Murata - Basics of EMI Filters
Murata - Basics of EMI Filters
Murata - Basics of EMI Filters
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
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Noise Suppression
by EMI Filtering
Murata
Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
No.TE04EA-1.pdf
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
INTRODUCTION
The need to attain an EMI controlled environment is an important issue for electronic systems.
The FCC and other regulatory agencies are enforcing stringent restraints on EMI emissions.
This coupled with the growing number of electronic and digital systems industrial, commercial
and consumer markets is making electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) a necessity. That is,
various system must be able to function in close proximity without either radiating noise or being
affected by it. This trend will guarantee that EMI issues will indefinitely continue to gain importance to design engineers.
This text includes the basic principles on noise suppression using filters. It will provide engineers
with a general understanding of EMI problems and practical solutions to eliminate these problems using EMI filters.
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Emission:
The phenomenon by which electromagnetic energy emanates from a source.
Immunity:
The ability of equipment to perform without degradation or being damaged by electromagnetic interference.
EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility):
The ability of equipment or system to function satisfactorily in an electromagnetic
environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbance to anything in
that environment.
EMI (Electromagnetic Interference):
Degradation of the performance of equipment, transmission channel or system,
caused by an electromagnetic disturbance.
[Notes]
EMC (electromagnetic compatibility)
means equipments or
unsatisfactory.
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Noise Regulations
3
'86
'96
Regulations on
noise emission
U.S.A.
(FCC part 15)
Japan
(VCCI: Voluntary control)
EU
(EMC directive)
'96
Regulations on
noise immunity
EU
(EMC directive)
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Radiation
noise
1
Noise source
Conductive
noise
Conductive
noise
3 Radiation noise
Radiation
noise
Equipment or
device exposed
to noise
1 Conduction
2 Radiation
3 Conduction
Radiation
4 Radiation
Conduction
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
4
EMI filter
1
Noise source
EMI filter
EMI filter
Equipment or
device exposed to
noise
EMI filter
A
Shielding
B
Shielding
EMI filter
2 Radiation................................................ Shielding
Shielding
Shielding
Conduction.............. Shielding
EMI filter
3 Conduction
4 Radiation
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Type of Noise
High-frequency noise
(Harmonic wave of signal, etc.)
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Typical Filters
7
Typical filters
Insertion loss
High-pass filter
Pass
band
Pass
band
Frequency
Band-pass filter
Band-elimination filter
Insertion loss
Frequency
Pass
band
Insertion loss
Insertion loss
Low-pass filter
Pass
band
Frequency
Pass
band
Frequency
Level
Signal
EMI filter
Signal
+
Noise
Signal
Noise
Frequency
[Notes]
Band-elimination filter (BEF):
Filters used to pick out the desired signals are classified into the
following four types.
of frequencies.
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Insertion Loss
8
Measuring methods of insertion loss( as specified in MIL STD-220 with input and output impedances of 50 .)
(a) Circuit for measuring insertion loss
50
A(V)
B(V)
50
Voltage (V)
Reference
signal
High
Low
50
Frequency
A(V)
50
C(V)
Voltage (V)
High
EMI filter
Reference
signal
B(V)
C(V)
Low
Frequency
B
C
(Voltage ratio)
1
(Example)
1(V)
20
1/10
0.1(V)
40
1/100
0.01(V)
60
1/1,000
1(mV)
80
1/10,000
0.1(mV)
1/100,000
0.01(mV)
100
Frequency
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Low-pass Filters
9
1. Capacitor
50
Insertion loss
50
Capacitance
0.001F
20
40
0.01F
60
0.1F
80
1F
100
0.001 0.01
|Z|=
0.1
10
100
1000
Frequency (MHz)
Capacitor
1
2 fC
| Z | : Impedance ( )
f : Frequency (Hz)
C : Capacitance (F)
2. Inductor
Suppresses noise.
50
Impedance
Inductance
Impedance ( )
1000
50
1H
800
600
0.1H
400
0.01H
200
0
0.001 0.01
Coil
| Z | =2 fL
| Z | : Impedance ( )
f : Frequency (Hz)
L : Inductance (H)
0.1
10
Frequency (MHz)
[Notes]
100
1000
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
10
20dB
20dB
20dB
Insertion loss
Coil
Insertion loss
Capacitor
0.1
10
20dB
20dB
20dB
100
L-type
L-type
Ratio of
constant
0.1
1
10
0.1
Frequency
Insertion loss
Frequency
40dB
40dB
40dB
frequency.
10
100
Insertion loss
Frequency
T-type
100
0.1
-type
10
60dB
60dB
60dB
0.1
10
100
Frequency
The angle of insertion loss increases
by 20 dB/decade every time one
filter element is added.
10
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
11
Low
High
OUT
L-type
-type
Capacitor
Coil
Low
IN
OUT
IN
L-type
T-type
Input impedance
Zi
Filter
Zo Output impedance
11
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Characteristic of
Capacitors
12
0
10
Ideal
capacitor
0.001F
(1000pF)
20
30
Chip monolithic
two-terminal ceramic capacitor
0.001F (1000pF)
2.0 x 1.25 x 0.6 mm
40
50
1
10
50
100
500 1000
Frequency (MHz)
12
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
At high
frequencies...
ESL: Equivalent series inductance (L)
(Residual inductance)
GND
Insertion loss
Ideal
characteristic
of capacitor
Limiting curve
by ESL
Frequency
Self-resonance frequency
Self-resonance frequency
The frequency at which resonance occur due to the capacitors own capacitance, and
residual inductance. It is the frequency at which the impedance of the capacitor becomes
zero.
From j2fL + 1/j2fC = 0,
f = 1/2LC
f: Self-resonance frequency
C: Capacitance
L: Residual inductance
13
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Insertion loss
Capacitance
Small
Limiting curve
by ESL
Medium
Large
Frequency
Insertion loss
ESL
Large
Medium
Small
Frequency
When the residual inductance is the same, the insertion loss does
not change at frequencies above the self-resonance frequency,
regardless of whether the capacitance value of the capacitor is
increased or decreased. Therefore for greater noise suppression at
frequencies higher than the self-resonance frequency, you must
select a capacitor with a higher self-resonance frequency, i.e. small
residual inductance.
14
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
15
Leaded monolithic
two-terminal ceramic
capacitor (0.01 F)
20
40
Chip aluminum
electrolytic
capacitor (47 F)
5.8 x 4.6 x 3.2 mm
Chip monolithic
two-terminal ceramic
capacitor (0.01 F)
2.0 x 1.25 x 0.85 mm
Chip aluminum
electrolytic
capacitor (47 F)
8.4 x 8.3 x 6.3 mm
60
Chip monolithic
two-terminal ceramic
capacitor (0.1F)
2.0 x 1.25 x 0.85 mm
Leaded monolithic
two-terminal
capacitor (0.1 F)
80
0.5
10
50 100
500 1000
Frequency (MHz)
15
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Type of Capacitor
3.0 nH
(0.01 F)
Leaded disc ceramic capacitor
2.6 nH
(0.1 F)
Leaded monolithic ceramic capacitor
1.6 nH
(0.01 F)
Leaded monolithic ceramic capacitor
1.9 nH
(0.1 F)
Chip monolithic ceramic capacitor
0.7 nH
0.9 nH
6.8 nH
3.4 nH
16
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Two-terminal capacitor
Dielectric
Dielectric
Electrode
Electrode
Lead
Lead
20
Leaded disc ceramic capacitor
(1000pF)
40
Leaded three-terminal ceramic
capacitor with built-in ferrite beads
(DSS306-55B102M:1000pF)
60
Leaded three-terminal ceramic capacitor
(DS306-55B102M: 1000 pF)
Ideal characteristic
of capacitor
80
1
10
50 100
Frequency (MHz)
With leaded two-terminal capacitors, the residual inductance is
larger because the lead wires work as inductors.
By making the three terminal structure ,the residual inductance
in series with capacitance become lower .Therefore the insertion
loss is better than two terminal capacitors.
17
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
18
Ground terminal
I/O terminal
Ground terminal
Ground terminal
Electrode pattern
Electrode
pattern
Electrode
pattern
Electrode pattern
20
Leaded disc ceramic capacitor
(1000 pF)
40
Chip monolithic ceramic capacitor
(1000 pF) 2.0 x 1.25 x 0.6 mm
Leaded three-terminal capacitor
(DS306-55B102M: 1000 pF)
60
80
1
10
50 100
Frequency (MHz)
The structural model of the chip three-terminal capacitor is shown
above. An electrode pattern is printed on each dielectric sheet.
Input and output terminals are provided on both ends and are
connected using the electrode pattern. This structure allows the
signal current to pass through the capacitor.The residual inductance
on the ground terminal is reduced with ground terminals on both
sides.
This structure makes an extremely low residual inductance, which
provides a higher self-resonance frequency.
18
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Feedthrough Capacitors
19
(a) Structure of capacitors
Three-terminal capacitor
Feedthrough capacitor
Dielectric
Shielding plate
Electrode
Dielectric
Lead
Feedthrough
terminal
Ground electrode
20
40
60
80
1
10
50 100
Frequency (MHz)
Feedthrough capacitors have a structure in which the ground
electrode surrounds the dielectric and the signal terminal goes
through the dielectric. Feedthrough capacitors are used by making
a mounting hole in the shielding case and soldering the ground
electrode directly to the shielding case (plate). Since this type of
capacitor has no residual inductance on the ground terminal side
as well as on the signal terminal side, it can provide nearly ideal
insertion loss characteristics.
19
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
20
Insertion loss
Insertion loss
Limiting curve
by ESL
Frequency
Ideal
characteristic
of capacitor
Self-resonance frequency
Limiting curve
by ESR
Ideal
characteristic
of capacitor
Frequency
Insertion loss
Frequency
20
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
C (Stray capacitance)
C (Stray capacitance)
As the frequency
increases
At low frequencies,
the inductor is dominant.
Insertion loss
Limiting curve
by stray
capacitance
Ideal
characteristic
of inductor
Self-resonance frequency
Frequency
Limiting curve by
stray capacitance
Ideal
characteristic
of inductor
Frequency
21
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
(a) Structure
Feedthrough terminal
Ferrite core
Magnetic flux
Current
BL02RN2
160
Impedance ()
140
120
Z =R +j X
(Z2 =R 2+X2)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.5
5 10 20
Frequency (MHz)
22
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
23
At high frequencies, ferrite bead inductors work like resistors instead of inductors.
Equivalent circuit
L(f)
In a low-frequency range
R(f)
as frequency increases
In a high-frequency range
1k
Impedance ()
Impedance ()
10k
100
Z
R
10
1k
Z
100
10
1
1
10
50 100
500 1000
10
50 100
500 1000
Frequency (MHz)
Frequency (MHz)
Resistance is small.
(The loss is low, i.e. Q is high.)
Resistance is dominant.
(The loss is high.)
23
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
24
Electrode pattern
Electrode pattern
24
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Impedance Characteristic
25
Example of different impedance characteristic
1500
Sample B
Impedance ()
1200
900
600
Sample A
300
10
100
Frequency (MHz)
1000
Sample A
Sample B
With ferrite bead inductors, the impedance characteristic varies depending on the material and
structure. The signal waveform and noise suppression effect vary depending on the impedance.
25
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
4. Other Filters
4.1. Differential and Common Mode Noise
Noise
source N
Stray
capacitance
Load
Noise
source N
Stray
capacitance
Suppresses noise.
Noise
source N
Stray
capacitance
Stray
capacitance
Load
Noise
source N
Load
Signal
source
Load
Signal
source
Signal
source
26
Noise N
source
Load
Signal
source
Line bypass
capacitor
Metallic casing
Reference ground surface
Noise is classified into two types according to the conduction
mode.
[Notes]
are installed on all lines on which
noise is conducted.
In the examples shown above, the following two suppression
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
4. Other Filters
4.2. Noise Suppression by Common Mode Choke Coils
27
Common mode choke coils work as a simple wire against differential mode current (signal),
while they work as an inductor against common mode current (noise).
(a) Structure
Load
Z
Noise source
Z
Noise source
Stray
capacita
Stray
capacitance
Load
Stray
capacitance
N
Stray
capacitance
Reference ground surface
27
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
4. Other Filters
4.2. Noise Suppression by Common Mode Choke Coils
(Common mode)
Impedance ()
10000
PLM250H10
PLM250S20
PLM250S30
PLM250S40
PLM250S50
1000
100
10
H10
S20
(Differential mode)
10
100
Frequency (MHz)
Since magnetic flux cancels out inside the ferrite core, impedance
is not produced for differential mode current. The magnetic
saturation problem is small. Common mode choke coils are suited
for common mode noise suppression on lines with large current
flow, such as AC/DC power supply lines. Since they do not affect
signal waveform, they are also suited for common mode noise
suppression on lines where signal waveform distortion causes a
problem, such as video signal lines.
The above graph shows examples of impedance characteristics
of DC common mode choke coils. Actual characteristics also
contain differential mode impedance, and this must be considered
when using common mode choke coils in circuits where the signal
waveform is significant.
28
[Notes]
S30
S40
S50
1000
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
4. Other Filters
4.3. Example of Noise Suppression by using Common mode Choke Coils
29
DC power supply
input section
Three-terminal capacitor
Suppresses differential
mode noise.
29
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
4. Other Filters
4.3. Example of Noise Suppression by using Common mode Choke Coils
30
Switching
power supply
Across-the-line capacitor
(X-capacitor)
Suppresses differential
mode noise.
Across-the-line capacitor
(X-capacitor)
Suppresses differential
mode noise.
30
[Notes]
Load
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
4. Other Filters
4.4. Varistors
31
Surge voltage
is applied
Voltage
Time
Initial waveform
Using a capacitor
Voltage
Voltage
Time
Time
Using a varistor
Varistor voltage
Voltage
Time
31
[Notes]
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
4. Other Filters
4.4. Varistors
Characteristic of Varistor
32
Internal resistance of noise source
and line impedance
Zo
Circuit to be
protected
Current
Impulse noise
voltage
Varistor voltage
1mA
Voltage
Circuit to be
protected
Surge current
Circuit to be
protected
Zo
Zo
Impulse noise
voltage
Characteristic of varistor
Varistor voltage
The Voltage applied across the terminals when a current of 1 mA flow through varistor .
Peak pulse current
Impulse current which the varistor can withstand.
When the voltage surge does not exceed the varistor voltage, the
varistor works as a capacitor. However, when the surge voltage
[Notes]
width of 20 s). If the peak pulse
current rating is insufficient,then
the varistor may be damaged.
No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20
Note:
1. Export Control
For customers outside Japan
Murata products should not be used or sold for use in the development, production, stockpiling or utilization of any conventional weapons or mass-destructive
weapons (nuclear weapons, chemical or biological weapons, or missiles), or any other weapons.
For customers in Japan
For products which are controlled items subject to the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law of Japan, the export license specified by the law is
required for export.
<
>
<
>
2. Please contact our sales representatives or engineers before using our products listed in this catalog for the applications requiring especially high reliability what
defects might directly cause damage to other party's life, body or property (listed below) or for other applications not specified in this catalog.
1 Aircraft equipment
2 Aerospace equipment
3 Undersea equipment
4 Medical equipment
5 Transportation equipment (automobiles, trains, ships,etc.)
6 Traffic signal equipment
7 Disaster prevention / crime prevention equipment
8 Data-processing equipment
9 Applications of similar complexity or with reliability requirements comparable to the applications listed in the above
3. Product specifications in this catalog are as of February 1998, and are subject to change or stop the supply without notice. Please confirm the specifications
before ordering any product. If there are any questions, please contact our sales representatives or engineers.
4. The categories and specifications listed in this catalog are for information only. Please confirm detailed specifications by checking the product specification
document or requesting for the approval sheet for product specification, before ordering.
5. Please note that unless otherwise specified, we shall assume no responsibility whatsoever for any conflict or dispute that may occur in connection with the effect
of our and/or third party's intellectual property rights and other related rights in consideration of your using our products and/or information described or
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above under licenses without our consent.
6. None of ozone depleting substances (ODS) under the Montreal Protocol is used in manufacturing process of us.
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