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    Chapter 8B - Gas Power Plant Brayton Cycle

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    BF3nobel
    This document discusses the Brayton cycle, which is the ideal cycle that models gas turbine engines. It begins by outlining the objectives of analyzing gas power cycles and identifying the simplifying assumptions used. These include treating the working fluid as an ideal gas and assuming internally reversible, quasi-equilibrium processes with negligible heat transfer through insulated pipes. The document then provides an overview of the key components of the Brayton cycle, including constant-pressure heat addition and rejection processes. It analyzes the effects of parameters like pressure ratio and temperature levels on the cycle's thermal efficiency. Finally, it discusses modifications to the basic cycle that can improve performance, such as regeneration, intercooling, and reheating.

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    Chapter 8B - Gas Power Plant Brayton Cycle

    Uploaded by

    BF3nobel
    519 views17 pages
    This document discusses the Brayton cycle, which is the ideal cycle that models gas turbine engines. It begins by outlining the objectives of analyzing gas power cycles and identifying the simplifying assumptions used. These include treating the working fluid as an ideal gas and assuming internally reversible, quasi-equilibrium processes with negligible heat transfer through insulated pipes. The document then provides an overview of the key components of the Brayton cycle, including constant-pressure heat addition and rejection processes. It analyzes the effects of parameters like pressure ratio and temperature levels on the cycle's thermal efficiency. Finally, it discusses modifications to the basic cycle that can improve performance, such as regeneration, intercooling, and reheating.

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    Gas Power Plant (Brayton Cycle,...)

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    Chapter 8B- Gas Power Plant Brayton Cycle

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    This document discusses the Brayton cycle, which is the ideal cycle that models gas turbine engines. It begins by outlining the objectives of analyzing gas power cycles and identifying the simplifying assumptions used. These include treating the working fluid as an ideal gas and assuming internally reversible, quasi-equilibrium processes with negligible heat transfer through insulated pipes. The document then provides an overview of the key components of the Brayton cycle, including constant-pressure heat addition and rejection processes. It analyzes the effects of parameters like pressure ratio and temperature levels on the cycle's thermal efficiency. Finally, it discusses modifications to the basic cycle that can improve performance, such as regeneration, intercooling, and reheating.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    519 views17 pages

    Chapter 8B - Gas Power Plant Brayton Cycle

    Uploaded by

    BF3nobel
    This document discusses the Brayton cycle, which is the ideal cycle that models gas turbine engines. It begins by outlining the objectives of analyzing gas power cycles and identifying the simplifying assumptions used. These include treating the working fluid as an ideal gas and assuming internally reversible, quasi-equilibrium processes with negligible heat transfer through insulated pipes. The document then provides an overview of the key components of the Brayton cycle, including constant-pressure heat addition and rejection processes. It analyzes the effects of parameters like pressure ratio and temperature levels on the cycle's thermal efficiency. Finally, it discusses modifications to the basic cycle that can improve performance, such as regeneration, intercooling, and reheating.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    BRAYTON CYCLE IDEAL

    GAS TURBINE CYCLE


    MET 401
    POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
    Ref:
    1. Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach by Cengel Boles -- 7th edition
    pp. 514.

    Engr. Chandrakant

    Objectives
    Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles for which
    the working fluid remains a gas throughout the entire
    cycle.
    Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas
    power cycles.

    Analyze both closed and open gas power cycles.


    Solve problems based on the Brayton cycle; the Brayton
    cycle with regeneration; and the Brayton cycle with
    intercooling, reheating, and regeneration.
    Identify simplifying assumptions for second-law analysis
    of gas power cycles.
    Perform second-law analysis of gas power cycles.
    2

    BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS


    OF POWER CYCLES
    Thermal efficiency of heat engines
    Most power-producing devices operate on cycles.
    Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles the actual cycle
    closely but is made up totally of internally reversible
    processes is called an.
    Reversible cycles such as Carnot cycle have the
    highest thermal efficiency of all heat engines
    operating between the same temperature levels.
    Unlike ideal cycles, they are totally reversible, and
    unsuitable as a realistic model.

    Modeling is a
    powerful
    engineering tool
    that provides great
    insight and
    simplicity at the
    expense of some
    loss in accuracy.
    3

    The analysis of many


    complex processes can be
    reduced to a manageable
    level by utilizing some
    idealizations.

    On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the


    area enclosed by the cyclic curve to
    the area under the heat-addition
    process curve represents the thermal
    efficiency of the cycle. Any
    modification that increases the ratio
    of these two areas will also increase
    the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

    Care should be exercised


    in the interpretation of the
    results from ideal cycles.

    The idealizations and simplifications in the


    analysis of power cycles:
    1. The cycle does not involve any friction.
    Therefore, the working fluid does not
    experience any pressure drop as it flows in
    pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.
    2. All expansion and compression processes
    take place in a quasi-equilibrium manner.
    3. The pipes connecting the various
    components of a system are well
    insulated, and heat transfer through them
    is negligible.

    On both P-v and T-s diagrams, the area enclosed


    by the process curve represents the net work of the
    cycle.
    4

    THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS


    VALUE IN ENGINEERING
    The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally
    reversible processes: isothermal heat addition,
    isentropic expansion, isothermal heat rejection, and
    isentropic compression.
    For both ideal and actual cycles: Thermal
    efficiency increases with an increase in the average
    temperature at which heat is supplied to the system
    or with a decrease in the average temperature at
    which heat is rejected from the system.

    A steady-flow Carnot engine.

    P-v and T-s diagrams of


    a Carnot cycle.

    AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS
    Air-standard assumptions:
    1. The working fluid is air, which
    continuously circulates in a closed loop
    and always behaves as an ideal gas.
    2. All the processes that make up the
    cycle are internally reversible.
    3. The combustion process is replaced by
    a heat-addition process from an
    external source.
    4. The exhaust process is replaced by a
    heat-rejection process that restores the
    working fluid to its initial state.
    The combustion process is replaced by
    a heat-addition process in ideal cycles.
    Cold-air-standard assumptions: When the working fluid is considered to
    be air with constant specific heats at room temperature (25C).

    Air-standard cycle: A cycle for which the air-standard assumptions are


    applicable.
    6

    BRAYTON CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR


    GAS-TURBINE ENGINES
    The combustion process is replaced by a constant-pressure heat-addition
    process from an external source, and the exhaust process is replaced by a
    constant-pressure heat-rejection process to the ambient air.
    1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
    2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
    3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
    4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

    An open-cycle gas-turbine engine.

    A closed-cycle gas-turbine engine.

    http://thermofluids.net/

    Pressure
    ratio

    T-s and P-v diagrams for


    the ideal Brayton cycle.

    Thermal
    efficiency of the
    ideal Brayton
    cycle as a
    function of the
    pressure ratio.
    8

    The two major application areas of gas- The highest temperature in the cycle is
    limited by the maximum temperature that
    turbine engines are aircraft propulsion
    the turbine blades can withstand. This
    and electric power generation.

    also limits the pressure ratios that can be


    used in the cycle.
    The air in gas turbines supplies the
    necessary oxidant for the combustion of
    the fuel, and it serves as a coolant to
    keep the temperature of various
    components within safe limits. An airfuel
    ratio of 50 or above is not uncommon.

    = r
    For fixed values of Tmin and Tmax, the net
    work of the Brayton cycle first increases
    with the pressure ratio, then reaches a The ratio of the compressor work to the
    maximum at rp = (Tmax/Tmin)k/[2(k - 1)], and turbine work, called the back work ratio,
    finally decreases.
    9

    Example 1 & 2
    10
    A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of 8.
    The gas temperature is 300 K at the compressor inlet and 1300 K at the turbine inlet.
    Assuming a compressor efficiency of 80% and a turbine efficiency of 85%,Utilizing the
    variable specific heat, determine
    (a) the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine
    (b) the back work ratio
    (c) the thermal efficiency.
    2. Air is used as the working fluid in a simple ideal Brayton cycle that has a pressure ratio
    of 12, a compressor inlet temperature of 300 K, and a turbine inlet temperature of 1000
    K. Determine the required mass flow rate of air for a net power output of 70 MW,
    assuming both the compressor and the turbine have an isentropic efficiency of (a) 100
    percent and (b) 85 percent. Assume variable specific heats.
    1.

    Development of Gas Turbines


    1. Increasing the turbine inlet (or firing) temperatures
    2. Increasing the efficiencies of turbomachinery components (turbines,
    compressors):
    3. Adding modifications to the basic cycle (intercooling, regeneration or
    recuperation, and reheating).

    Deviation of Actual GasTurbine Cycles from Idealized


    Ones
    Reasons: Irreversibilities in turbine and
    compressors, pressure drops, heat losses

    Isentropic efficiencies of the compressor


    and turbine
    The deviation of an actual gasturbine cycle from the ideal
    Brayton cycle as a result of
    irreversibilities.
    11

    THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH


    REGENERATION
    In gas-turbine engines, the temperature of the exhaust
    gas leaving the turbine is often considerably higher than
    the temperature of the air leaving the compressor.
    Therefore, the high-pressure air leaving the compressor
    can be heated by the hot exhaust gases in a counter-flow
    heat exchanger (a regenerator or a recuperator).
    The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases as a
    result of regeneration since less fuel is used for the same
    work output.

    A gas-turbine engine with regenerator. 12

    T-s diagram of a Brayton


    cycle with regeneration.

    http://thermofluids.net/

    Effectiveness
    of regenerator
    Effectiveness under coldair standard assumptions
    Under cold-air
    standard assumptions
    T-s diagram of a Brayton
    cycle with regeneration.

    Can regeneration
    be used at high
    pressure ratios?

    The thermal efficiency


    depends on the ratio of the
    minimum to maximum
    temperatures as well as the
    pressure ratio.
    Regeneration is most
    effective at lower pressure
    ratios and low minimum-tomaximum temperature ratios.

    Thermal
    efficiency of
    the ideal
    Brayton cycle
    with and
    without
    regeneration.
    13

    Example 3, 4 and 5
    14
    A Brayton cycle with regeneration using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 7.
    The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310 and 1150 K. Assuming an
    isentropic efficiency of 75 percent for the compressor and 82 percent for the turbine and
    an effectiveness of 65 percent for the regenerator, determine
    (a) the air temperature at the turbine exit
    (b) the net work output
    (c) the thermal efficiency. Answers: (a) 783 K, (b) 108.1 kJ/kg, (c) 22.5 percent
    4. Determine the thermal efficiency of the gas-turbine described in Example- 1, if a
    regenerator having an effectiveness of 80 percent is installed. Answers: 36.9%
    5. Consider an ideal gas turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of
    expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor and the turbine is 2.
    Air enters each stage of the compressor at 310 K and each stage of the turbine at 1100 K.
    Determine (a) the thermal efficiency (th) of the cycle and (b) back work ratio. Use the IG
    model. (c) What-if Scenario:What would the thermal efficiency and BWR be if the
    pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor and the turbine were 4 ?
    Answers: (a) 27.1 %, (b) 0.339 by TEST
    3.

    THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH


    INTERCOOLING, REHEATING,
    AND REGENERATION

    For minimizing work input to


    compressor and maximizing
    work output from turbine:

    A gas-turbine engine with two-stage compression with intercooling, two-stage


    expansion with reheating, and regeneration and its T-s diagram.
    15

    Multistage compression with intercooling: The work required to compress a gas


    between two specified pressures can be decreased by carrying out the compression
    process in stages and cooling the gas in between. This keeps the specific volume as low
    as possible.
    Multistage expansion with reheating keeps the specific volume of the working fluid as
    high as possible during an expansion process, thus maximizing work output.
    Intercooling and reheating always decreases the thermal efficiency unless they are
    accompanied by regeneration. Why?
    Comparison
    of work inputs
    to a singlestage
    compressor
    (1AC) and a
    two-stage
    compressor
    with
    intercooling
    (1ABD).
    As the number of compression and expansion
    stages increases, the gas-turbine cycle with
    intercooling, reheating, and regeneration
    approaches the Ericsson cycle.
    16

    6.

    An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and


    two stages of expansion has an overall pressure ratio of 8. Air
    enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of
    the turbine at 1300 K. Determine the back work ratio and the
    thermal efficiency of this gas-turbine cycle, assuming
    (a) no regenerators
    (b) an ideal regenerator with 85 percent effectiveness.
    Compare the results with those obtained in Example 1.

    7.

    A regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and reheat operates at


    steady state. Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K with a mass
    flow rate (m) of 8 kg/s. The pressure ratio across the two stage
    compressor and two stage turbine is 12. The intercooler and reheater
    each operates at 300 kPa. At the inlets to the turbine stages the
    temperature is 1500 K. The temperature at the inlet to the second
    compressor stage is 300 K. The efficiency of each compressor is 85%,
    and turbine stages is 80%. The regenerator effectiveness is 75%.
    Determine (a) the thermal efficiency (th), (b) the back work ratio
    and (c) the net power developed (Wnet). Use the IG model.
    Ans: (a) 46%, (b) 40.9%, (c) 3489.4 kW

    17

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