Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonding
BONDING
A covalent bond is formed when non-metallic atoms share electrons. There are 3
different types of substances which contain covalent bonds.
(1)
THE COVALENT MOLECULAR MODEL
Are together by strong covalent bonds within the molecule (Intramolecular)
Relatively weak forces of attraction between molecules (Intermolecular)
When two or more atoms share electrons, a MOLECULE is formed
VSEPR- Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion Model
States that electron pairs (bonding
and non-bonding) in the outer shell of
an atom in a molecule will repel one
another due to their negative charge
and assume positions as far apart as
possible, whilst remaining attached to
the atom.
Shapes of Common Molecules
Although lone pairs help to determine
the shape of a molecule, they are not
included in the description of that
shape. Shape describes the position of
atoms only.
Intramolecular Forces
When two non-metal form a covalent bond, one atom usually attracts the bonding
electrons more strongly than the other atom. This is because different atoms have
different Electronegativities.
Trends in Electronegativity in the Periodic Table (Noble gases are excluded)
Increasing
Electronegativity
Periodic Table
in the
Linear and tetrahedral models with equal polar bonds will be non-polar
V-shaped or pyramid shaped molecules will be polar molecules, their polar
bonds dont cancel
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces hold molecules to each other. These attractive forces are
weaker than metallic, ionic or covalent bonds, but they are responsible for whether
the molecular compound exists in the solid, liquid or gaseous state.
Dipole-Dipole Attractions- If the molecules are polar, the positive end of one
molecule attracts the negative end of the next molecule, which attracts the next
and so on. Bw polar molecules
Hydrogen Bonding- This is stronger than dipole-dipole bonding. Three things
must be present in the molecule for Hydrogen to
occur:
- Hydrogen
with
Oxygen
- Fluorine
- Nitrogen
present
or F
Forces
The weakest bonding force, in all substances. Only force between non polar
molecules. It arises due to the constant movement of electrons within atoms.
Using the Covalent Molecular Model to Explain Properties
PROPERTY
Low melting and boiling points
Exist as soft solids, liquids or gases
EXPLANATION
Very weak forces of attraction between
molecules
Very weak forces of attraction between
molecules
No free moving charges particles present
PROPERTY
Very high melting temperatures
Exist as very hard solids
Non-conductors of electricity in
the solid and liquid state
Brittle
(3)
EXPLANATION
Very strong covalent bonding exists throughout
the lattice
Very strong covalent bonding exists throughout
the lattice
No free moving charges particles present
When the covalent bonds break the lattice is
distorted
PROPERTY
Very high melting
temperature
Conductor of Electricity
Metallic Sheen
Soft, Flaky and Slippery to
touch
EXPLANATION
It is very difficult to break the strong covalent bonds
between the atoms of the layers
Delocalised electrons can move across layers
Light interacts with delocalised electrons
Weak dispersion forces between the layers allow
them to slide over each other.
CHAPTER 06
ANION-a negatively charged ion
EMPIRICAL FORMULA- a formula of a compound that shows the elements
present and their ratio
IONIC BOND- the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
CONDUCTIVITY- (of electricity) allows and electrical current to pass through
ELECTROVALENCY- The electric charge of an ion
SALINITY- the presence of salt in water and soil that can damage plants and
inhabit their growth
CHAPTER 07
ALLOTROPE- different physical forms of the same element
DIPOLE- a molecule that has two oppositely charges poles or ends
SUBLIMES- a substance that goes from the solid state to the gaseous phase
without passing through a liquid phase
DISPERSION FORCE- the attraction that exists between molecules because
of the instantaneous dipoles that form as electrons move randomly