Material Lab 2 Edit 2014
Material Lab 2 Edit 2014
Material Lab 2 Edit 2014
: 2
Title
Objective
Apparatus
Figure 1: Optical
Figure 2: Alloy
Microscope
Specimens
Theory:
1. Introduction:
The properties of metals can be changed or controlled by three different processes;
strain hardening or cold-working, alloying and heat treatment. All three processes are
carbon, would therefore be a ferrous metal. Steel is an alloy of iron contains carbon
ranging by weight between 0.02% and 2.11%. Cast iron also the type of ferrous which
containing about 2.1% to 4% carbon. Ferrous metals are often magnetic, but this
property is not in and of itself sufficient to classify a metal as ferrous or non-ferrous.
Austenitic stainless steel, a ferrous metal, is non-magnetic, while cobalt is magnetic but
non-ferrous Common ferrous metals include the various irons and steels. A non-ferrous
metal is important roles in modern technology. Their properties vary widely, almost
limitless range of properties and also more costly than iron and steel. Common nonferrous metals include aluminum, tin, copper, zinc, and brass, an alloy of copper and
zinc. Some precious metals such as silver, gold, and platinum are also non-ferrous.
b. Non-Ferrous:
i.
Corrosion resistance, thermal conduct, high electrical rate, light
ii.
The term cast iron refers to a family of ferrous alloy composed of iron, carbon (ranging
from 2.11% to about 4.5%), and silicon (up to about 3.5%). Cast iron usually is classified
Iron-Carbon Phase
according to their solidification morphology from the eutectic temperature.
Diagram
Cast iron also is classified by their structure: ferritic, pearlitic, quenched and tempered,
or austempered.
The equilibrium phase diagram relevant to cast iron is shown in figure, where the right
boundary is 100% C (that is, pure graphite). The eutectic temperature is 1154oC, and
thus, cast irons are completely liquid at temperatures lower than those required for liquid
steel. Consequently, iron with high-carbon content can be cast at lower temperatures
than cast steel.
Cementite is not completely stable; it is metastable, with an extremely low rate of
decomposition, it can, however, be made to decompose into alpha ferrite and graphite.
The formation af graphite can be controlled, promoted, and accelerated by modifying the
composition and the rate of cooling and by the addition of silicon.
a. Pearlite:
If the ferrite and cementite lamellae in the pearlite structure of eutectoid
steel are thin and closely packed, the microstructure is called fine pearlite;
if they are thick and widely spaced, it is called coarse pearlite. The
different between the two depends on the rate of cooling through the
eutectoid temperature. If the rate of cooling is relatively high (as it is in
Specimens:
1. Ferrous alloy.
a. Specimen 1 (X 17)- 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar, heated for 1 hour at
800 C, furnace cooled (annealed) to room temperature.
b. Specimen 2 (X 18) - 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar, heated for 1 hour at
800 C, cooled in still air (normalized).
c. Specimen 3 (X 19) - 0.35% carbon steel bar, furnace cooled from 870 C.
d. Specimen 4 (X 20) - 1.3% carbon steel bar, furnace cooled from 970 C.
2. Non-ferrous alloy.
a. Specimen 5 (X 12) - Cu 58% / Zn 42%, reheated to 800 C for 1 hour,
furnace cooled to 600 C and then water quenched.
b. Specimen 6 (X 13) - Cu 58% / Zn 42%, reheatedto 800 C for 1 hour,
furnace cooled to room temperature.
c. Specimen 7 (X 14) - Aluminium / 4% Copper alloy, sand cast, heated at
525 C for 16 hours and then water quenched.
d. Specimen 8 (X 15) - Aluminium / 4% Copper alloy, sand cast, heated at
525 C for 16 hours and then water quenched, reheated at 26 C for 70
hours.
Experimental Result:
1. Ferrous alloy:
a. Specimen 1 (X 17) - 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar, heated for 1
hour at 800 C, furnace cooled (annealed) to room temperature.
2. Non-ferrous alloy.
a. Specimen 5 (X 12) - Cu 58% / Zn 42%, reheated to 800 C for 1
hour, furnace cooled to 600 C and then water quenched.
Discussions:
a. Ferrous.
Higher strength, hardness, wears resistance, corrosion
resistance, hot hardness, and toughness. Some applications are
a. Ferrous alloy:
i.
Specimen 1 (X 17) - 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar, heated for
1 hour at 800 C, furnace cooled (annealed) to room
temperature.
ii.
working properties.
Eutectoid = pearlite, full annealing.
iii.
and strength.
Air normalizing = fine pearlite, high toughness.
iv.
has occurred.
Hypoeutectoid steel = proeutectiod + pearlite.
b. Non-ferrous alloy:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Conclusions:
After completing all the tasks; conducting the experiment, discussing
the observation of experimental result and completing the report, we
can conclude that this experiment is successfully accomplished. It is
because; all the group members were able to achieve all the
experiment objectives:
References:
1. Introduction to Material Science for Engineers; Sixth Edition (James F.
Shackelford)
2. Foundation of Material Science and Engineering; Second Edition
(William F.
Smith)