EGR 140 Summer 2012 Midterm Review PDF

EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS
Instructor: Dr. Yiheng Wang

COPYRIGHT 2012 DANVILLE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Midterm Review
DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

Chapter 2: Force Vectors
Vector Algebra
z
Azk
Cartesian Vector
Representation:
A
k
j
A Ax i Ay j Az k
Axi
Ayj y
Vector Algebra
z
Azk
Magnitude of a
Cartesian Vector:
A
k
A Ax2 Ay2
A A2 Az2
A Ax2 Ay2 Az2
Axi
Ayj y
A'
Vector Algebra
z
Azk
Direction of a
Cartesian Vector:
Coordinate
direction angles
a, b and g.
a
Axi
Ayj y
A'
Vector Algebra
z
Azk
Unit Vector:
A
uA
Ay
A Ax
Az
uA i j k
A A
A
A
u A cos a i cos b j cos g k

Axi
The magnitude of uA is 1,
Ayj y
A'
A Au A
cos a 2 cos b 2 cos g 2 1

A cos a i A cos b j A cos g k

Ax i Ay j Az k
6
Addition of Cartesian Vectors

A B Ax i Ay j Az k Bx i By j Bz k
Ax Bx i Ay By j Az Bz k
F1
FR F Fx i Fy j Fz k
F2
F4
z
F3
Position Vector
z
zk
P(x,y,z)
r
r xi yj zk
yj
xi
x
Position Vector
z
rAB rB - rA
xB - x A i yB - y A j z B - z A k
rA
A(xA,yA,zA)
B(xB,yB,zB)
rB
y
rBA rA - rB
x A - xB i y A - yB j z A - z B k
Force Vector Directed Along a Line

r
F Fu F
r
x - x i y - y j z - z k
B
A
B
A
F B A
x - x 2 y - y 2 z - z 2
B
A
B
A
B
A
A
F
r
B
10
Dot Product
A B AB cos q Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz
AB
q cos
AB
1
0 q 180
q
B
The magnitude of the projection of vector A along an axis aa

(the direction of which is specified by unit vector ua) is:
Aa A u a
11

Chapter 3:
Equilibrium of a Particle
Conditions for particle equilibrium

The 0 here is a vector zero.
FR F 0
2-D problems:
Fx 0
Fy 0
3-D problems:
Fx 0
Fy 0
Fz 0
13
Springs and Cable-Pulley Systems
Cable-Pulley Systems
Springs
F ks
Assume the cable is continuous and

there is no friction, the cable is subjected
to a constant tension, T, throughout its
length, regardless what q is.
Positive s for pulling and

negative s for pushing.
14
Free-Body-Diagram (FBD)
Step 1: Identify the problem
Step 2: Isolate the object
Step 3: Identify all the external forces acting
on the object
Step 4: Determine the direction and
magnitude of each force (in a chosen
coordinate system)
15
What to include
The object of interest
All the external forces
Coordinate system
What to exclude
All external contacts and constrains
Forces the object exerts on other objects
Internal forces
16
Example 3.7 (P 106 in the textbook):
Determine the force in each cable to support the 40-lb crate.
1st step: Free-body diagram

Connection at point A is isolated
from the environment
Appropriate coordinate system is
defined
Applied force (W=40 lb) is
demonstrated.
All unknown forces are
demonstrated (FB, FC and FD).
2nd step: Express each force as magnitude

multiplied by the respective unit position vector.
FB FB u AB
rAB
FB
FB
rAB
FC FC u AC
F 0.318i 0.424 j 0.848k

B
2
2
2
3 4 8
3i 4 j 8k
3i 4 j 8k
rAC
FC
FC
32 42 82
rAC
F 0.318i 0.424 j 0.848k

C
FD FD i
W 40k (lb)
3rd step: Use particle equilibrium condition.

FR F 0
Fx 0.318FB 0.318FC FD 0
Fy 0.424 FB 0.424 FC 0
Fz 0.848FB 0.848FC 40 0
FB FC 23.6 (lb)
FD 15 (lb)

Chapter 4:
Force System Resultants
What is moment?
Moment is a vector property
that describes the rotational
effect (or rotational tendency)
about a point produced by a
force.
Also known as torque or
moment of force.
22
Components of moment
Moment center: the point about which the
rotational effect is produced.
Moment arm: the perpendicular distance
from the moment center to the line of action
of the force.
Magnitude: the quantified strength of the
rotational effect.
Moment center
M O Fd
Sense and Direction: defined by the moment
axis, which is perpendicular to the plane that
contains the force and the moment arm. The
moment will cause a counterclockwise
rotational effect about this axis.
Moment arm
23
Determine the sense and direction of

moment: right-hand rule
M
Curl your right-hand fingers from

the moment center to the
direction of force, then your
thumb will represent the moment
axis. The rotation tendency will be
counterclockwise about the
moment axis.
F
M rF
24
How to calculate moment?

Scalar formulation:
M O Fd F r sin q
Vector formulation:
MO r F
Principle of
transmissibility:
MO r1 F r2 F r3 F
This suggests that moment can be calculated using a position vector, r, from
moment center, O, to any arbitrary point on the line of action of the force, F.
25
Quick review of vector cross product

i
A B Ax
Bx
j
Ay
By
k
Az
Bz
Ay Bz Az By i Ax Bz Az Bx j Ax B y Ay Bx k
This is how you remember it:
26
Principles of moments
Moment is a vector, therefore it has all the
properties of a vector.
MO r F r F1 F2
M R O r F
r1 F1 r2 F2 r3 F3
27
Moment of a force about a specified axis

uax
M a u a r F rx
Fx
ua y
ry
Fy
uaz
rz
Fz
The result is a scalar (magnitude of the projected

moment), and the projected moment vector is:
M a M au a
Similar to what was introduced in Section 2.9, on how to calculate the
magnitude of projected force along a specified axis.
28
Couple moment
A couple is defined as two parallel forces that have
the same magnitude, but opposite directions, and are
separated by a perpendicular distance d.
The moment produced by a couple is called a couple
moment:
Scalar formulation:
M Fd
Vector formulation:
M rF
F
The position vector, r, can be any arbitrary vector from the line of action of F
to the line of action of F. (Again, principle of transmissibility.)
29
Couple moment
A couple moment is a free vector, i.e., it can
act at any point since M depends only upon
the position vector r directed between the
forces.
In other words, the magnitude and direction
of couple moment M will not change with
different reference point of evaluation.
30
General rules of equivalent system

replacement
FR F
Resultant force from Section 2.6
M R O M O M
Resultant
moment
All the original couple moments
All the moments produced by forces
31
Reduction of a simple distributed loading

wx p x b
Pressure function
FR w x dx dA A
L
M R O L xwx dx x FR
xwx dx xdA
wx dx dA
L
32
Reduction of a simple distributed loading

FR wl
l
x
2
2l
x x
3
1
FR wmax l
2
33

Chapter 5:
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
Conditions for rigid body equilibrium

FR F 0
M R O M O M 0
The 0 here is a vector zero.
The resultant moment is zero with respect to any arbitrary point O.
2-D problems:
3-D problems:
Fx 0
Fy 0
M O 0
Fx 0
Fy 0
Fz 0
M x 0
M y 0
M z 0
Note: you may choose alternative

sets of 3 independent equilibrium
equations. (P 214 of textbook)
35
2-D Support reactions
36
2-D Support reactions (cont.)
37
Note: for 2-D support reactions, only these three on this slide have more than one unknown.
38
3-D Support reactions
39
40
41
42
Procedure to solve rigid-body

equilibrium problems
1. Draw a free-body diagram.
2. Demonstrate all the applied forces and couple
moments.
3. Identify all the support reactions.
a. If a support prevents translational effect in a direction
exerts a force in that direction.
b. If a support prevents rotational effect about an axis
exerts a couple moment about that axis.
4. Set up the scalar equilibrium equations (overall 3

equations for 2-D problems and 6 for 3-D problems),
and solve for unknowns. You can definitely also
solve the problems in vector format using the 2 vector
formula equilibrium equations if you prefer so.
43
Two-Force Members
A two-force member has forces applied
at only two points on the member.
For equilibrium, the two forces must
have the same magnitude, act in
opposite directions, and have the same
line of action.
The line of action of the two forces must
pass through the two points where the
forces act on.
44
Three-Force Members
A three-force member has forces applied at only three points on the

member.
For equilibrium, the three forces must be either concurrent, or all
parallel to each other.
45

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EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS

Instructor: Dr. Yiheng Wang

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS

Chapter 2: Force Vectors

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

A Ax2 Ay2 Az2

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

u A cos a i cos b j cos g k

cos a 2 cos b 2 cos g 2 1

A cos a i A cos b j A cos g k

Addition of Cartesian Vectors

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

Force Vector Directed Along a Line

The magnitude of the projection of vector A along an axis aa

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

Conditions for particle equilibrium

Springs and Cable-Pulley Systems

Assume the cable is continuous and

Positive s for pulling and

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

Example 3.7 (P 106 in the textbook):

Determine the force in each cable to support the 40-lb crate.

1st step: Free-body diagram

2nd step: Express each force as magnitude

F 0.318i 0.424 j 0.848k

F 0.318i 0.424 j 0.848k

3rd step: Use particle equilibrium condition.

EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

Determine the sense and direction of

Curl your right-hand fingers from

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

How to calculate moment?

Quick review of vector cross product

This is how you remember it:

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

Moment of a force about a specified axis

The result is a scalar (magnitude of the projected

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

General rules of equivalent system

Resultant force from Section 2.6

All the original couple moments

All the moments produced by forces

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

Reduction of a simple distributed loading

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

Reduction of a simple distributed loading

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS

DCC EGR 140 ENGINEERING MECHANICS -- STATICS by Dr. Yiheng Wang

Conditions for rigid body equilibrium