HeaT Transfer Heat Exchangers
HeaT Transfer Heat Exchangers
HeaT Transfer Heat Exchangers
q
T f = Tmean
m& f
Heat exchangers
Cryogenic fluid storage
Superconducting magnets
Low temperature instrumentation
Ts
Liquid
Tf
Ts
Q
Nu D = f (Re D , Pr) = C Re Pr
n
D
& Tf
m,
and
Pr
f Cp
kf
(Prandtl number)
Nu D = 0.023 Re Pr
5
Tf
Ts + T f
2
2
Improved correlation
specifically for helium
(+/- 8.3%)
Ts
Nu D = 0.0259 Re Pr
T
f
4
5
D
0.716
Example
USPAS Short Course
P2, T2
m& C
& Tf
m,
dT f
dx
+ hP (T f TS ) = 0
hP
Ts T f = (Ts T f ) 0 exp
x
m& C
Ts - Tf
Increasing m
x
USPAS Short Course
He (Tf = 80 K)
& Tf
m,
He (Ti = 300 K)
LN2 (Ts = 77 K)
Ts is a constant @ 77 K (NBP of LN2)
Helium gas (Cp = 5.2 kJ/kg K; = 15 x 10-6 Pa s; = 0.3 kg/m3, k = 0.1
W/m K)
Allowed pressure drop, p = 10 kPa
Properties are average values
Helium mass flow rate = 1 g/s
between 300 K and 80 K
ln f
ln [(300-77)/(80-77)]
(
)
=
T
x
L
f
= 51 K
Tlm
hD
Nu D =
= 0.023 Re 0D.8 Pr 0.3
kf
and
k f 4 m&
h = 0.023
D D
0 .8
Pr
0 .3
4m&
Re D =
D
= 0.07/D(m)1.8
hDL
L m&
p = f
2 D A flow
4 x 0.001 kg/s
x 0.0062 m x 15 x 10-6 Pa s
m& 2 L
p 0.016
D5
Substitute:
Eq. 1: L = 100 D0.8
4m&
D
L
0.016 x
5
=
3
D
0.3 kg/m
L
-8
p= 5.33 x 10 5
D
(10-3
kg/s)2
p= 5.33 x 10-6/D4.2
with
~ 13,700
p = 10,000 Pa
or
Q
D
Compressible fluid effect: Heat transfer warms the fluid near the
heated surface, reducing density and generating convective flow.
Free convection heat transfer is correlated in terms of the
Rayleigh number,
Nu L = f (Gr , Pr ) ~ CRa Ln
where
gTL3
RaL Gr Pr =
Dth
Nu L 0.59 RaL0.25
Nu L 0.1RaL0.33
Example
USPAS Short Course
10
Liquid
Surface condition
(roughness, insulators,
oxidation)
Orientation
Channels (circulation)
Heated
Surface
Q
USPAS Short Course
11
th =
k f T
q
~ 1 to 10 m for helium
12
PL
Pv = PL +
2
r
Clausius Clapeyron relation defines the slope of the vapor pressure line
in terms of fundamental properties
h fg
h fg p
s
dp
=
=
dT sat v T (vv vL ) RT 2
USPAS Short Course
13
2 h fg T
rc =
e
ps
2RTs2
h fg ps T
RT 2
14
15
Kutateladse correlation
h
kl
1/ 2
qC pl l
4
= 3 .25 10
h fg v k l
1/ 2
0 .6
g l
l
g l
3/ 2
0 .125
(g )1 / 2
l
0 .7
9
q = 1.90 10 g l
l
0.3125
1.75
1.5
l C p
v h fg
1.5
kl
2.5
(Ts Tb )
1/ 2
where
g l
USPAS Short Course
q (W / cm 2 ) = 5.8T 2.5
Boston, MA 6/14 to 6/18/2010
vv
vL
vv
vv
vL
vv
vL
c2 =
L v
2
2
(
)
v
v
L
( L + v ) ( L + v )2
17
Zuber correlation:
( l v )g l
q Khfg v
+
v
v
l
q 0.16h fg v 2 [g ( l v )]
1
Limits:
Tc; q*
0; q* ~ v1/2 (decreases)
18
Film Boiling
Film boiling heat transfer coefficient is generally much less that that
in nucleate boiling
Minimum film boiling heat flux, qmfb is related to the stability of the
less dense vapor film under the more dense liquid
liquid
vapor
~ 10 m
Q
Taylor Instability governs the collapse of the vapor layer
USPAS Short Course
19
Breen-Westwater correlation
1/ 8
h fb
g ( l v )
v (Ts Tb )
3
kv v (l v )g '
1/ 4
1/ 2
= 0.37 + 0.28
2
gD ( l v )
Where,
[h
' =
g ( l v )
h fb = 0.37
1/ 8
k v ( l v )g '
v (Ts Tb )
3
v
1/ 4
fg
+ 0.34C pv (Ts Tb )
h fg
q (Ts T f )
20
qmfb
g ( l v )
= 0.16h fg v
2
(l + v )
Dimensionless ratio:
qmfb
q*
v
=
v
l
0.9
LHe @ 4.2 K
Film boiling
Q/S, W/cm2
Transition boiling
Nucleate boiling
0.3
qmfb
(Ts-Tb), K
21
22
23
24
25
Ts
Q
m&
,T
QT = Q fc + Qb
where: Qfc is convective and
gravity enhanced boiling.
m&
Qb is
Ts
Q
26
,T
,T
Q
Consider the case where gravitational effects are negligible
m&
Ts
Nu 2
Nu L
= f ( tt )
where tt = 1 x
x
and Nu L = 0.023 Re
0.8
L
0.4
L
Pr
0.9
L
v
Re L =
0.1
v
L
0.5
m& (1 x )
L A flow
Nu 2
Nu L
A tt m
1 for tt large
27
m&
,T
D
Ts
Q
28
Empirical observations
q* ~ w for small w
q* ~ z-1/2 for w/z < 0.1
q* ~ constant for w/z
>> 1
w h fg v
q =
z 2
*
and
g c ln[1 + c ( 1)]
1
c ( 1)
1
c = mv m&
&
l
v
Critical quality
29
Used in large magnets where flux jumping and other small disturbances
are possible and must be arrested
General idea: in steady state ensure that cooling rate exceeds heat
generation rate (Q > G)
Achieved by manufacturing conductor with large copper (or aluminum)
fraction and cooling surface
Lower overall current density
G/S
I2R/S
Potentially high AC loss (eddy currents)
Current
Sharing
Composite Conductor
Copper/Aluminum stabilizer
Insulating spacer (G-10)
NbTi/Nb3Sn
Fully
normal
Tc (K)
T (K)
Icu
Isc
V=IcuRcu
30
Q/S
or
G/S
Tb (K)
Tcs (K)
Tc (K)
Tx (K)
31
Df=
q
T(x)
th
th =
kf
(D t )
hL
<< 1 ~ 10L [m]
k
E = q t* (critical energy)
32
33
Energy required
E = l h fg th
th =
(D t )
f
kl
q = l h fg
*
2
l Ct
*
q*
LHe
th
34
Fluid layer diffusion: transient conduction in the fluid layer will result in a
finite temperature difference
Kapitza conductance: At low temperatures, there can be a significant
temperature difference, Tk, due to thermal impedance mismatch (more on
this subject later). This process is dominant at very low temperatures, but
is small above ~ 4 K, so is normally only important for helium systems.
2 T f
x 2
k
1 T f
=
; Df =
D f t
C p
Boundary conditions:
35
x2
x
q Df t
xerfc
exp
2
T f =
1
2
2(D t )
kf
f
4D f t
12
2q t
T f ( x = 0 ) =
C p k f
Tf
C p k f
h=
=
2
T f
0.1
t
12
36
Free convection
Forced convection
Nucleate boiling
Peak heat flux
Film boiling
37