Ac Transformer PDF
Ac Transformer PDF
Ac Transformer PDF
am
TRANSFORMERS.
W: WEEKES.
n _-n_-TL._
t
REESE LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
jti^UL
M>.
i8u*
ALTEKNATE-CUKKENT TRANSFORMERS.
THE DESIGN
OF
ALTERNATE-CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS.
R.
W. WEEKES, WHIT.SCH.,
Assoc.M.lNST.C.E.
ILLUSTRATED.
PREFACE
THE
The
distribution of
saving in the
of the
full
load,
cost of
first
system in the
Now,
method
experience
has shown that the cost of the annual supply depends largely on the
efficiency of the transformers used,
is
and
that
the
loss
at
light loads
Hence
the
design
of
alternate-current
demand
transformers
needs
more
on economic
working.
lines,
To
the
both as regards
formulas
cost
first
have
added several others which are useful when determining quickly the
dimensions of the various
reasoning,
omission
circuits.
higher mathematics
has
necessitated
the
To
have
been
acceptance
avoided,
of
although
certain
this
well-known
fulfil
conditions.
R.
pro-
definite
W. WEEKES.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
...
Circuit, Iron
...
...
...
Circuits, Perimeter of
...
...
...
Copper
...
...
...
...
...
Circuits, Size,
...
Conclusions
...
...
...
..
...
46
...
74, 77
...
,.,
...
...
...
...
...
93
80
..
..
...
30, 36
23,50,52,53,71
13,38,56,67,73
43, 59, 61, 65, 71, 75, 77
Design, Third
Designing, Routine in
...
...
..
29
...
...
47
...
...
25
..
...
37
65
...
...
Details, First
..
...
...
Design
Details, Second or Mordey Design
Details, Third Design
...
...
in
...
...
...
...
...
13, 28,
Efficiency
and Frequency
56
72
10
84
84
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
62
...
...
...
...
...
10
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
Design
Fleming's Table, Transformers Tested
...
...
29
Efficiency
Elwell-Parker Transformer
E.M.F.
in Coil
15
First
Foucault Currents
1 1
19, 21,
...
...
...
...
...
Frequency
Frequency and Efficiency
Hedgehog Transformer ...
...
..
...
. .
...
...
...
...
..
..
Hysteresis
...
69
84
76
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Induction
...
Iron Cores
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Iron Loss
Faced
...
...
...
...
...
15
...
...
...
...
...
...
45
Small Transformers
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Magnetic Leakage
Mordey Type Transformer
Oerlikon Transformer
...
...
...
...
v.
90
...
...
Large
86
43, 59
12, 20, 35, 49, 56, 66, 73, 79, 80, 89,.
Iron, Quality of
Joints,
19,
Leakage, Magnetic
81
...
.
...
24,
64
24, 64, 81
...
...
...
...
47
...
...
...
...
44
36
...
...
...
...
...
Principles involved
...
...
...
...
...
14
Routine in Designing
Sine Law ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
25
...
...
...
...
...
15
..
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
48
20
...
...
...
...
j6
Permeability
Power Factor
19, 2 5>
...
...
Stampings
..
Tests, Fleming's
Transformer Formula
for
Transformer Loads
E.M.F.
20, 58
...
...
...
...
16
..
...
18
...
...
...
...
...
TRANSFORMERS
Brown-Boveri
for Different
...
...
...
46
Methods of Supply
...
...
94
...
...
..
Elementary
..
..
Ferranti
Large
Law
v.
of
Oerlikon
Table of Tests
Westinghouse
Value of
/j.
...
...
...
...
71
...
...
..
...
81
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
44
...
...
...
...
...
61
..
...
...
...
...
...
Small
...
...
14
62
Elwell-Parker
15
11
...
...
Westinghouse Transformer
Windings, Determination, First Design
...
...
Windings, Mordey Type
...
...
...
Wire, First Design
19
16, 17
Voltage
...
...
61
...
...
30
...
..
54
...
33, 34, 39
THE DESIGN
OP
io
The Design of
ii
'
VO
^
^t-vp
vo
Is
o "S
Tj-
'
co
Tf O O ;3-Vp
J-"
OO tx ON ^x CSI "*
N N
N M
'
tx,
N O
^^
rJ
ON ^x
N
O
ro
vo
rt- M N
ON M op N qo to vo
"H >-<
in vovb <O
VO OO
O VOOO tx 1-1
VO VO tx Jx fxOjO txOO
ro
co-
'
O N Tf fs.
O ^OO
VOOO
ro
>-H
mvO
tx
OjO
CM tS
ss
10
"
f^OO GO 00 OO
-*
00
O O
*o
vQQu-irxONOOOOOOOOQNQQ
- 5 ro
OOOOOOOOOONOO
Tl-oo
^Ti-Tl-Tl-fOTi-rl-^Ti-TtTtrtTj-^-rO^-^-
vovO
if 14
Mm
M o
VO
in
VO
r>.
r^oo n-
^ ro\o vcTvd'
* ?
?*
VOOQOOOOOOOOOO
oo >OOO
xoOvoo no
OOt^ioN Ot^voN O M O Ovo
i>
>
1-
>
i-T
rorC
i-T
vo rotC
i-T
10
M ll
5 II
S(2
The Design of
12
mathematics
for
reference
when
getting out
new
designs.
All the transformers in the
lamp
installed.
If
we
13
it
whole supply.
= 1,560 units
for the
545 x
to
is
then
-^
= 24*6 per
loss
is
then
~
= 655 units so that, neglecting copper
1,000
loss, the efficiency of distribution rises to 70 per cent.
With other consumers, such as clubs and shop;
time.
and to
([UNIVERSITY
VS.
~~~
14
The Design of
FIG.
66
i.
which again
curcuit, S.
It is in determining the best relative proportions
of these circuits for any given result that the art of
15
not altered
much by a change
Hence, the calculations made, if carefully recorded, together with the quality of iron
assumed, have always a relative value, and can easily
be altered to show the improvement made in the
iron used.
who
some
number
The Design of
16
the induction,
in absolute units.
a transformer the
volts as
all
measured
in a
Cardew
defined
above,
in
the
defined
above, in
the
= the E.M.F.
as
secondary
F = the maximum
total flux
=$
x a
# = the area
|i
second
to
The
and
Similarly the
E.M.F.
in the
secondary
n io~8
02=4*45 Fr2
one
Dividing
by the other we get
is
(i)
given by
in the windings.
number of
turns,
in
ful
-
OL
making
this
When
clear.
trans-
produce
mains.
From
these considerations it
follows that the induction
also
FIG.
2.
in
core
the
constant
the primary circuit
tial.
Thus while
is
at
must be
all
practically
loads,
because
The Design of
i8
explained by the fact that the primary and secondary currents practically oppose each other in their
action on the core.
Fig. 2 shows the condition of affairs when the
transformer
is
loaded.
e1
ii
is
voltage applied
the primary current, which lags a
;
FIG.
i2
little
behind
3.
is
e2 ,
The
resultant of
construction
is
it
6,
is
non-inductive.
This is
actually required to magnetise the iron.
here called i/m, as the permeability of the iron
determines its magnitude.
19-
O a, Ob by projection ; of these
a represents the power given to the primary,
and when multiplied by e lt gives the actual power in
watts and the O 6 represents the current called i/u.
above.
two components,
two,
in the core,
O6
the same
as-
Hence O c represents
the current actually taken by the transformer when
the secondary is open. These two components can
figure for sake of clearness.
be calculated
if
*H
From
we
used
the value of
get by
and
first
JUL
principles that
io
For
(A
= TT
and
H=
--
x ampere-turns
1-25
r^-
176
The Design of
-2O
Ti
= the number
OC =CB + OB
2
The
21
alone.
*
For thin iron plates the watts lost per cubic centimetre
= y = ( t $ n ) 2 10 ~10
where
B =
n
at
F,.
The Design
22
oj
copper circuits
If s
23
/ = the total
length of conductor in feet
#=the drop of volts allowed at maximum
;
current
y = the resistance in
ohms;
g = the weight of copper in pounds.
Then
_ T T
g=S T
T
but
TT
9*2
7T
I0~ 6
(3)
X 3-85
it is
design.
With wire
d=
become
ii'75
(4)
d2
3*02
The constants
The Design
24
leakage.
When
oj
tested,
it
will
This
25
due to the
whole
is
field
important point, but it will be more readily understood after the trial designs have been given.
It will be best to assume a given quality of iron
taken from practical test, and hence the two curves
given have been prepared.
Fig. 4 gives the
watts lost per pound of iron at 100 frequency with
varying induction. For slight alterations of frequency it will not cause a serious error to assume
that the loss varies directly as the number of complete periods per second, as the plates for which the
curve is drawn were 10 mils thick. The iron is not
the best that can be obtained, but still is a fairly
good sample. The other curve, Fig. 5, giving the
permeability, /*, for the various inductions, was also
calculated from actual results with the same iron,
and will be used when working out the open-circuit
currents.
It will be noticed that the curve gradually
rises
it
till
is
nearly
again, but it
is
With
induction
The
is
very
following
making designs
is
much
is
The Design of
be done.
iron circuit
Then
fix
iron.
From
the iron loss obtain the loss per pound, and hence,
from Fig. 4, the induction. This, multiplied by the
27
and
from formula (i) the number of turns required in
each winding can then be found. Obtaining the
28
The Design of
for
him-
FIG.
6.
29
at
shall
kilowatt output.
First Design.
This shall be of the long shell type
having a square core. This form of transformer is
largely used both on the Continent and in England,
but the different makers use various methods of
We
Fig. 4,
it
will
'85 watt.
From
the curve,
The Design of
3O
Hence the
total flux
F =
3,600 x 84*5.
=
From
304,000.
aid of (i) determine the
we can now by
this
number
For
.*.
r2 =
102
x io 8
x
x 304,000
100
4*45
75*5.
An
even number of turns must be used for conand hence 76 will be nearest to the
number required. It is always well to calculate the
secondary first, and to obtain an even number of
turns in it, as it is not well to introduce half and
quarter turns in either of the windings. We get thenumber of turns on the primary from the ratio ot
venience,
the voltages.
Thus
r2
e2
102
---
76 x 2,000
.-.Ti-
1,490.
**
fe*
Z-JFIG.
8.
32
The Design of
FIG.
7.
Here
33
i = 3 amperes
TJ= 1,490 turns;
;
TT
I
=
=
= 20
i '97ft.
2,94oft.
V/
volts
= i per
cent.
x 1,570 x i'97 x
"75
20
The
by
this,
we
get
-^- =
19*4 as the
number of
layers
The Design of
34
The
we
In this case
i.
60 amperes
3.
r2 = 76;
6=1,
so that
'
.
-60x76
The number
?r
1*97 as before
i5oft.
and
1-97x9-2- x io~ 6 =
-083
of
turns
76
cannot
be
sq. in.
divided
this case
it
10 layers.
the
will
Thus,
'175^1.
Allowing 35 mils
for insulation, this leaves '140 in. for depth of copper
and tape ; ('I4oin. x -6ooin.) will give the section
segment.
necessary
The
35
7-2
5*1
3*0
From
Fig.
we
see
the
alteration.
length
is
the
The copper
that
is
the
space
allowed
calculations
will
From
g=
from
(i) is
302,000 C.G.S.
3 Q2 000
=3,580.
y 4'5
>
The Design
36
oj
0724 ampere
iH
Fig. 3.
The
next step is to calculate ijm, the current required by the permeability of the iron. This is got
by means of the formula (2)
:
For
magnetic path
/x
--
at this induction,
Tj
/.
lu.
1,490;
As from
X 123
3,580
J
x
1,960
1,490 x
c
-p
176
'0858 ampere.
iH
and
ijm
we
= \/* H2 + *> 2
= \Ao7242 + -08582;
= 'H2 ampere;
:
L TLli75
d2
67 ohms.
be seen that
of three amperes
as intended.
The weight
is
is
when
the
full
(3),
Hence,
TT
and TX we get
which applies
the section is known.
or,
primary current
g = 4 61b.
The secondary
aid of
37
for strip or
way by
lo-*;
/_ X
= 76
I'q6 XQ'2
_2_
083
'0166
ohm.
g=
Now
we
^^
metres.
The Design
38
,
F =
Primary TX =
= 123.
= 1*96.
302,000,
TT
1,490.
of
Maximum
r
6*7
depth of winding,
ohms
Secondary
loss
r2 =
76.
i
TT
i'7in.
per cent.
weight, 461b.
1*96.
264-8 watts.
full
load
=
6,264-8
112 ampere
= 224
So the power
The weight
watts.
44
= '648.
Total
2661b.
=
=
57*55.
78'os.
i35'5s
'jy
= -55.
weight of iron
The other point to be considered in the transformer just designed is the cooling surface per watt
wasted at no load and also at full load. This
should give an approximate idea of the temperature
which the transformer will attain when left on the
The investigation is, however, by no means
circuit.
so simple as might be expected at first sight.
insulation
at
full
The Design of
40
make the
The
41
loss in the
= 29 square inches,
cooling surface is only TT x g^in.
so that the watts per square inch cooling surface in
this central section rises to 0*35 at full load, whereas
mean obtained above was only o'2ii. This is under
the assumption that the whole of the heat generated
in the section is transmitted radially to the surface,
the
is
The yokes
diminishes.
Hence the
42
The Design of
rudL
FIG.
9.
43
of different
This will be readily seen when looking at the case worked out below
an air-gap having an induction of 3,000 in it. By the interleaving
method this induction can easily be reduced to one line per square c.m.,
which would reduce the current required for the gap to a figure negligible as compared with that required by the iron, i.e., '000,191 ampere
as compared with '0,858 ampere for the iron.
In addition to this the total gap is much less in the interleaved type
for
and
will a?ain
reduce the
effect.
D 2
The Design
44
of
In this case
IB
the
fji
for
air=
i.
FIG.
above,
we
get
two
10.
air-gaps
in
may
the
magnetic
average,
say,
Then
x -05
3,ooo
^
^^
1x1,490x176
'0574
J/ ^ ampere.
45
'1432
^before,
i= 7-07242 + -I432 2
= *i6i ampere, or 5*37 per
,
:So
we
is
cent.
to raise the
FIG. ii.
The Design of
46
Fig. ii
shows
made by
Brown and
Messrs.
this step
will
of likely
CHAPTER
Second Design.
II.
The transformer
just
designed
<i4i
FIG. 12.
We
The Design of
The stampings
the
removed from
pieces
can
be got in that
the plates were
to
break joint as
arranged
in Fig, 9.
Hence the Mor-
iron
would be
if
made
shown,
is
now
built
up on
a different principle.
3ft.
iron
| (7
which
The
will
weigh 5261b.
we assumed
-=
cubic inches,
in the iron is
loss
which gives
i, 880
49
150 watts,
From
the
We
can now
winding.
Using formula
2
we
(i)
= 4*45 F r
n io~ 8
get
102
4*45 x 1,172,000 x
r.y
x 100 x io~~ 8
102
~4'45 X 1*172
We
19-6.
turns, as with
of transformer the wire can only be got at
at the ends of the core, and may assume 20 turns as
the nearest number to the above. In this design
make
this
there
is
as
much
likelihood
of getting magnetic
last,
The Design of
^=^T2
e.2
2,OOO X 2O
'
and here
h =
Tl
...
TT
=39
d= V/3X3Q2
=
= 7-5
= 20
7-5XII75 IO-H
2O
"0721.
Say
wire,
Assuming a minimum insulation of Jin. everywhere between copper and iron, the depth of
winding may be
i*5in.
and r~~
= I 7'3>
so tnat
we
The secondary
will
be best
wound
51
as tape in 10
available.
for
*i5oin.,
insulation,
noin.
from
The
'''
9' a
io-,
and here
h =
To
60
TT
=2O
7'5
0=1.
S =
and
will
*75in. broad,.
Bare, *75oin.
The length
;
insulated, '7goin. x *i5oin.
for
side
side
will be
two
turns
required
placed
by
=
x
r6in.
Now
the
2
i*58oin., say,
primary
'7goin.
x 'iioin.
winding took
window
2in., so
required would be
2in.
i*6in.
3*6in.,
whereas 3*5in. is the total length available for insulation and wire
see drawing, Fig. 12.
Hence with the core as sketched there is not
room
The Design
52
oj
We
preferable,
the
as
regulation
the
of
transformer
copper
number of turns
The whole
=
>
2,000 x 18
354
to these figures.
number
d =
J
^
first
we
figure 354,
3 x 354 x 7'5 x
get
n'75 IO -
<
-0684.
The number
of layers will be
18,
and 20
53
The
g =
=
&
7TTJ3-02.
-o68 2 x 7-5 x 354 x 3-02.
From
The
from
i2
r2
TT
9-2
~0~
,
becomes equal
to
- -
x 18 x 7-5 x 0*2
60
_
^
-10 6
= '167^.
The
tape
be
ample,
and
hence
be
The Design of
54
The weight
adopted.
finally
will be
from
g = S r2
and the
of
the
secondary
(3)
x 3-85
x
18 x 7-5 x 3-85;
-0745
resistance
TT
0745
'0167
ohm.
FIG. 14.
The arrangement
shown
of
in
winding when
the
winding as designed
we may
considered.
The
iron loss
and now
el
.*.
4*45
altered,
From
F T!
2,000,
and r t
2,000,
55
icr
we
get that
8
,
354.
8
4*45 x F x 354 x 100 x io~
4'45 x 354
The area
= 1,840,
fl
1,270,000.
For
loss of 526 x '32 = 168 watts, or 2*81 per cent.
this loss, at 2,000 volts, a current of "084 ampere will
be required, which we call i Ht Fig. 3.
The data for determining the current required to
magnetise the iron is got from formula (2)
t/UL
Here
|i
path,
is
>.
76
= 1,840 I, the mean length of magnetic
= 43*2 centimetres. The
corresI7in.
/AT! 1
fj.
0-0995.
=
=
no-load current
2
VC'084)
'130
1,840 x 43-2
1,280 x 354 x 176
The
=
= V*H 2
iy?
-0995
ampere
";
The Design
56
The
o]
follows
Ratio
Six-Kilowatt Transformer Second Design.
= 100.
of transformation, 2,000/100 volts
Core, 3jin. x 36in. area of cross-section of iron,
;
^^
1,840;
F =
1,270,000;
= 354
= 43'2cm.
7*5ft.
Primary TJ
Conductor, 68-mil wire insulated to 83 mils, and
wound in 18 layers of 20 turns.
:
TT
Secondary r2 = 18
;
TT
7*5.
x *i25in.) insulated to
in nine layers of two turns each.
loss, i per cent. ; weight 38*7^.
wound
"0167 ohm
Iron
Losses
Copper, primary
Copper, secondary
...
60
,,
or
ro
,,
'
g5 4 per Cent
'
-- =
'646.
6oi'7lb.
loolb.
and
238-65.
The
iron
ratio
is
of the weight
57
of copper to weight
of
"144.
full
load.
surrounding the coils are arranged so that the laminThus the heat can
ations all run out to the surface.
be readily dispersed by conduction. Still, in spite
of this great advantage, which accounts in some
measure for the low temperature rises found in the
Westinghouse and Mordey transformers, it must be
remembered that it is impossible to obtain the
temperature of the wire in the centre of the transformer. The heat generated in wires at the centre
will mostly pass out through the insulation to the
iron and thence to the air.
Hence the temperature
of the wire in the middle must be considerably higher
than that of the inside edges of the iron plates. The
inside edges will again be hotter than the outside, but
the difference will not be so much as the iron is a good
Tis
>
UNIVERSITY
OF THR
The Design of
58
The
great
results
from
point to be
the design
noticed
is,
that
in
the
the
above
ratio
of
weight
of
Still,
if
is
of the
design,
59
transformer.
How
end of the
is
coil,
as
shown
till
the
have
been
got
in,
these bolts
are
finally
E 2
tight-
The Design of
6o
plates.
FIG. 15.
FIG.
similar in
16.
transformer
is
shown
The Westinghouse
in section in Figs. 15
and
16.
As
61
similar to
The
To
shown by the
The
cross yokes,
62
splendid
The Design of
efficiency
of
this
transformer,
also
be
designed.
The other transformer referred to
but
the
very carefully
is
the Elwell-
FIG.
17.
Westinghouse
63
.CtjjJ.U.6
to
Figs. 17
in proportion in
out, 'and as it is
to scale a rough idea of the proportion of copper to
iron can be obtained.
its
It will
be noticed that
all
FIG. 18.
The Design of
64
is
its
the
worst feature.
highest
Dr. Fleming.
It
percentage
is
leakage
recorded
and
by
CHAPTER
Third Design.
designed,
we
In
will
this,
III.
lengths of the
circuit
was
short.
Now,
mean
will
be,
rectangular
ductors.
formers
containing the
copper
con-
we can
The Design of
66
determined
till
is
FIG. 19.
-~ = *835watt.
pound =
The
the total
.*.
flux
equals
148
3,500
67
C.G.S.
lines,
F =518,000.
Designing the secondary winding
e,
4-45
volts to
T,
,i
io~ 8
make up
first
from
for the
drop due-
102
4-45 x -518
' 44^
(i)
turns.
68
The Design
of
We
_ T2 x 2,000
102
_ 44
x 2,000
102
= 865
In this type of transformer the coils are usually
wound on separate formers and slipped on individThe question of which should be nearer the
ually.
core has been often discussed, and the balance of
advantage appears to lie in placing the secondary
next to the iron, as then the high volt winding is
farther from the iron, and less likely to leak to earth.
Also the thick wire of the secondary is wound on
is
hence more
stable.
The
With
if
a constant
full-
69*
secondary inside,
its
be used
is
got from
(3)
I0
and
60
T 2 = 44
.'.
=
6 =
7r 2
1.
of 22
The tape
turns each, so that the insulated tape should measure
*
m
',
may be
wound
in 8'5in.
Uninsulated the copper would be
about 35oin. broad, and to give the section must be
i65in. thick.
Tape
The Design of
70
depth
of winding of '4in.
Calculating the resist ince as in previous designs
for the exact section of the tape, '0577 square inch,
we get from (3) that r2 = 'oi66, which, with 60
amperes, gives just und>:r the one volt drop allowed.
The weight
of copper from
g = S TT x 3-85,
2 3 lb.
i,
"
Ti
7T,
I0
.-.
d =
J
V
3JLg65_x_g87
'066.
20
'0
= 20
1175 Tn - 5
for the
So 66-mil wire
and
it
will
winding to about
wire from (4) is
*85in.
The
resistance
of the
_ r^ii-75 I0 _3
d*
_
6'68 ohms.
The weight
volume
The
will be
total
field,
The Design
72
of
$=
52O) O ?
3,520.
140
The loss per pound in watts at this induction for
the iron assumed by curve Fig. 4, is '827, so that
2,000 volts
The
'0756 ampere.
2,000
next
determine the
to
is
step
fj.
current
from
iu.
MTj I7 6
In this transformer
|i
I
/x
= 3,520
= 72-7 centimetres;
= 1,950 from curve,
;
Fig. 5
Ti-865;
1,950 x 865 x
'
I 76
Now
i,
'0864 ampere.
the magnetising or no-load current,
= v
=
tj
=
which
in"
ifJ?>
'0756*
+ *o864 2
"115 ampere,
^^
73
Secondary
r = 44
TT
loss
per cent.
2*73.
loss, i
151 watts
Copper, primary ... 60 ,,
Copper, secondary 60 ,,
weight, 23lb.
...
...
1*0
...
271 watts
The
wound
*i65in.),
per cent.
Iron
Losses
weight,
,,
6,000
95'7 P er cent.
on open
circuit,
The weight
equals '657.
of iron
copper
,,
Total
Which
The
equals
The
=
=
238*7^.
and
6is.
46-55.
107-55.
gives 3Q'81b.
ratio of weight of
^p
=
=
'304.
difficult to
made
The Design of
74
total
The
effects greatly assist the external surfaces.
surface which is exposed externally amounts to only
FIG. 21.
-362 at
full
load,
and to
750
The method
75
Also,
if
any
and
step
is
final
The reason
So in this
is misleading to institute comparisons.
case the effects of less iron and more copper should
be carefully investigated.
The three transformers worked out above by no
means exhaust the types which have been used by
the numerous manufacturers, but after carefully
following the methods of design the reader should
have no difficulty in working out details for any
76
The Design of
FIG. 22.
The advantage
air.
claimed for this transformer was that it had less iron
loss than any ordinary closed-circuit transformer.
This has been proved to be a fallacy by Dr. Fleming's
of the core to the other by the
measurements on a three and on a six kilowatt transformer, both of which had no-load losses as great as
most closed-core types. He also showed that the
manufacturers have been misled by a wattmeter which
77
make
The
this
winding of the
way
much
in the
same
The
first
is
the
The
78
The Design of
FIG. 23.
79
V47'5
2'75
_!_..
i
/*,
j46 _
"
27-5
Hedgehog transformer
is
due to the
air resistance in
was
much
to ensure this.
Still, lines of force do leak
out before the ends are reached to a much greater
degree than occurs in any closed-circuit transformer.
The
may be
will
The Design of
80
Thus,
if
is
circuit
The
result
is
closed-
the
sum
owing
81
by previous experiments
by
known C
has no current in
It is
and to
losses,
call
is simple and
magnetising effect. Now at
full load in the third design the primary current has
increased to 26*5 times its previous value, and we
have the secondary current opposing the magnetising
At no load, the magnetising
force of the primary.
force just inside the primary due to v ('0864 ampere)
there
is
no
would be
and =
/
it,
differential
^-~
TT
"0864
-'.H--
coil.
x 865 x 1-76
'
o I
o
coil,
in
5-6 in
C.G.S. measure.
The Design
82
oj
i.e., 5-6
compared to that in the iron. At
load the current rises to three amperes so the
magnetising force in the air space just inside the
small
full
primary
will
now be
=
195'
FIG. 24.
an induction of 195 lines per centimetre, which, when multiplied by the area, gives a
leakage flux which is appreciable.
This
will give
The
action
is
83
primary only.
The Design of
84
It is better in
valuable.
to obtain the
number
it.
circuits,
tion of the
The
selec-
for alternate-
85
company using
arrange
all
is advantageous.
Beyond this the
matter has been largely left in the hands of the
manufacturers. So we find that in America the high
frequency of 133 periods per second has been extensively used because a large manufacturing company
adopted it as their standard. In England, the prac-
standard frequency.
Roughly, the higher values
tend to slightly reduce the first cost of the generating plant, and the use of motors is as yet
only commercially possible where low frequencies
are used.
Whichever may be universally more
From
equation
(i)
the potential
difference,
as-
The Design
86
of
and F, the
4*45
total flux,
Frn
may
io~ s
be written
|i
a where |$
4-45
^ am io~
With
ratio,
on the secondary
will
We
87
number
is
of reversals
where
....
W*=anW
is
n=
IP
(5)
= the maximum
induction.
The
these losses in
some elementary
requires
plates
calculus,
2
9
(r$n) io-
...
(6)
= the thickness
may be merged
W
where
given by
is
a constant.
($
Hence the
W = anW
P
)2,
total
(wf)
loss
is
The Design of
88
the expression for the eddy currents is a larger proportion of the total loss. The approximate truth of
this formula
the eddy-current
second.
have
Thus
F
=
=
=
= 6,000
at
(*?M
for
lo-mil plates
we
io-9
2
5 x ('oi x 6,000 x ioo) x
9
5 x 6,OOO x 6,OOO x IO~
io~ 9
Now
is
the
1*70.
- "18
1*70
pound of
iron.
= 6,000
alone is
89
Doing
results
in
'.
From
be obtained by simple
It will be found on trial that the
proportion.
curve thus obtained is not quite in uniformity with
the equation of |i to the i*6th power. This is due
to some qualities of the iron from which the original
that transformer
50, 75, 100,
IP
= w
fc
for
In the same
- 50
way
is
3.580JLI2? = 7,160.
= 75
for n^
x IOQ
= 4,800
75
and
at
We will
130,
^ = 2,770.
Thus
^^
is,
The Design of
go
from Fig.
loss at 50
T
AT
\V
H
1*04 x 172*5 x 50
Therefore the
1 68
watts.
100
TABLE OF IRON LOSSES AND NO-LOAD CURRENTS FOR SHELL
TYPE SIX-KILOWATT TRANSFORMER (DESIGN i) AT DIFFERENT
FREQUENCIES.
In the same
WH
way
= ri25
= 4,800 and n =
for |p
X I72 5 X 75
75,
'
IOO
= 146
watts.
Hence,
But we saw
=
=
9
172*5 x 5 x ( oi x 7,160 x 50)2 x io~
11 watts at 50 frequency.
n was always a constant
above that
f
gi
was not
all frequencies, as these two quanare the only variables in the equation used
above. Filling up the list, the total iron loss in
be a constant for
tities
The Design of
92
/JL
-_
for
curve Fig.
5.
Then
from
i^
(2)
JUL
TI x
As
176
right-hand side,
TI x
common
is
to all cases,
it
176
may
therefore
T! x
and
iu
'0468
176
Ig
x -0468.
ft
Thus
at
n =
7,160,
i,
= Zil6o
50, IP
...
and
=
/UL
2,650,
2,650
The
The
'127 ampere.
values of
which
in this case
was
The magnetising
first
case
2,000.
current
i
i
*/i R
=
=
J'oSg
2
?
the
x -1272
-155 ampere.
93
IJL
it is
This
Quality of Iron.
which causes
is
transformers.
Every batch of iron received should
be kept separate, and the test of the transformers
The Design
94
made from
it
of
falling
The
the quality.
obtained.
tions,
The higher
factor is increased.
On referring to Dr.
Fleming's list of tests, it will be seen that in one
case he obtained a power factor as high as "92. A
special brand of mild steel is said to be used in this
transformer, which must have a very high permeability to account for such a power factor.
Transformers for Different Methods of Supply. The
transformers used in lighting individual houses are
power
tion
tion.
in
section
The
did
not
sub-station
also
affect
of
the
95
regula-
supply is
now coming into more general use. In this
system the consumers are connected on to a lowtension network, which is fed at different places by
transformers in sub-stations. In this way, even if
the whole of the transformers are left continuously
on the mains, a much higher load factor is obtained,
owing to the different classes of buildings supplied.
That is to say, the average load is a larger proportion of the maximum load, and hence the transformer is worked more economically. To still
further increase the economy, arrangements are
made for reducing the number of transformers in
connection with the main as the load diminishes.
So in these transformers and in those used in power
transmission on a large scale, the watts wasted in
the copper form a good proportion of the total loss.
As the heat generated in the copper is liable to hurt
the insulation, it is advisable in the large transformers used for central-station work to keep the
percentage loss in the copper lower than in small
transformers for separate installation work.
system
THE END.
"
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IX.
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termination of Characteristics.
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mutation of Current.
ComDynaSpark-
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CHAPTER
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CHAPTER
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Shell
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Working Dia-
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Effect of Leakage.
grams.
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CHAPTER
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Centrales.
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continuous Motion.
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CHAPTER VIII.
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C. H.
W. BIGGS.
Journal.
6d.,
has devoted
its
Published
It
has
every
all
questions
matters con-
and
is
without
doubt
SHORTLY.
By A.
W. Denny &
Bros.
give
them
them
engineers,
a sufficient insight
to understand ship
in general,
fulfils
these conditions.
fittings,
measuring instruments
avoiding as
to
work
much
etc.,
used
on board ship,
of this nature.
FORMER
DESIGN.
Crown
R.
By
W. Weekes.
Price
8vo.
2s.
losses
and
little loss
as possible.
F.
A.M.I.E.E.
Guy.
This book
is
of
part of
first
the book will give a very good idea of the author's views.
Evolution of Electrical Engineering showing the use of
Electric lighting.
The action
of parliament.
The advantages
Motive power.
as
heat.
Gas and
oil
horse power.
engines.
dynamo.
winding.
currents.
Working
Water power.
Heating
The magnetic
Alternating
Artificial.
Work and
fuel.
effects
circuit.
Field
in parallel.
of
the
Generation
of
magnet winding.
Currents.
Armature
Notes on running,
etc.
The Dynamo.
By
C.
Wallis, A.Inst.E.E.
5s.
(Forming the
first
By Sir D. Salomons.
'
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In one
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