E-Journal of Drilling Engineering

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Research

Sand Control Completion Failures: Can We Talk the Same Language?

Abraham Faga1*, Brian T. Wagg*, and Howard L. McKinzie*
Address: C-FER Technologies, 200 Karl Clark Road, Edmonton, T6N 1H2, Alberta, Canada
Email addresses: Abraham Faga - [email protected]: Brian T. Wagg - [email protected]: Howard L. McKinzie - [email protected]
*These authors contributed equally to this work

Corresponding author

Published: 12 July 2006

Received: 01 May 2006

E-Journal of Drilling Engineering 2006, ISSN: 1718-7486.

Accepted: 23 May 2006

This article is available from: http://www.petroleumjournalsonline.com/

2006 Faga et al; licensee Petroleum Journals Online.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/), which
permits unrestricted use for non-commercial purposes, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract
Several operators have recently launched a new industry-wide initiative on sand control reliability. The aim of
the initiative is to gain a better understanding of Sand Control Completion (SCC) systems and equipment
performance and reliability in a variety of applications. It focuses on assisting the industry to improve SCC
performance and service life through sharing of failure information, operational practices, and other pertinent
data. One of the key challenges in this effort is how to achieve consistency in the data collected by several
operators.
This paper presents an approach to establish consistent practices for collecting, tracking and sharing SCC
reliability and failure information. The approach is based on two key elements: (1) a general and common data
set; and (2) a standard nomenclature for coding SCC failure information. The general data set contains basic
information on operating conditions, SCC systems and equipment, and the observed failures. While this data
set is not overly detailed, in that the information is typically already collected by most operators and relatively
easy to obtain, it is comprehensive enough so that meaningful analyses can be performed. The nomenclature
standard builds on the International Standard IS0 14224 that stipulates broad definitions and failure attributes
related to collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment used in the petroleum
industry.
The paper also provides a review of past industry efforts to track SCC system reliability in terms of the types
of data collected, and the main types of analyses performed with the data. Comments are included on difficult
issues such as how to define failure of a sand control completion.
It is hoped that the paper will encourage discussion on the topic, and help the industry share SCC reliability
and failure data in a more consistent manner. The ultimate goals of this work are to assist the industry in
improving SCC service life; improving the basis for selecting sand control systems and equipment; and better
realizing the full potential of SCC technologies.

Introduction
Operators face a major challenge when trying to
determine which sand control completion method to
choose to provide the best economics over the life of a
1

field. This is especially true because of the increasing

cost and complexity of well designs required for hotter
and deeper wells. There are now several new options
for sand control available with which the industry has

Now with Schlumberger, Algeria

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very little experience on which to base these decisions.

Operators would like to: have a better understanding of
the factors affecting SCC performance in a wide range
of applications; be less reliant on a few highly
experienced staff for effective SCC decision making; and
be able to very quickly climb the learning curve
associated with new SCC methods, in both new and
existing applications. Unfortunately, while there are
many competing forms of sand control performance
information, both from service providers and operators,
a direct, relatively unbiased comparison between the
reliability of sand control types, under a broad range of
operating conditions, has been hard to find.
As a result, many operators have identified that having a
failure tracking system in place is key to reducing failure
rates of SCC systems. Problems with system design,
equipment specification, manufacturing, installation, and
day-to-day operation could be identified and corrected,
contributing to increased service lives, lower operating
costs and increased profits. Accordingly, some
operators and vendors have set up database systems to
track SCC performance, service life and failure
information.

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option is a trial-and-error approach, again with

uncertain economic results.
Several operators have recently recognized that in
order to get a better understanding of the factors
affecting SCC service life, and reduce the uncertainty in
predicting service life for new applications, one needs
access to reliability information derived from as large
and consistent a data set as possible. They have also
recognized that such a large data set of SCC reliability
data can only be achieved by pooling and sharing their
individual data sets through a joint industry initiative.
Early on, the companies involved acknowledged that
there were many challenges in such an effort, one of
them being how to achieve consistency in the data
collected by several operators scattered around the
globe. This paper describes a common set of guidelines
developed through the first phase of an industry
initiative to achieve such consistency. It includes two
key elements: a general data set of quantitative and
qualitative parameters, and a standard nomenclature for
coding SCC failure information.

Brief Review of Existing Tracking Systems

Through discussions and communications with
numerous operators it is apparent that these efforts
have been rewarded with limited success. A review of
several tracking systems revealed that they seldom
integrate both failure information and a comprehensive
set of influential factors, (e.g., operating conditions, and
detailed equipment specifications). This limits the ability
to understand the influence of several factors on SCC
reliability. Other tracking systems also tend to lack
sufficient variety in applications to assess SCC service
life under different conditions.
These drawbacks impair ones ability to develop general
relationships or correlations between types and
frequency of failures, field/well conditions and system
component or equipment specifications. Without such
correlations, service life predictions that are fed into a
feasibility study are little more than educated guesses,
adding significant uncertainty to a projects economic
result. Furthermore, investigating the impact that a
change in current practices might make on service life
(i.e., conducting what if analyses) is also very difficult.
For example, how would the service life be affected if
we change installation methods, completion fluids or
our equipment specification (e.g., by selecting different
screens)? Generally, the information required for these
types of assessments can not be readily obtained from
existing tracking systems. As such, there is often little
basis for making such critical decisions. Often, the only

Despite the recent increase in discussions about sand

control reliability, most of the information that can be
found in existing literature relates to sand control
performance rather than reliability. The few reported
sand control reliability studies often have widely
different objectives.
In the early 80s a number of oil companies operating in
the North and the Adriatic Seas started a collaborative
project to survey the reliability of important well
equipment under 'real life' operational conditions. This
study [1] led to the development of a database of
completion equipment and reliability information
(Wellmaster). The database covers a wide range of
completion tubing accessories and other completion
equipment including gravel pack screens. Hother and
Hebert [2] presented a Failure Modes Effects and
Criticalities Analysis (FMECA) of sand control
completion technology aimed at identifying and ranking
critical issues and potential improvements. George King
[3] presented a paper discussing an inter- and intracompany cooperation that led to the development of an
Excel database of sand control reliability/failure
information on over 2000 wells. The database contains
information regarding general reliability and has
production and reservoir data from many wells
including: cumulative production; maximum rates;
drawdown; skins; pay deviation; screen length; pay
interval sorting; fines content; depth; and length. Several

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operators have also implemented in-house reliability

tracking systems.
Most of the literature addresses well or field specific
performance issues (discussed in relation to skin,
productivity index, flow efficiency, etc.) often with some
comparisons of performance among a few sand control
methods. From the literature, and through discussions
and communications with numerous operators, it has
become apparent that most of the existing databases
and tracking systems do not include much of the data
(such as drilling data, reservoir characteristics,
operational/installation data, and production data) that
would provide a better understanding of the factors
affecting SCC reliability in a comprehensive tracking
system.

Data Quality
Confidence in the data collected for reliability studies,
and hence any analysis, is strongly dependent on the
quality of the data collected [4]. However, ensuring that
good quality data is collected is also one of the main
challenges in sharing failure data through a common,
industry-wide tracking system [5]. This was of particular
concern in this case because of the potentially large data
sets that would be required to account for influential
factors from: well and completion design; reservoir
characteristics; equipment and fluids selection; drilling
and completion operations; production and servicing
history, etc.
In this initiative, data consistency is promoted by
defining both the parameters (quantitative and
qualitative) that this common data set should consist of,
as well as how the SCC failures would be described.
A common data set is essential for establishing
meaningful relationships among the types of failures
observed; the equipment used; the produced fluids; the
operating practices; and other factors. Its primary role
is to enable operators to collect a common set of
parameters. To forestall the potential difficulty of
collecting and handling an excessively large data set, this
common data set is limited to parameters that: (1) will
have immediate or potential use in the analysis; and (2)
are readily available from the existing tracking systems,
databases and field records of most operators. At the
same time, the data set must be comprehensive enough
so that meaningful analyses can be performed. Hence,
defining the list of parameters is challenging because it
must satisfy these two, often-opposing, objectives.
A common terminology and format for classifying the
failures is also necessary; it ensures that all users have
similar interpretations of a failure event, and that data

collection and analyses are performed in a consistent

manner. Establishing a common set of terminologies is
a challenge however, because failures are generally
described in qualitative terms, strongly influenced by the
experience and background of the observer.
Interpretation of the failure tracking guidelines has
accounted for the largest proportion of data quality
problems in other similar failure data collection efforts
[6].

Common Data Set

The Common Data Set for the SCC failure tracking
system currently contains a total of 400 parameters in
the following categories:
Field/Well/Fluid/Reservoir data
Operational drilling/installation data
o Such as drill-in/ completion/ workover
fluids, wellbore cleanup Preparation
(i.e., mud displacement), installation
techniques etc.
Service life information
o Install, Start, Stop, final suspension
dates, etc.
Production and Operating Information
o Producing rates, gas oil ratio,
Wellhead Pressure and Temperature,
etc.
Equipment data
o Model, dimensions, materials, etc.
o Manufacturer Catalogue information
Failure information
o Mode, Item(s), Descriptor(s), Cause,
Effects, and associated comments
A minimum data set, which is a subset of the
Common Data Set, defines a smaller minimum list of
parameters that serves as a measure of the level of
completeness of a record. The Common Data Set is a
more comprehensive data set that indicates the
information a record should have to enable investigation
of more potential influential factors and generation of
additional results and conclusions. Minimum Data Sets
differ depending on the SCC system type (e.g. Frac Pack
system, Sand Consolidation system, etc.). Some of the
main differences between the data sets are in the
equipment/system
component
data
and
operational/installation practices. The Minimum Data
Sets are limited to parameters that are readily available
to most operators and yet are sufficiently detailed to
allow a reasonable level of analysis. The Minimum Data
Sets currently contain between 149 and 190 parameters
depending on the SCC system type.

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SCC Failure Nomenclature Standard

SCC failure information is currently classified and
recorded in a number of very different formats and
codes. While operators and vendors have standard sets
of codes used in their internal tracking systems, these
standards are not common and widely accepted
across the industry.
The SCC Failure Nomenclature Standard attempts to
establish a consistent terminology and structure for
classifying, recording and storing the various attributes
of an SCC failure. It is primarily based on one key
industry guideline, the ISO 14224 [4], Petroleum and
Natural Gas Industries Collection and Exchange of
Reliability and Maintenance Data for Equipment.
Unfortunately, there is currently no common and
widely accepted standard across the industry for the
nomenclature for components, parts of sand control
systems and equipment. It is partly in response to this
that the International Standards Organization (ISO) has
formed a task group to develop a standard
nomenclature for sand exclusion systems (ISO 17824)
[7].
Failure Definitions.
Definitions. In line with ISO 14224, the following
failure definitions are used:
Failure: the termination of the ability of an item
to perform a required function;
Failure Mode: the observed manner of failure;
Failed Item: any part, component, device,
subsystem, functional unit, equipment or
system that can be individually considered;
Failure Descriptor: the apparent, observed
cause of failure (of a Failed Item);
Failure Cause: the circumstances during design,
manufacture or use which led to a failure; and
Failure Effects: the consequences of a failure
mode on the operation, function, or status of an
item.

Failure. Failure occurs when an item has lost its ability

to perform a Required Function. (Note that reliability is
defined as the probability of an item to perform a
required function, under given conditions, for a given
time interval). Implicit in this definition is the
recognition that the Required Functions have been
clearly established, which involves identifying both the
functions necessary for providing a given service and the
desired level of performance for each function. The
desired level of performance defines the boundary
between satisfactory and unsatisfactory operating
conditions; it will generally be different between
operations, applications and even within the same
application as conditions change with time.

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The Boundary and Functional Block Diagrams for an

Internal Gravel Pack (IGP) system indicating their main
components and corresponding Required Functions are
shown in Figs. 1 and 2,
2 respectively. Similar functional
block diagrams have been developed for other SCC
System configurations.
In general, the primary Required Function of an SCC
System is to minimize production of load bearing
reservoir sand while allowing hydrocarbon production
at/or above a target rate. However, prevention of sand
movement is generally incompatible with unrestricted
flow of fluids; consequently, some degree of
compromise between this objective and sand control is
often required. Practical limits for tolerable sand
production are set by the well operator based on
economic,
technical,
operational,
safety
and
environmental considerations.
Other functions such as permitting mechanical/hydraulic
through-bore access may also be considered required
depending on the SCC configuration and application.
It is important that all of the Required Functions (and
desired levels of performance) be clearly defined and
understood to allow operational personnel to identify
Failures.
It is recognized that an SCC System failure may or may
not be a complete failure (i.e. the failure might not have
caused the complete lack of a required function). For
instance, an SCC System that has been choked back due
to excessive sand production may not be considered a
complete failure if the well is able to produce at an
acceptable rate until the failed component is repaired. In
addition, an SCC System may degrade with respect to
its Required Functions in a gradual manner or it may fail
suddenly (partially or completely). The nomenclature
standard allows for these scenarios to be accounted for.

Failure Mode. The Failure Mode is the main evidence of

the downhole equipment failure. It is usually a result of
an abnormal operating condition identified by the
operator
through
surface
instruments,
a
monitoring/control system, or a well test. A Failure
Mode can be established once the operator has
determined that the downhole equipment has Failed.
Usually, at this point, the interval completed with the
SCC System may be suspended to inspect and repair
the faulty SCC component(s). Table 1 lists several
possible Failure Modes for an SCC installation. Since
SCC systems may be suspended for reasons other than
an SCC equipment or component failure, there may be
reasons for suspension other than the Failure Modes
indicated in Table 1.

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Item

Description

GP Packer

2
3

GP Extension with
sliding sleeve

Shear out safety sub

Blank Liner

Upper tell-tale

Screen Assembly

Lower Tell-tale

Sump Packer

IGP System
4
10

11
6
12

Seal Assembly

13

10

Centralizer

14

11

Gravel Pack

12

Crushed zone

13

Perforations

14

Damaged formation

15

Completion Tubing and

Accessories

16

Sump

17

Cement

18

Casing

7
15
8
9

16
17
18

Note: Components in italics are

outside the system boundary for IGPs

Fig. 1 Internal Gravel Pack System Boundary

Formation
Stability

Prepack
Assembly

Formation

Cement/
Casing

Permit fluid and sand

flow
Perforation
Tunnel

Permit fluid flow

Bridge sand
Keep tunnel open
Gravel

Bridge sand
Permit fluid flow
Keep tunnel gravel in
place

Fluid Flow

Perforations

Gravel
Pack

Fines

Sand and
Fines Flow

Fluid Flow

Prevent formation collapse

Keep gravel in place

Permit through-bore access

Keep gravel in place
Fluid flow
Permit uniform gravel
placement

Perforation
Guns

GP Service
Tool

Evaluation
Stimulation &
Remedial Work

GP
Assembly

Debris
Sump

Fig. 2 Internal Gravel Pack System Functional Block Diagram

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Table 1 Failure Modes

General Failure Mode

Specific Failure Mode

Comments

Sand Production

High sand production

Observed at surface
Observed via sand monitoring devices

Productivity

Low productivity

Production lower than target rate

As per well test

Access

Impaired access

Other

Other

Unknown

Unknown

As per indications during planned interventions

Table 2 Failed Items

IGP Components
Failed Item

Perforations
Perforation

Associated Parts/Sub
Parts/Sub--Components

Tunnel
Gravel
Crushed Zone

GP Assembly

Gravel Pack
Gravel Pack

GP Packer
GP Extension sliding sleeve

Casing/ Cement
Cement
Casing

Shear out safety sub

Blank Liner
Upper tell-tale
Screen Assembly
Lower Tell-tale
Sump Packer
Seal Assembly
Centralizers

Failed Items. As per the definition of Failure above, a

Failure Descriptors.
Descriptors. A Failure Descriptor is an apparent

Failed Item (i.e., either a main component, such as a

gravel pack assembly, or part of a component, such as a
screen or packer) has lost its ability to perform a
certain function. In some cases, the item has been
tested or inspected in situ and has failed to meet the
required specifications. Table 2 lists the main downhole
components and many associated parts for an IGP
system, as an example, that may be identified as Failed
Items.

or observed cause of failure of Failed Items. These

observations are usually made during the SCC
downhole equipment inspection. They are the main
symptoms, or perceptible signs of damage to the SCC
components or their parts, that may have resulted in
the system failure. Table 3 lists possible Failure
Descriptors for the main SCC components and
associated parts. Note that some Failure Descriptors
may not be applicable to some parts (e.g. a packer may
not be burned).
Where possible, Primary and
Secondary Failure Descriptor are assigned to each failed
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item to describe the most prominent and secondary

features, respectively.

Failure Cause. The Failure Cause is associated with the

circumstances during design, manufacture or use, which
have led to a failure. As noted in the ISO 14224,
identification of the Failure Cause normally requires
some in-depth investigation, to uncover the underlying
human or organizational factors that were influential in
the failure of the system, component or part, and the
technical explanation and sequence of events leading up
to the observed mode, item and descriptors of the

failure. Table 4 lists several possible Failure Causes for

an SCC system. It is recognized that it can be very
difficult to uncover root causes for SCC systems
because SCC equipment and components are seldom
pulled to surface for investigation and in situ
investigations are seldom performed. Therefore, the
SCC failure tracking system is configured to capture key
word searchable failure related comments (such as
installation failure, operation failure etc.) to provide
perspective
regarding
each
failure
record.
Notwithstanding, Failure Causes can be specified
whenever it is feasible.

Table 3 Failure Descriptors

Failure Descriptors

Comments

Bent

Loose/Spinning

Usually the result of force, pressure, or

Broken/Fractured

Low efficiency

torque

Buckled

Low head

Collapsed

Punctured

Cracked

Burst/Ruptured

Damaged

Scratched

Dented

Squashed/Flattened

Disconnected

Stuck

Failed Pressure Test

Torn

Failed Vibration Test

Twisted

Faulty Clearance or Alignment

Vibration marks/Rub marks

Leaking

Unbalanced/Vibration

Brittle

Hardened

Usually related to the physical

Burned

Melted

characteristics of the material such as

Corroded

Overheated

colour, hardness, finish, etc.

Discolored

Swollen

Eroded / Pressure Washed

Worn

Contaminated

Stuck closed

Failures caused by external events or

Plugged

Stuck open

substances, e.g. paraffin, asphaltene, scale,

Coated - External

Coated - Internal

Missing

Maintenance Discard

sand, iron sulfide

Other

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Table 4 Failure Causes

General Failure Cause

Specific Failure Cause

Comments

Fabrication Related

Manufacturing problem

Damage during manufacture

Design Related

Equipment selection size selection

Inadequate size (Gravel size is too large, Blank liner is too

Equipment selection fluid design

Defective design

Poor placement fluid design

Operating procedure

Excessive pump rate during packing

Damage during handling or storage

Packer / seal unit not set (or sealing)

Corroded screens

Damage during installation

Improper installation
Increased volume of fines due to pore pressure decline

Installation Related

Installation field service

short, Screen OD is too large, screen slots tool large/small)

Operation Related

Production strategy

Reservoir or fluids

Reservoir conditions

related

Unexpected reservoir conditions (grain-size, permeability,

high volume of fines, etc) leading to (1) selection of larger
gravel size than optimum (2) early screen out due to high
injectivity (3) screen erosion by fines

Failure Effects.
Effects. Failure Effects are the consequences of a
Failure Mode on the operation, function, or status of an
item. One of the following Failure Effects (assessed at
the SCC system level) would be reported when a failure
is deemed to have occurred:
Curtailed production production rate is
reduced for that specific completion
interval.
Minor intervention typically throughtubing workover operations, e.g., using
coiled tubing, snubbing or slickline
equipment, conducted to complete
treatments or well service activities that
avoid a full workover where the tubing is
removed. The operation should save time
and expense compared to a full workover
within the operators field experience.
Major intervention a full workover, e.g.,
any well treatment or work that requires
the production tubing to be pulled
(including through tubing recompletions),
typically requiring the services of a
workover rig.
Plug and abandon the specific completion interval is
abandoned.
Applying the Nomenclature Standard.
Standard Most of the time,
in the existing industry systems, the various
components of a failure record or event (i.e., mode,
item, descriptors and cause) are erroneously lumped
into one or two failure classes; for instance reason for

suspension: low productivity due to plugging of the SAS

screens with fines. In line with the proposed Standard,
this failure record would be described as the following:
Failed Item: screens; Failure Mode: low productivity;
Failure Descriptors: plugged; and Failure Cause:
reservoir or fluids (assuming the failure investigation
reveals these as the root causes).

Conclusions and Recommendations

1. Although there are many competing forms of sand
control performance information, both from
service providers and operators, a direct, unbiased
comparison between the reliability of sand control
types, under a broad range of operating conditions
has been hard to find;
2. Several operators have now implemented in-house
reliability tracking systems but are yet to report any
major successes. Only a few industry-led
implementations of SCC reliability databases and
other sand control reliability studies have been
reported in literature. These systems vary widely
in scope and content; seldom integrate both failure
information and a comprehensive set of influential
factors; tend to be field and/or operation specific;
and typically lack sufficient breadth to assess SCC
service life under different conditions. As a result,
it is often difficult to develop predictions of SCC
failure rates based on field/well conditions and
equipment specifications, thus adding significant
uncertainty to a projects economic result;

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3. To reduce the uncertainty in predicting service life,

reliability information should be derived from as
large and consistent a data population as possible.
One of the main challenges facing this effort
however, is how to achieve consistency in the wide
range of data currently being tracked by operators
and vendors. Two key guidelines were presented
to assist in this task: a common data set of
quantitative and qualitative parameters; and a
standard nomenclature for coding SCC failure
information;
4. The common data set must be limited to
parameters that will have immediate or potential
use in the reliability analysis, while being
comprehensive enough to enable meaningful
analyses;
5. An SCC system failure can be described by a failure
mode, failed item(s), failure descriptor(s), failure
cause and failure effects, consistent with the SCC
Failure Nomenclature Standard and ISO 14224.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

and Sand Control SPE 96335, 2005 SPE Annual Technical

Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, TX, Oct. 9-12, 2005.
King, G.: Sand Control Completion Reliability and Failure
Rate Comparison With a MultiMulti-Thousand Well Database
SPE 84262. SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 5 - 8
October 2003.
International Organization for Standardization: Petroleum

and Natural Gas Industrious Collection and Exchange

of Reliability and Maintenance Data for Equipment, ISO
14424, First Edition. July 15, 1999.
Meeker, W.Q, Escobar, L.A.: Statistical methods for
reliability data. Wiley series in probability and statistics.
Applied probability and statistics section. New York:
Wiley, 1998.
Alhanati, F.J.S., Solanki, S.C., Zahacy, T.A.: ESP Failures:
Can We Talk the Same Language? SPE ESP Workshop,
Houston, USA, April 25-27, 2001
Gillespie, G.: Update on ISO
ISO Sand Control Screens
Standard Sand Control & Management US 2005 IQPC,
Houston, TX, July 26 27, 2005

Nomenclature
ISO =International Organization for Standardization
IGP = Internal Gravel Pack
FMECA = Failure Modes Effects and Criticalities
Analysis
SCC = Sand Control Completion
SAS = Stand Alone Screens

Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Participants in C-FERs SCCRIFTS project (Shell, ConocoPhillips, BHP and Chevron)
for permission to publish this paper and the following
C-FER staff for their contribution to this work:
Francisco Alhanati, Todd Zahacy, Darren Worth, Cam
Matthews, Keith Hartman, and Marcia Jeremiah.

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References
1.
2.

SINTEF: Reliability of Well Completion Equipment

Phase II. Main Report. February 22, 1996.
Hother, J., Hebert, B.: Risk Minimization By the Use of
Failure Mode Analysis in the Qualification of New
Technology Recent Project Experience
Experience in Completions

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