A differential Stress Element has a set of applied stresses on it as indicated in each row of Table P4-1. Find the principal stresses and maximum shear stress using Mohr's circle diagram. Draw the rotated Stress Element showing the principal stresses.
A differential Stress Element has a set of applied stresses on it as indicated in each row of Table P4-1. Find the principal stresses and maximum shear stress using Mohr's circle diagram. Draw the rotated Stress Element showing the principal stresses.
A differential Stress Element has a set of applied stresses on it as indicated in each row of Table P4-1. Find the principal stresses and maximum shear stress using Mohr's circle diagram. Draw the rotated Stress Element showing the principal stresses.
A differential Stress Element has a set of applied stresses on it as indicated in each row of Table P4-1. Find the principal stresses and maximum shear stress using Mohr's circle diagram. Draw the rotated Stress Element showing the principal stresses.
A differential stress element has a set of applied stresses on it as indicated in each row of Table P4-1. For row a, draw the stress element showing the applied stresses, find the principal stresses and maximum shear stress using Mohr's circle diagram, and draw the rotated stress element showing the principal stresses.
Given:
x := 1000
y := 0
z := 0
xy := 500
yz := 0
zx := 0
Solution:
See Figure 4-1a and Mathcad file P0401a.
500 y
1. Draw the stress element, indicating the x and y axes.
1000
2. Draw the Mohr's circle axes, indicating the and
axes with CW up and CCW down. 3. Plot the positive x-face point, which is (+1000, -500), and label it with an "x."
FIGURE 4-1aA
4. Plot the positive y-face point, which is (0, +500), and
label it with a "y."
Stress Element for Problem 4-1a
5. Draw a straight line from point x to point y. Using the point where this line intersects the -axis as the center of the Mohr circle, draw a circle that goes through points x and y. 6. The center of the circle will be at
c :=
x + y
c = 500
7. The circle will intersect the -axis at two of the principal stresses. In this case, we see that one is positive and the other is negative so they will be 1 and 3. The third principal stress is 2 = 0. 2
8. Calculate the radius of the circle
x y 2
+ xy 2
R :=
R = 707.1
CW
CW
1-3 1-2 500
500
-500
500 3
1000
1500 1
2-3
-500
500 2
1000
1500 1
500
CCW
500
CCW
FIGURE 4-1aB 2D and 3D Mohr's Circle Diagrams for Problem 4-1a 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, P0401a.xmcd mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.
9. Calculate the principal stresses
4-1a-2
1 := c + R
1 = 1207
3 := c R
3 = 207
2 := 0
10. Draw the three Mohr's circles to represent the complete 3D stress state. y
11. Calculate the principal shear stresses
12 := 0.5 ( 1 2)
12 = 603.6
23 := 0.5 ( 2 3)
23 = 103.6
13 := 0.5 ( 1 3)
13 = 707.1
207 1207 22.5 x
The maximum principal stress is always 13.
12. Determine the orientation of the principal normal stress (1) with respect to the x-axis. From the 2D Mohr's circle diagram, we see that the angle 2 from x to 1 is CCW and is given by
x c := acos
2 R 1
= 22.5 deg
FIGURE 4-1aC Rotated Stress Element for Problem 4-1a
13. Draw the rotated 2D stress element showing the two nonzero principal stresses.
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MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.
4-3-1
PROBLEM 4-3 Statement:
For the bicycle pedal-arm assembly in Figure 4-1 with rider-applied force of 1500 N at the pedal, determine the maximum principal stress in the pedal arm if its cross-section is 15 mm in dia. The pedal attaches to the pedal arm with a 12-mm screw thread. What is the stress in the pedal screw?
Given:
Distances (see figure)
Rider-applied force
a 170 mm Frider 1.5 kN
Pedal arm diameter
d pa 15 mm
Screw thread diameter
d sc 12 mm
b 60 mm
Solution:
See Figure 4-3 and Mathcad file P0403.
a
1. From the FBD in Figure 4-3A (and on
the solution for Problem 3-3), we see that the force from the rider is reacted in the pedal arm internally by a moment, a torque, and a vertical shear force. There are two points at section C (Figure 4-3B) that we should investigate, one at z = 0.5 d pa (point A), and one at y = 0.5 d pa (point B).
Frider a Mc = 0
M x:
Frider b Tc = 0
Mc
Arm y
Fc Pedal x
2. Refering to the FBD resulting from
taking a section through the arm at C, the maximum bending moment Mc is found by summing moments about the y-axis, and the maximum torque Tc is found by summing moments about the x-axis. M y:
Tc
Frider
FIGURE 4-3A Free Body Diagram for Problem 4-3
Section C
A Maximum bending moment: Mc Frider a
Mc 255 N m
Maximum torque: Tc Frider b
Fc Frider
3.
Tc 90 N m
Vertical shear:
Arm
y FIGURE 4-3B
Fc 1.500 kN
Points A and B at Section C
Determine the stress components at point A where we have the effects of bending and torsion, but where the transverse shear due to bending is zero because A is at the outer fiber. Looking down the z-axis at a stress element on the surface at A, Distance to neutral axis
cpa 0.5 d pa
cpa 7.5 mm
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MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.
4
d pa
Moment of inertia of pedal-arm
Ipa
Bending stress (x-direction)
Stress in y-direction
y 0 MPa
Torsional stress due to Tc
xy
Principal stresses at A, equation (4.6a)
Mc cpa
Tc cpa
xy 135.8 MPa
2 Ipa
x y 2
x y 2
CW
2 x y 2
xy 2
2 x y 2
xy 2
2A 0 MPa
3A 23 MPa
Determine the stress components at point B where we have the effects of transverse shear and torsion, but where the bending stress is zero because B is on the neutral plane. Looking down the y-axis at a stress element at B, 2
d pa
Cross-section area of pedal-arm
Apa
Torsional stress due to Tc and shear stress due to Fc
zx
Normal stresses
x 0 MPa
Principal stresses at B
1B 124 MPa
Apa 176.7 mm
4 4 Fc
xy 3 Apa
1B
3B
5.
x 769.6 MPa
Ipa
1A
1A 793 MPa
Ipa 2.485 10 mm
64
3A
4.
4-3-2
zx 124.5 MPa
CW
z 0 MPa x z 2
x z 2
2 x z 2
zx 2
2 x z 2
zx 2
2B 0 MPa
The maximum principal stress is at point A and is
3B 124 MPa
1A 793 MPa
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MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.
6.
4-3-3
Determine the stress in the pedal screw.
Bending moment
Msc Frider b
Msc 90 N m
Distance to neutral axis
csc 0.5 d sc
csc 6 mm
Moment of inertia of pedal screw
Isc
Bending stress (y-direction)
Stress in z-direction
z 0 MPa
Torsional stress
xy 0 MPa
d sc
Isc 1.018 10 mm
64 Msc csc Isc
y 530.5 MPa
Since there is no shear stress present at the top of the screw where the bending stress is a maximum, the maximum principal stress in the pedal screw is
1 y
1 530.5 MPa
2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.
4-15-1
PROBLEM 4-15 Statement:
Design a shear pin for the propeller shaft of an outboard motor if the shaft through which the pin is placed is 25-mm diameter, the propeller is 20-cm diameter, and the pin must fail when a force > 400 N is applied to the propeller tip. Assume an ultimate shear strength for the pin material of 100 MPa.
Given:
Propeller shaft dia
Propeller dia Max propeller tip force
d 25 mm D 200 mm Fmax 400 N
Ultimate shear strength
S us 100 MPa
Fpin
Propeller Hub
Shear Pin
Assumptions: A shear pin is in direct, double shear.
Solution:
Fpin
See Figure 4-15 and Mathcad file P0415.
FIGURE 4-15
1. Calculate the torque on the propeller shaft that will
result from a tip force on the propeller of Fmax. T Fmax 2.
Free Body Diagram for Problem 4-15
T 40000 N mm
This will be reacted by the shear pin's couple on the shaft. Determine the magnitude of the direct shear force. Fpin
3.
Propeller Shaft
T d
Fpin 1600 N
Determine the maximum pin diameter that will shear at this force.
Direct shear stress
Fpin A
4 Fpin
d pin 4 Fpin
Solving for the pin diameter
d pin
Round this to
d pin 4.5 mm
S us
= S us
d pin 4.514 mm
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MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.
4-18-1
PROBLEM 4-18 Statement:
A set of steel reinforcing rods is to be stretched axially in tension to create a tensile stress of 30 ksi prior to being cast in concrete to form a beam. Determine how much force will be required to stretch them the required amount and how much deflection is required. There are 10 rods; each is 0.75-in diameter and 30 ft long.
Given:
Desired stress
30 ksi
Rod diameter
d 0.75 in
Number of rods Rod length
Nrods 10 L 30 ft
Young's modulus
E 30 10 psi
Assumptions: The rods share the load equally.
Solution:
See Mathcad file P0418.
1.
Calculate the cross-sectional area of one rod. A
2.
Determine the force required to achieve the desired stress level in one rod.
= 3.
F A
F 13.254 kip
Determine the total force required to achieve the desired stress level in all rods. Ftotal Nrods F
4.
F A
A 0.442 in
Ftotal 132.5 kip
Determine the amount the rods will deflect under the applied load.
F L A E
0.360 in
2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
