Inteefsfsdfrruiew SD, SD, DV, VD
Inteefsfsdfrruiew SD, SD, DV, VD
Inteefsfsdfrruiew SD, SD, DV, VD
defined as follows:
,
The denominator is the amplitude of the signal with all
harmonic components.
SINAD is a parameter which provides a quantitative
measurement of the quality of an audio signal from a
communication device. It is the ratio of the total signal power
level (desired signal + noise + distortion or SND) to unwanted
signal power (noise + distortion or ND). The higher this ratio,
the better the quality of the audio signal
INTERMODULATION DISTORTION
DISTORTION ANALYSER
This is the instrument used to measure total harmonic
components. It removes the fundamental component of the
signal under investigation and measures the remainder. With
the switch S1 at Set Level, the band-pass filter is adjusted to
the fundamental frequency and attenuator is adjusted to obtain
full-scale reading on the meter. The switch position is then
changed to Distortion, the notch filter is tuned to the
fundamental and attenuator is adjusted again to get full-scale
reading on the meter. THD is then calculated from the
attenuator position. SINAD can also be measured with this
equipment.
Any practical signal contains some hum and noise, and the
distortion analyzer will include these in the reading. Because of
these added components, the correct value measured by the
instrument is total harmonic distortion and noise (THD + n).
Additional filters (low pass and high pass) are included on most
distortion analyzers to reduce unwanted hum and noise
The shape of the output waveform from a notch-type analyzer
indicates the slope of the nonlinearity. Displaying the residual
components on the vertical axis of an oscilloscope and the
input signal on the horizontal gives a plot of the transfer
characteristics deviation from a best-fit straight line.
WAVE ANALYSER
This instrument is used to measure each harmonic component
individually. This instrument uses the principle of heterodyne
(heterodyne means to mix) where signal of frequency, fsig, is
mixed with a local oscillator frequency, fLO, generating
frequencies fLO + fsig, fLO fsig and harmonics. A narrow
band-pass filter is tuned to pass signal of frequency fLO +fsig
to the amplifier which is Then read by the meter. By varying the
frequency of the local oscillator, signal amplitudes of
fundamental, 2nd harmonic, 3rd harmonic, etc.can be
measured individually. Note that each harmonic frequency is
converted to a constant frequency, which allows the use of
highly selective filters. Since the frequency components are
measured one at a time, this is called non-real time analyzer
(NRTA). The bandwidth of heterodyne wave analyzer is usually
constant. This makes the analysis very difficult if signal
SPECTRUM ANALYSER
An analysis of a complex waveform, in terms of a graphic plot
of the amplitude versus frequency, is known as spectrum
analysis. Spectrum analysis recognizes the fact that waveforms
are composed of the summation of a group of sinusoidal waves,
each of an exact frequency and all existing together
simultaneously The frequency-domain (amplitude versus
frequency) plot is used to observe frequency response