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    Chronological Development of Criminology

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    Muhammad A. A. Mamun
    This document provides a summary of the chronological development of criminology from primitive thinking to modern integrated theories. It outlines important thinkers and their works from 1154 to 2005 across several schools of thought in criminology including primitive thinking, classical thinking, biological positivism, psychological thinking, sociological thinking, social learning, social control, Chicago school, labeling thinking, conflict thinking, feminist theory, and integrating criminology. It also provides timelines of the theoretical development of criminology and the development of victimology as a field of study. The document comprehensively charts the progression of criminological thought over centuries.

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    Chronological Development of Criminology

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad A. A. Mamun
    715 views13 pages
    This document provides a summary of the chronological development of criminology from primitive thinking to modern integrated theories. It outlines important thinkers and their works from 1154 to 2005 across several schools of thought in criminology including primitive thinking, classical thinking, biological positivism, psychological thinking, sociological thinking, social learning, social control, Chicago school, labeling thinking, conflict thinking, feminist theory, and integrating criminology. It also provides timelines of the theoretical development of criminology and the development of victimology as a field of study. The document comprehensively charts the progression of criminological thought over centuries.

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    Chronological Development of Criminology

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    This document provides a summary of the chronological development of criminology from primitive thinking to modern integrated theories. It outlines important thinkers and their works from 1154 to 2005 across several schools of thought in criminology including primitive thinking, classical thinking, biological positivism, psychological thinking, sociological thinking, social learning, social control, Chicago school, labeling thinking, conflict thinking, feminist theory, and integrating criminology. It also provides timelines of the theoretical development of criminology and the development of victimology as a field of study. The document comprehensively charts the progression of criminological thought over centuries.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    715 views13 pages

    Chronological Development of Criminology

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad A. A. Mamun
    This document provides a summary of the chronological development of criminology from primitive thinking to modern integrated theories. It outlines important thinkers and their works from 1154 to 2005 across several schools of thought in criminology including primitive thinking, classical thinking, biological positivism, psychological thinking, sociological thinking, social learning, social control, Chicago school, labeling thinking, conflict thinking, feminist theory, and integrating criminology. It also provides timelines of the theoretical development of criminology and the development of victimology as a field of study. The document comprehensively charts the progression of criminological thought over centuries.

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    of 13

    Assignment on

    (A group assignment that partially fulfill the course Victimology)

    Department of Criminology & Police Science


    MAWLANA BHASHANI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
    SANTOSH, TANGAIL, 1902.

    The Chronological Development of Criminology

    Submitted By:
    Md. Al Shahriar
    Mst. Shahena Yasmin
    Md. Ibrahim Khalil
    Mst. Sadia Sultana
    Abu Bashar Md. Sohel
    Md. Afjal Hossain
    Najmul Hossain Khan

    CP05003
    CP05010
    CP05013
    CP05015
    CP05030
    CP05031
    CP05034

    Submitted To:
    Md. Omr Faruk
    Lecturer
    Department of Criminology and Police Science
    Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University

    Submission Date:

    02 October 2007

    Department of Criminology & Police Science


    MAWLANA BHASHANI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

    SANTOSH, TANGAIL, 1902.

    The Chronological Development of Criminology


    Primitive Thinking
    Time/ Year
    1154

    Thinker
    Work
    The Pilgrim's Progress (Part One) in which Christian follows the straight and
    narrow path to heaven
    1500
    a common law for England
    1612
    Edward Wightman was executed by being burnt alive in the Market Place
    1678
    John Bunyan
    The Pilgrim's Progress (Part One) in which Christian
    follows the straight and narrow path to heaven
    1756
    William Blackstone An Analysis of the Laws of England
    Classical Thinking
    1764
    Cesare Beccaria
    Free-will individuals commit crime crime is more
    pleasure then pain
    1789
    Jeremy Bentham
    Concern with legal & penal reform rather then crime.
    1845
    Friedrich Engels
    The Condition of the Working Class in England Criminal.
    1979
    Larry Cohen and
    Routine activities theory (crimes to occur a likely offender,
    Marcus Felson
    a suitable target, the absence of a capable guardian against
    crime)
    1986
    Cornish and Clarke Rational Choice Theory (Maximum profit & minimum
    cost)
    Biological Positivism
    1535-1615

    Giambattista Della

    1741-1801

    Johann Kaspar

    1758-1828

    Franz Joseph Gall

    1772-1853

    Charles Caldwell

    1776-1832

    Johann Kaspar
    Spurzheim
    Charles Darwin

    1809-1882
    1835-1909
    1841-1883
    1852-1934

    Cesare Lombroso
    (1876)
    Richard Dugdale
    Raffaele Garofalo

    1856-1929
    1887-1954
    1888-1964
    1898-1977
    1964

    Enrico Ferri
    Ernest Hooten
    Ernst Cretschmer
    William Sheldon
    Hans Jrgen

    Founder the school of physiognomy, the study of facial


    features and their relation to human behaviours.
    Espoused a biological approach to crime causation,
    developed phrenology.
    Espoused a biological approach to crime causation; further
    developed phrenology.
    Search for evidence that brain tissue and cells regulate
    human behavior.
    Continued studies of phrenology.
    Formulated theory of evolution, changed explanation of
    human behavior.
    Theory of born criminal.
    Related criminal behavior to inherited traits.
    Traced roots of criminal behavior to moral-anomalies
    rather than physical characteristics.
    Produce first penal code based on positivist principles.
    Re;ated criminality to hereditary inferiority.
    Introduced the somatotype school of criminology.
    Related body types to illegal behavior.
    In analysing the mechanisms by which genetic

    1977

    Eysenck
    Mednick

    1984

    Taylor

    potentialities are translated into criminal behaviour.


    Inherent criminal tendencies (Criminality arise not only
    genetic fact but also criminogenic environment)
    XYY Super male criminal (The XYY is in extreme risk
    of committing more violent crime).

    Psychological Thinking
    1807-1881
    1835-1918
    1866-1957
    1940
    ------

    Isaac Ray
    Henry Maudsley
    Henry H. Goddard
    Freud
    Maslow

    1976
    1987

    Murray
    Gordon

    Moral insanity responsible for illegal acts.


    Pioneered criteria for legal responsibility.
    Related criminal behavior to intelligence.
    Crime is a symptom of more deep-seated problem.
    Crime is a means by which individuals can satisfy there
    basic needs.
    Delinquency from learning disability.
    High IQ adolescent has lower probability to commit crime.

    Sociological Thinking
    1796-1874
    1798-1857

    Adolphe Quetelet
    Auguste Comte

    1802-1866

    Andre Michel
    Guerry
    Gabriel Tarde
    Herbert Spencer
    Durkheim
    Charles Buckman
    Goring
    Sheldon Glueck
    Eleanor Glueck
    Talcott Parson

    1843-1904
    1876
    1893
    1870-1919
    1896-1980
    1898-1972
    1951

    Social Learning
    1912
    Tared
    1939
    Sutherland
    1960
    Cressey
    1960
    1966b

    Richard Cloward
    Lloyd Ohlin
    Akers & Burgess

    Social Control
    1951
    Reiss
    1956
    Reckless

    Social determination of behavior.


    Brought modern scientific methods from physical to social
    science.
    First repudiate free-will doctrine; related crime statistics to
    social factor.
    Explained crime as learned behavior.
    The utilitarian tradition in industrial society.
    Crime is a social problem & it is functional for the society.
    Used criminal research to refute Lombrosos theory of
    criminal types.
    Espoused primary social causes of delinquency, also
    psychological and biological explanations.
    Description of the sick role as, in important respects,
    "deviant"
    Criminal behavior involved into direct imitation.
    Criminal behavior is learnt from differential association.
    Differential association is related to differential social
    organization.
    Theory of Delinquent Gangs
    Criminal behavior is learnt from differential association &
    differential reinforcement.
    Delinquency is the failure of personal & social control.
    Containment theory (Crime is the cause of unfavorable
    self-concept& lack of strong inner & reinforcing outer
    control).

    1957
    1958

    Toby
    Nyel

    1969

    Hirschi

    1990

    Gottfredson
    Hirschi

    Crime is the cause of improper socialization


    Three main categories of social control prevent
    delinquency, i. Direct control,
    ii. Indirect control,
    iii. Internal control.
    Delinquent act result when an individuals bond to society
    is weak or broken.
    Low self-control as the cause of criminal behavior.

    Chicago School
    1921

    Robert E. Park &


    Ernest W. Burgess
    Shaw & Mckay
    1936
    Robert E. Park's
    Anomie or Strain

    Delinquency is caused by detachment from the


    conventional group which is caused by social
    disorganization
    Compared human life with plant ecology.

    1937
    1938

    Symbolic interactionist for theories developed from Mead.


    Crime is caused by anomie which is the contradiction of
    cultural goals & social means.
    Social Theory and Social Structure.
    Status deprivation & the Delinquent subculture.

    Herbert Blumer
    R. Merton

    1949
    Robert K. Merton
    1955
    Abert Cohen
    Labeling Thinking
    1951
    1967

    Lemert
    Howard Becker

    1989

    Braithwaite

    Conflict Thinking
    1958
    Vold
    1964

    Turk

    Labeling as a cause of continuing deviance.


    Crime is the consequence of application by others of rules
    & sanctions to an offender.
    Crime, Shame, & Integration (Theory of reintegrative
    shaming)
    Crime as the behavior of individuals caught up in cultural
    & group conflict.
    Crime is caused by relative powerlessness

    Marxist Theory of crime


    1969
    1980

    Bonger
    Quinney

    1993

    John Lea

    Crime is produced by capitalistic organization of society.


    Crime is an inevitable response to the material conditions
    of capitalism.
    How are ruling and subordinate groups and classes in
    society actually deploying criminal law and
    criminalization?

    Feminist Theory of Crime


    1987
    1988
    1988

    Jhon Hagan
    Daly & Chesneylind
    Adler & Simon

    Power control theory of gender & delinquency.


    Patriarchy is the cause of crime.
    Womens liberation theory.

    1989
    Chesney-lind
    Integrating Criminology

    Mothers liberation is the cause of daughters crime.

    1975
    1985

    Kaplan
    Elliott

    1986
    2005

    Krohn
    John Lea

    Self-derogation theory of adolescent theory.


    Integrative model of Strain, Bonding & Learning theory of
    crime.
    Delinquent Network analysis.
    Terrorism, Crime and the collapse of Civil Liberties.

    Intellectual Development
    Time/ Year
    Thinker

    Work

    1920

    Maurice Parmalee

    First American text book of criminology was written.

    1938

    Merton

    Social structure theory

    1939

    Sutherland

    Offered a social process view of criminology.

    1940

    --------

    1940-1950

    -------

    Teaching of Criminology started at Jail officer school at


    Lucknow in India
    Liberal criminology

    1955

    Walter reckless

    Criminology is a science which studies violation of


    criminal codes
    Crime is caused by relative powerless.

    1958

    Vold

    1960

    Cloward and Ohlin

    1963

    Wolfgang

    1964

    Durkhim

    1965

    Principles of criminology ( 6th edn)

    1967

    Sutherland &
    Cressay
    Reckless

    1969

    Hirchis

    Crime is a result of improper socialization

    1970

    Bloch & Geiss

    Entire body of knowledge regarding the cause &


    prevention of crime, punishment & correction of criminals
    Radical criminology

    Drew attention to the functioning of social structures in


    the caution of crime.
    Criminologist is a concern towards a scientific approach,
    study & analysis of the phenomena of crime & criminal
    behavior.
    Crime is a social fact. It is a normal aspect of society.

    Crime is a result of improper socialization.

    1970

    -------

    1974
    1976

    Gibbons &
    Garabediaan
    Hunt

    Identify three major perospective in the growth of


    criminology, Conservative, Liberal, and Radical.
    Reaction and Social Control is giving rise to deviance.

    1977

    Gibbons

    Embraces etiology of criminals behavior, social response


    of crime, control of crimes & correction of criminals.

    1978

    Hugh Barlow

    Faith in efficient police and criminal justice machinery.

    1981
    1985

    Taylor, Walton,
    Young
    Akers

    1988

    Chesney-lind

    Social theory of deviance ( abolition of inequalities in


    wealth and powers).
    Crime is committed because it is positively reinforced,
    negative reinforced or imitated.
    Patriarchy over womens labour and sexuality is the cause
    of crime.

    Theoretical Criminology
    Figure:3
    1957

    1958

    1961

    1964

    1967

    1969

    1969

    1973

    1975

    1975

    Merton
    Vold
    Richard Cloward and Lloyd
    Ohlin
    Emile Durkeim
    Reckless
    Travis Hirchi,
    Bonger
    Zimiring and Hawkings
    Gibbs
    Howard G.Kaplan

    1985

    Akers
    1957

    1958

    1961

    1964

    1967

    1969

    1969

    The Chronological Development of Theory

    Theoretical Criminology
    Figure:4
    1987

    1988

    1990

    1992

    Terence P.
    Thornberry
    Kathleen Daly and Meda
    Chesney
    Gottfredson and Hirchi
    Ritzer

    1987

    1988

    1990

    1992

    1973

    1975

    1975

    1985

    Development of Victimology
    1937

    Meldensohn

    Interviewed victims to obtain information.

    1941

    Hans Von Henting

    An article about the victim-criminal interaction.

    1940

    Mendelsohn

    Began to explore the field of victimology.

    1947

    Mendelsohn

    Presented a paper in frence at a congress in Bucharest.;

    1948

    Von Henting

    Studied victims of homicide.

    ------

    Von Henting

    1958

    Wolfgang

    He drew attention to the part played by victims in


    precipating crimes of violence.
    The role of the victim as co-precipator of the crime.

    1959,1963

    Nagel

    Victimological notion, that is victim offender relationship.

    1968

    Sachfer

    1971

    Fattah

    The victim and his criminal. A study into functional


    responsibility.
    Published a book: La victim-Is the victim blame.

    1974

    Drapkin,
    Viano
    Luckenbills
    situated transaction
    model
    Benjamin &
    Masters Threefold
    model.
    Cohen & Felsons
    Routine Activities
    Theory.

    1977
    ------1979

    1980
    1985

    Von Henting
    Meldensohn
    Elias

    The study of victimization as a separate discipline.


    The interpersonal level, crime and victimization is a
    context of character.
    The idea is that support crime can be classified into three
    general categories.
    Crime occurs when three conditions come together.
    i)Suitable targets
    ii)Motivated offenders
    iii)absence of guardians.
    Victim precipitation was vigoriously attacked by feminists.
    Gender equality perspective have made mainstream
    victimologists more sensitive to gender issue & to power to

    inequalities.
    1986,1992

    Fattah

    Can be regarded as belonging to the first generation of


    penal victimologist.

    The Development of Schools of Criminology:


    School
    Preclsssical School

    Time/ Year
    1700-1850

    Thinker
    Hobbes,Locke and
    Rousseau
    Cesare Beccaria,
    Jeremy Bentham

    Classical School

    Mid 18th century

    The neo-classical
    School

    1851-1900

    Prof. Gillin

    Positivist school

    19th century

    Cesare
    Lombroso,Enrico
    Ferri, Raffaele
    Garofalo

    Clinical School

    After posttive
    School

    Prof. Gillin

    Geographical
    School

    1830-1880

    D.R. Taft,Quetelet
    and
    Guerry,Montesque &
    Lombroso

    Socialist School

    1850

    Bonger

    Criminological Work
    Deals with person, group and
    behavor of the person
    Based on utilitarian
    philosophy ie. 1) people have
    free will to choose how to act,
    ii) Punishment can deter
    people from crime, iii) The
    more swift and certain the
    punishment, the more
    effective it is in detering
    criminal behavior
    Certain situations or mental
    disorders deprive a person of
    his normal apacety to control
    his conduct.
    Behaviour is caused by
    internal and external factors
    outside of the individual's
    control. The scientific method
    was introduced and applied to
    study human behavior
    Offender is a product of his
    biological inheritance
    conditioned in his
    development by experiences
    of life to wich he has
    beenexposed from infancy
    upto the time of the
    commission of crime
    The phenomenon of crime is
    closely related with the
    geography, climate, altitude of
    the place where crime takes
    place
    Crime is not only the reaction
    of poor people but also the
    disrecpect of the capitalistic
    society.

    Typological School

    1875

    Sociological
    School

    1915

    Chicago School

    Early
    twentieth century

    Note:
    1986
    2006

    Lombroso, Dr,Goring The criminal tyoes have been


    classified on the basis of
    anthropologecal &
    psychological date.
    Tarde, Sutherland,
    Seeks to locate causation of
    Cohen
    crime in social environment
    Robert Ezra Park,
    Ernest Burgess

    They identified five


    concentric zones that often
    exist as cities grow, including
    the "zone in transition" which
    was identified as most volatile
    and subject to disorder. They
    also focused on juvenile
    delinquents, finding that they
    were concentrated in the zone
    of transition

    Centre for Criminology established at Middlesex Polytechnic (later University) to


    develop interdisciplinary research into crime and the criminal justice system.
    Crime and Conflict Research Centre developed by sociologists and criminologists
    at Middlesex University.

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