust reversing can be used during the landing roll
to
Damage the power lever linkage
Selecting thrust reversal when the aircraft is parked
on the ground with the engine shut down will

a. Prevents overspeed in reverse.

b. Allows the blade angle to reduce to a safe value in flight.
The low pitch stop c. Is reset by the pilot for reversing on the ground.
d. Both b and c.

1600 to 1900 rpm

The governing range of the primary propeller
governor is
Feather due to a loss of oil pressure
After an engine failure in cruise, with Ng at 15%
due to windmilling, the propeller will
a. Can be reset for testing at approximately 1750 rpm.
The propeller overspeed governor b. Acts on the propeller to prevent overspeed if the primary governor fails.

(?)The FCU will limit the turbine fuel flow to ensure that the rpm does not continue
If both propeller governors (normal and overspeed)
to increase.
fail
Prevent excessive propeller erosion because of debris
After touchdown, thrust reversal should be
discontinued at 25 kts to
The propeller may be Unfeathered in flight to windmill the engine for a restart

Vacuum is generated By venting P3 air overboard through an ejector

Up to ___° of flap can be used for takeoff 20°

If all electrical power fails in flight, the wing flaps Will remain in their previous position

Retract the flaps

If asymmetric flap extension is noticed, the pilot
must retain roll control and immediately
 Electric trim is available for Elevators

During backup flap system operation, the pilot must The backup system has no limit switches
exercise caution because

The optional extended nose fork provides Extra ground clearance for the propeller

Mainwheels: 4,0 or 5,5 bar

Tyre inflation pressures are Nose Wheel: 3,6 bar

When the right-seat pilot is applying brakes, and The pilot who applies more force has control
left-seat pilot also applies brakes

The brake fluid reservoir is situated In the nose compartment on the left side, forward of the firewall

Brakes will last the longest if (?)All Caravans are braked hard

Set by stepping on the brakes and pulling the handle, and released by pushing in
The park brake is the handle

Taxi speed should be controlled by Brakes, with beta range as required

Pitot heat usage on the ground is recommended (?) Only if visible moisture is seen below freezing

(?)Uses a source below the de-ice/anti-ice switch panel that requires considerable
The alternate static system corrections, especially at high speed

The VMO warning horn

During a high-speed dive with a low power setting,
the pilot hears a warning horn behind his head.
This horn is
Decreased torque, increased ITT
Extension of the inertial separator can be confirmed
by
a. Operating in temperatures below 4°C and driving rain.
b. Temperature is below 4°C and there is a possibility of entering cloud.
Use of inertial separator is recommended when c. When taking off from a dusty airfield.

Cabin air is heated by Compressor output from the engine, through the bleed and outlet valves
The temperature selection knob should be Rotated directly to the desired temperature

The MIXING AIR control can be used as follows Only the FLT-PUSH position may be used in flight

Inverters are used to produce (?) AC to power certain flight instruments

a. The torque gauge.

On a passenger-equipped C208, total electrical b. The propeller rpm gauge.
failure will not affect c. The Ng indicator.

The GPU is connected to the starter and the battery to all other equipment
With the External Power switch in the Start position

Battery heat annunciators are included In aircraft with lead-acid batteries, as they can explode when they overheat.

Six
How many circuit breakers must be pulled to isolate
both buses

One pitot heater (left) can be obtained by Turning on the switch and pulling one of the circuit breakers

(?)20V
The minimum battery voltage required for a start
using external power is
Could be reset in flight, provided that it protects an essential item and is not a
A popped circuit breaker subpanel feeder breaker

The GPU voltage must be 24 to 28 V, and the current capacity must be at least
When using external power, the following
800 A and no more than 1,7 kA
precautions should be taken
 (?) Enjoy your flight to the destination, and then have the light looked at
If the red GENERATOR OFF annunciator comes on
in flight, and the voltage is 28 V with a charging
current of 30 A

The generator is rated at 28 V, 200 A

The electric boost pumps will cease to function, but the engine will continue to run
If the battery and generator switches are turned off
normally
in flight
a. Two amber lights added to the annunciator panel.
To see if a particular Caravan has a standby power b. Standby power and avionics standby power switches on the electrical panel.
system, one should look for c. Two additional breakers on the electrical panel

The normal position for the two fuel selectors is Both must be open

Useable fuel capacities are 332 US gallons on all models

a. For up to 150 hours between overhauls, subject to restrictions.

-OR-
Aviation petrol (Avgas) may be used as a fuel b. Mixed 1:3 with Jet A1 for up to 450 hours between overhauls, subject to
restrictions

Immediately close the fuel selector on the emptiest tank's side

When noticing a fuel imbalance of 300 lb, the pilot
should
(?)a. Starting.
The electric standby pump is intended for use b. Operation with low fuel states.
during c. High-altitude operation on Avgas.

Occurs by gravity.
Transfer of fuel from the wing tanks to the central
tank
The electric fuel pump will normally Kick in by itself if fuel pressure falls
Fuel is heated before entering the FCU by Engine oil, through a heat exchanger

Ramp: 8785
Takeoff: 8750
Maximum operating weights (in pounds) are Landing: 8500

The following speed is not identical to VMO VFE for 20°.

VA at 1000 lbs below maximum landing weight is 137 KIAS.

VY at 15 000' is 104 KIAS.

A pilot is on final approach to a runway with a Landing is prohibited

crosswind of 24 kts

Engine gas generator idle speed will increase with true/false?

increasing field elevation

true/false?
Prolonged use of 115/145 Avgas will cause power
deterioration due to coating of compressor blades

true/false?
Maximum allowable oil consumption is 1 US Quart
per 9 hours
false
The propeller reversing system may be activated
with the engines shut down without damaging the
linkages
true/false?
Failure of the AC-powered instruments in flight can
normally be corrected by switching to the other
inverter
true
If a bus isolation circuit breaker has blown, and
nothing else seems unusual, the pilot can assume
that the problem has isolated itself

The bleed air valve must be open for all starts false
The minimum Ng for a windmilling air start is 12% true
Maximum engine power for takeoff: 1865 ft/lbs @ 1900 rpm

Vso 50 KIAS
 Vs 63 KIAS

Vshort field ldg 78 KIAS

Vx 83 w/20 degrees flaps

85 w/20 degrees flaps

Vbest glide 95 with flaps up"

Vy 104 KIAS

Vcruise climb 110-120 KIAS

148 KIAS at max gross weight 8750 lbs

137 KIAS @ 7500 lbs
Va 125 KIAS @ 6250 lbs
112 KIAS @ 5000 lbs"

10 degrees flaps - 175 KIAS

20 degrees flaps - 150 KIAS
Vfs 30 degrees flaps - 125 KIAS"

Vne 175 KIAS

Vwindow open 175 KIAS
Max ramp weight 8785 lbs

Max takeoff 8750 lbs

Max landing 8500 lbs

1090 °C (red line)

Maximum Start ITT (for 2 seconds only)

850 °C
Transient limitation ITT (for 2 seconds only)

805 °C
Maximum Takeoff ITT (limitation for 5 minutes)

Maximum Climb ITT 765 °C

740 °C
Maximum Cruise ITT (top of green arc)

685 °C
Maximum Idle ITT (usually we idle at 500-600)

Max Gas Generator RPM (Ng) 101.60%

52%-101.6% Normal Operating Range

12% Fuel Condition Lever to Low Idle (for starting)
28% 4 secondary fuel nozzles come online
46% Starter cutout
52% normal for Low Idle
54% Minimum Ng to operate A/C on the ground
70% Generator will produce its full 200 amps
72% must see oil pressure in the green arc
Ng Sequence 65% normal for High Idle
92% Compressor Bleed Valve closes (for cabin heat)

85-105 psi green arc

Oil Pressure 40 + 2 psi will activate the LOW OIL PRESSURE CAS message

Oil Temperature 10 - 99 °C green arc

 14 quart total, 9.5 quart reservoir

NOTE: The shaft that drives the oil system scavenging pump also powers the
Alternator (check oil pressure if standby alternator CAS message goes ON).

Dipstick has 2 indications (MAX HOT, MAX COLD). Fill to within 1 ½ quarts of the
appropriate reading.
Oil System Hot is considered within 10 minutes from shutdown.
Ex. Dipstick reading of marking "3" corresponds to oil 3 quarts low of MAX if hot
and 2 quarts low if cold.
If longer than 10 min from shutdown but engine still warm, motor engine before
checking (then use cold indication)

335 Total Gallons

332 Usable Gallons

Fuel Capacity -Maximum unbalance between tanks is 200 lbs (note: check when in level,
coordinated flight)

-Both left and right fuel tank selectors are set to OFF
-Either left or right fuel tank selector is set to OFF during engine start
Fuel Warning System (single repeating tone) when: -One fuel selector is set to OFF and remaining fuel in other (ON) tank is less than
25 gallons

-Gravity fed to reservoir tank from two wing tanks, each tank has a fuel selector
(ON, OFF)
-Main ejector pump moves fuel from reservoir tank to Fuel Control Unit (FCU)
-Has engine-driven fuel pump (pressurized to 400-600 psi).
-Also has a backup electric boost pump that will automatically come online if in
NORMAL position and fuel flow get too low.
Fuel System -With Engine OFF and Battery ON, fuel flow should read 0
-At Idle (on the ground): fuel flow should read approx 80 - 110
-Use approx 350 lbs/hr for flight planning

Low Fuel CAS message comes on when fuel in either tank is below 25 gallons
28 volt system
28.5v Generator 200A (at 70% Ng)
27.5v Alternator 75A
Lead acid battery: 24v, 45 amp

<24.5v activates Low Voltage CAS message

24.0v minimum battery voltage for starting, also for GPU (when connected and
Electrical System
ON) recommended 26v min
20.0v minimum battery voltage for GPU starting

Normal 1600 - 1900 rpm

-Overspeed limits propeller rpm to a maximum of 1976 rpm, and
-Nf (fuel topping governor) - comes online if normal governor fails - uses Py air
line to set propeller speed at 106% of selected propeller lever position.
Is the active governor when Power Lever is set to Reverse Pitch.

Propeller Governor NOTE: do not put the Power Lever in Beta or Reverse Pitch when engine is not
running or Propeller is in Feather position - can cause damage to the reverse
linkage

flaps 20°, retract to 0° at 1000' agl

Takeoff configuration: Check Ignition - NORMAL

-Flaps 10°, Torque 1100 lbs, should produce approx. 120 kts
-reduce to approx. 600 lbs torque at glide slope intercept
ILS Approach Configuration: -landing speed 80-85 kts

-Prior to FAF, complete before landing checklist,

-Procedure turn outbound: flaps 10° , torque 1100, should produce 120 kts.
Non-precision Approach Configeration -FAF: torque 500, flaps 10°,
-Landing: torque 300, flaps 30°, land 80-85 kts

Holding Airspeed: 120 KIAS

Battery Start: 30 sec ON, 60 sec OFF
 30 sec ON, 60 sec OFF
30 sec ON, 30 minutes OFF

Motoring engine limitations: APU start: 20 sec ON, 120 sec OFF
20 sec ON, 120 sec OFF
20 sec ON, 60 minutes OFF

Indicated by: ITT rises to 1090, indicates an improper fuel to air mixture

Hot Start Response: Fuel condition lever - CUTOFF

Starter - MOTOR (within prescribed limits)

Indicated by: no rise in ITT within 10 seconds of fuel condition lever being moved
to Low Idle

Failed Lightoff / Ignition Failure -Response: Fuel condition lever - CUTOFF, Starter - MOTOR (within prescribed
limits)

Batter Switch - OFF

Starter On CAS message does not go off after Fuel condition lever - CUTOFF
engine start Starter - MOTOR (within prescribed limits)

Indicated by: During starting procedure, Ng stays below 52%

Hung Start Response: Fuel condition lever - CUTOFF

Starter - MOTOR (within prescribed limits)

Indicated by: visible fire/flames

Response: Fuel Condition Lever - CUTOFF

Engine fire during start Fuel Boost Switch - OFF
Starter - MOTOR (within prescribed limits)

Indicated by: engine gauges roll back, engine output reduced until engine stops

Response:

If Ng is above 50%
1. power lever - Idle
2. ignition switch - ON
3. Power lever - as desired
4. Ignition switch - Norm

If Ng is below 50% - quick list, see Airstart

1. power lever - idle
Flameout 2. propeller - MIN
3. fuel condition lever - cutoff
4. Boost pump - ON
5. Starter - START

Indicated by: engine gauges roll back, reduction in engine output, Power Lever
unresponsive
Power and gauges will stabilize at: Fuel flow 80-110 pph, ITT 500-600 degrees C,
Ng 48%

Response:
FCU (fuel control unit) or P3 malfunction 1. power lever - Idle
2. Ignition switch - ON
3. emergency power lever - as required (maintain 65% Ng min)

FBI:
Fuel selector on BOTH,
Fuel Emergencies (low fuel pressure, reservoir low, Boost pump ON,
fuelpump failure, etc) Ignition switch ON

Airspeed 95 kts
Power Lever Idle
Propeller Feather
Fuel Condition Lever SHUTOFF
E i Sh td i fli ht
 Engine Shutdown in flight
For engine fire:
Cabin heat firewall shutoff OFF (pull)

Reduce electrical load: STBY ALT PWR - OFF, Avionics 2 - OFF, IGNITION -
NORM
Vent air fans, A/C, Bleed air switch, Lights (as necessary) - OFF
Emergency Power Lever - NORMAL
Power Lever - IDLE
Propeller - MIN (back to detent only - not feather position)
Fuel Condition Lever - CUTOFF
Fuel Shutoff Switch - ON, Fuel Tanks - both ON,
Battery - ON
Airstart (using Starter) Altitude < 20,000' Fuel Boost switch - ON (verify FUEL ON CAS message appears)
Starter switch - START (verify INGNITION ON CAS message appears)
Ng over 12% and stable, Fuel Condition Lever - LOW IDLE (monitor ITT)
after start Ng 52% min, Starter switch - OFF

Maximum Power
Pitch up to 15° on attitude indicator
Wind Shear Maintain configuration (flaps, etc)

Min Ng for introduction of fuel 12%

30-35%
Typical Hung Start Ng - Point where secondary fuel
nozzle flow starts
Automatic starter cutoff 46%

Engine speed at sea level with FCU/P3 failure 48%

Minimum Ng for re-light following a flame-out 50%
Low Idle 52%
High Idle 65%
65-101.6%
Manual speed range to govern while using
Emergency Power Lever (EPL)
Ng required for 200 amps from starter generator 70%
86-92%
Bleed air valve operating range (fully open below
86%, fully closed above 92%)
Red line 101.6%
Transient limit for 2 seconds 102.6%
335.6 US Gallons
Total Fuel Capacity 1270.4 Litres

332.0 US Gallons
Total Fuel Usable 1256.8 Litres

Total Oil Capacity 14 US Quartz

MTOW 8750 lbs
Max Ramp Weight 8785 lbs
Max Landing Weight 8500 lbs
Vmo 175
8750 lbs -> 148
7500 lbs -> 137
Va 6250 lbs -> 125
5000 lbs -> 112

UP - 10: 175
10 - 20: 150
Vfe 20 - FULL: 125

Max Open Window Speed 175

Pratt and Whitney Canada Inc.
Engine Type PT6A - 114A

Propeller Manufacturer McCauley Propeller Systems

Max Prop Diameter 106 inches
Reference Datum 100 inches forward of front face of firewall (front of nose cone)
Mean Aerodynamic Chord Length 66.40 inches
Max bank angle 60
Flaps Up Load Factors +3.8g, -1.52g
 Flaps Down Load Factors +2.4g
Precautionary Landing (Full Flaps with power) 80
EFATO no flaps speed 100

EFATO full flaps speed 80

95 with cargo pod
Glide Speed 8750 lbs 97 without cargo pod

87 with cargo pod

Glide Speed 7500 lbs 90 without cargo pod

79 with cargo pod

Glide Speed 6250 lbs 82 without cargo pod

71 with cargo pod

Glide Speed 5000 lbs 74 without cargo pod