Calcul de Alpha Critique
Calcul de Alpha Critique
Calcul de Alpha Critique
Industrial halls
Classification (first and second order) structures, frame haunches, space
behaviour of halls, design of crane runway beams.
Cross sections of portal frames
One-bay (portal) frame: span up to 80 m
Two-bay frame: span up to 2x80 m
At present usually:
pinned based columns (or erection stiff),
site connections mostly with end plates and pretensioned bolts (instead of splices),
haunched rafters and columns.
OK3
Fcr
10
FEd
H , Ed
h
H1
V1
H2
V2
Ed
cr =
Ed H,Ed
0,3
A fy
NEd
The check of all members with buckling length equal to the system length
(between joints) is then conservative (acc. to Eurocode if cr > 25 then = 1).
OK3
hcr h
b1) Second order sway effects due to vertical loads may be calculated by
increasing the horizontal loads HEd (e.g. wind) and equivalent loads VEd
due to imperfections and other possible sway effects according to first
order theory by second order factor:
1
1
cr
hcr = h
given in
many
references
ensure stability
of free flange ! !
OK3
for Irafter =
for Irafter =
Lcr =
2E I
Ncr
2E I
=
cr NEd
Note:
1) Using cr from approximate formula (i.e. for sway buckling mode), the minimum
buckling length equals the system length.
1) Mind the modification of cross sections after check:
results in different cr and hence also Lcr.
OK3
Practical example:
12 kN/m'
IPE 550
40 kN
40 kN
imp 1
HE 340 B
10000
cr,1 = 6,9
(cr,2 = 44,3)
24000
2E I y
Ncr,1
2E I y
cr NEd
2 210000 366 ,6 10 6
6,9 184 ,5 10 3
= 24 374 ,1 mm
Instead of determination of buckling length hcr the direct check using relative
slenderness is preferred:
Afy
Mind the change of Ncr by
=
changing cross sections
Ncr
after checks !!!
For given example:
=
Afy
N cr,1
17090 235
6,9 184 ,5 10 3
= 1,77
OK3
Portal knees
Approximate resolution of internal forces into flanges:
Nb
Vb
M b Nb
+
h
2
M b Nb
F2
2
h
F1
Mb
welded connection
F1
D
h
F2
bolted connection
welds for
M, N, V
b
D
F1
F2
tw
b
h'
F'2
cover plate with flush and end plate (more expensive)
loaded in shear F1 (friction-grip bolts to avoid slip)
available for shear V
F1
F
; 2
b tw b tw
Ed max
Ed b,Rd = Vb,Rd / h t =
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w fyw
3 M1
8
Note:
Shear capacity of the web surrounded by flanges and stiffeners may be increased
by frame effect (contribution from flanges, creating 4 plastic hinges in the frame):
Ed
w fyw
3 M1
2Mpl,c,Rd + 2Mpl,st,Rd
plastic capacity
of flanges and stiffeners
continuous transition of
flanges
radial
stiffeners
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tw
F1
F'1
h
I
cutting of I
F2
F'2
Note: Site connection may also be offset from column face (column with a cantilever).
Portal apexes - similarly:
pinned connection
compression
shear
tension
possible
stiffener
cutting of I profile
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10
without
cooperation
with
cooperation
Analysis:
a) Space analysis of the building as a whole (demanding);
b) Approximate analysis using continuous girder on elastic supports:
<H
elastic supports:
c=
H
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Requirements:
- during assembly the structure is non-stiff, secure by temporary bracings, props ...
- the cladding must be effective all the structure life (mind fire, rebuilding ...)
- suitable for short industrial buildings (L/B < 4), with stiff gables.
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12
Pn
vazba
sheeting
mainframe
(podln prvek)
sheeting
Trapzov
plech
(one
sheet)
(jedna tabule)
Vaznicepurlin
(pn prvek)
Va
b
Example of
shear field:
Smykov spojka
shear connector
sheeting
Ppoje
connections
plech/plech
sheetingpurlin
Ppoje
plech/vaznice
joint
V
a
OK3
Va
b
Ppoje
shear connector
smykov
spojky
joint
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Overhead cranes
weight of crane Qc
(without crab)
bridge
crab
hoistload
Actions of overhead cranes (EN 1993-3):
hoist weight + crane load
selfweight of the crane
Qc
variable:
- vertical action of cranes
QH (hoist load given in crane tables)
- horizontal actions acts at rail vertex:
14
14
Dynamic effects:
- introduced approximately by dynamic coefficients 1 up to 7:
e.g.:
for vertical actions 1 up to 4, depends on hoisting speed, crane type ...
for drive horizontal actions 5 according to drive, etc.
SLS:
Generally is checked vibration.
Practical calculation consists in determination of deflections (max < L/600 25 mm).
Global analysis
In case of moving loading the influence lines should be used. E.g. for Mmax in section x
the Winkler criterion is valid:
x
<
Fi
>
However, usually Mmax and Vmax within all girder length is required:
e.g. 4 forces
position for Mmax = M3
1st crane
15
15
Example:
V
(necessary to try numerically)
s
assign to upper
flange
HT =
H
H
G
tw
h
HT
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He
h
H + HT
15 tw
16
Horizontal girder:
H
15 tw
transverse horizontal
loading
For :
(similarly for )
Ff E,2
Mf
17
17
E,2 = fat
KD 40
plan view:
KD 90
r 150
KD 80
OK3
II
KD 80
and
KD 36*
18
18
Complementary notes:
Critical loading of given load case (combination) may be received by software.
E.g. SCIA Engineer : choose calculation, type: buckling eigenmode, number of shapes
(suitable at least 4). Further setting as for static global analysis
(choose mesh, design load case, solution). In postprocessor choose
load case, the first natural shape of buckling: k1 = cr,1, the second
k2 = cr,2 , etc. and shapes of buckling (results, deformation shapes).
For the checked member (deciding of the whole structure instability in relevant,
i.e. particularly the 1st buckling shape) the critical force at the given load case
(combination) and relative slenderness are:
Ncr = cr,1NEd
(or
N cr = k 1 NEd),
and
Afy
Ncr,1
Note: For other members (which buckle at other - higher buckling shapes) is
slenderness determined from the 1st shape conservative.
Critical length of the checked member (embodying the right boundary conditions in the structure)
may be determined from:
2
Lcr =
EI
Ncr
Critical length, however, is just historical auxiliary value, enabling determination of reduction factor
with help of slenderness . Determination of critical lengths (except of basic cases) with help of
formulas, graphs etc. is out-of-date at present. More suitable is direct determination of relative
slenderness according to the formula above.
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H, Ed
2E I
2 Support rigidity c
h3
Vcr < VE
VE =
Vcr
HEd
h3
2 EI
h2
HEd = H, Ed c
h
2E I
buckling without
sway (Euler)
Vcr
cr =
Vcr
VEd
follows:
OK3
cr =
HEd h
VEd H,Ed
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