Application of Earth Resistivity, Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology Methods For Assessment of Groundwater Recharge in Two Drainage Basins in Northeastern United Arab Emirates
Application of Earth Resistivity, Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology Methods For Assessment of Groundwater Recharge in Two Drainage Basins in Northeastern United Arab Emirates
Application of Earth Resistivity, Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology Methods For Assessment of Groundwater Recharge in Two Drainage Basins in Northeastern United Arab Emirates
e-ISSN: 23210990, p-ISSN: 23210982.Volume 3, Issue 6 Ver. III (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 01-13
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Institute of Environment, Water and Energy, Ajman University of Science and Technology, Ajman,
United Arab Emirates
2
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
3
Desertification Combat Department, Ministry of Environment and Water, United Arab Emirates
4
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Abstract: This study analyzed the water chemistry and isotope hydrology of Wadi Al Wurrayah and Wadi Al
Tawiyean basins and assessed the contribution of their dams to groundwater recharge. For this purpose, 49
surface and groundwater samples were analyzed for stable (18O and 2H) and the radioisotope (3H). Results of
chemical analysis indicate that the groundwater in the study area is predominantly fresh (TDS < 1,000 mg/L),
with salinity ranging from 222 mg/L (TW2) to 935 (TW8), and averaging 500 mg/L. The average values of 2H
and 18O are -4.80 and -2.52, in Wadi Al Wurrayah, and -3.16 and -11.45 in Wadi Al Tawiyean
groundwater, respectively, suggesting meteoric water origin. The values of 2H and 18O in Al Wurrayah and Al
Tawiyean reservoirs are -1.83 and 2.04, and -2.25 and -2.85, respectively, indicating evaporative
enrichment. Stable isotopes mass balance showed that the dam reservoirs contribution to aquifer recharge
varies between 22% and 43%. The average tritium (3H) value of 3.6 TU in Al Tawiyean basins means that the
groundwater < 50 years old. Results of 2D earth resistivity imaging survey determined the location of water
filled fractures and thickness of the unconsolidated materials in the wadis.
Keywords: Groundwater recharge, Isotope hydrology, Hydrogeochemistry, Two-dimensional earth resistivity
imaging, United Arab Emirates
* Corresponding author:
Institute of Environment, Water and Energy, Ajman University of Science and Technology
P. O. Box 346 Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Telephone: +971504625707, Fax: +97167482277, E-mail: [email protected]
I.
Introduction
The coastal plain in the northeastern part of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) extends for 70 km
between Dibba in the north and the UAE-Oman borders in the south, and varies in width between 4 and 10 km
between the Gulf of Oman in the east and the Northern Oman Mountains in the UAE in the west.
There are no permanent streams in the UAE, but many dry wadi channels in the north and east can
carry flood water after heavy rainstorms. Streams discharging drainage basins start at the Northern Oman
Mountains in the UAE drain either eastward in the Gulf of Oman or westward in the direction of the Arabian
Gulf in the northwest and the sand dune fields in the west and southwest. The drainage basins can carry large
amounts of water over a very short period of time, forming flash floods that can cause groundwater recharge
under favorable lithological and confinement conditions. The Northern Oman Mountains in the UAE are
dissected by 70 drainage basins, 58 of which lie within the UAE. The area of these basins vary from 5 km2
(Wadi Dhannah) and 500 km2 (Wadi Al Bih). Among these basins, 54 have areas more than 10 km 2, indicating
their capability of carrying large amounts of flood water, especially the basins of the southern region which
drain low permeability igneous and metamorphic rocks [1, 2, 3].
During the last four decades, the groundwater resources in the UAE have been over exploited to meet
the increasing water demand, especially for agricultural purposes. Over-pumping practices has resulted into
aquifers depletion, salt-water intrusion and degradation of groundwater quality. Evidences indicated that
groundwater levels have declined sharply in many farming areas. To minimize this impact, the UAE
government has built more than 130 detention and retention dams. In addition, several observation wells have
been installed to monitor the groundwater levels fluctuations, as well as to detect changes of the groundwater
quality. Detention dams are designed to control the flow velocities and to allow appropriate time for the
recharge process to take place. While, retention dams are designed to store large quantities of surface water and
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II.
Two dimensional (2D) Direct Current (DC)-resistivity profiling is conducted by making many
measurements at different locations along the profile and at different offsets [5, 6, 7]. The 2D DC-resistivity
profiling data are inverted to create a tomogram-like model of resistivity along a section of the subsurface that
can be used to determine groundwater potentiality and/or detect and define individual fracture zones.
2.1 Field Work
In the present survey, eight channels Memory Earth Resistivity and induced polarization (IP)
instrument and Switch Box manufactured by Advanced Geosciences, Inc. were used. The linear array of each
profile consisted of 112 electrodes where the distances were controlled automatically by using an eight channel
switch box. Out of forty (40) 2D resistivity profiles with a profile length ranging from 550 to 2,220 m and total
length of 93 km, conducted during the period October 2005-December 2007, only eight (8) profiles in Wadi Al
Wurrayah and Wadi Al Tawiyean are presented in this study (locations of these profiles are shown in Fig. 1b
and c). Several sampling periods were undertaken in the study areas during the period December 2002-January
2008. Eighty three (83) water samples were analysed for major ions and forty two (42) samples were analysed
for stable and radioisotopes. Figures 1a show the locations of a few samples presented in this study. The
groundwater temperature in degree Celsius (C), electrical conductivity (EC) in micro Siemens per centimeters
(S/cm), hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in milligrams per liter (mg/L) were
directly measured in the field because they change after sample collection [8].
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Fig. 1a Location map of Wadi Al Wurrayah and Wadi Al Tawiyean and groundwater monitoring wells sampled
for the present study; b and c are location maps of 2D earth resistivity profiles in both wadis.
2.2 Laboratory analyses
The chemical analysis of the collected water samples was conducted in the Ministry of Electricity and
Water (MEW) laboratories in the UAE. Standard analytical techniques described in [9, 10, 11, 12, 13], were
applied. Chemical analysis of major cations and anions was performed using titration methods, ion
chromatography [14], atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) [15] and inductively coupled plasma-atomic
emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) [16]. For measurement of TDS, a 100 mL of well-mixed water sample was
filtered through a standard glass fiber. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a weighed dish and dried to a
constant weight at 180oC. The increase in dish weight represented the TDS [12]. For determination of alkalinity,
soluble carbonate (CO32-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) anions were measured by titration of 50 mL water sample
against 0.02 N HCl solution using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators [13]. Ion chromatograph,
model Dionex-2020i, was used for the analysis of the anions; chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-) and sulphate (SO42-).
The Dionex-2020i ion chromatograph is a dual-channel, high-performance chromatographic system featuring
two precision analytical pumps, a dual-channel advanced chromatography module with optional column heater
and two conductivity detectors. The operating conditions were 10-40C temperature range and 1,900 psi (129
atm.) maximum pressure. A calibration curve was prepared for each anion using aliquots anion concentrations
higher than detection limits. The detection limits in mg/L of Cl-, NO3- and SO42- were 0.03, 0.13 and 0.03,
respectively. Prior to the determination of total metal concentrations by AAS or ICP-AES, each water sample
was acidified with nitric acid (8 ml/L Analar grade), boiled for 4-5 minutes to ensure complete solubility of
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III.
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Fig. 2 Two-dimensional (2D) DC-resistivity models for profiles Wurrayah-1 to Wurrayah-4 in Wadi Al
Wurrayah (see Fig. 1b for profile locations).
3.1.2 Wadi Al Tawiyean
Vertical electrical soundings (VES) were collected near the existing borehole for which drilling
information is available to constrain the interpretation of the VES data and obtain a true resistivity range for
each lithologic layer. The 2D resistivity profiles were constructed along the strike direction to intersect the
maximum possible number of geologic features and lineaments. Three 2D profiles and eleven VES were
collected from different sites in the main channel of Wadi Al Tawiyean (Fig. 1c). The northeast-southwest (NESW) trending fault line separates the Gweiza shale Formation, which has a resistivity of less than 50 ohm-meter
(m), from the Hawasina limestone Formation, which was detected in profiles 1a as shown in Fig. 3a. The dry
limestone has a resistivity range of 500-1,000 m while saturated fractured limestone has a resistivity range of
50-150 m (Fig. 3b). The production wells of the Federal Electricity and Water Authority (FEWA) are located
in a zone where the limestone is highly fractured (Figures 3c and 3d).
The correlation of the VES data interpretation results with the boreholes information obviously indicate
that the surficial layer which is mainly composed of dry boulder attains high resistivity and extends from the
surface to a minimum depth of 2.5 m. In addition to the drilling information, the water table information during
the time of taking these measurements was used to divide the Quaternary alluvium into two zones: the first one
represents the high resistive unsaturated zone and the second represents the low to moderate resistive saturated
zone. The dry massive limestone has the highest resistivity values and the fractured limestone has a moderate
resistivity values. Hawasina shale has the lowest resistivity values.
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Fig. 3 Two-dimensional (2D) DC-resistivity models for profiles 1a, 1b, 2 and 3 in Wadi Al Tawiyean, see Fig.
1c for profile locations.
The inverted resistivity data together with the available drilling information and water table data of the
old and newly-drilled wells indicate the presence of two aquifers in the area of Wadi Tawiyean; the Quaternary
(or shallow) aquifer and the fractured limestone (or deep) aquifer. The Quaternary aquifer is regarded as the
main aquifer and is composed of unconsolidated coarse sand and gravel.
The Quaternary aquifer is directly recharged from the percolating rainfall. Historical groundwater
measurements indicate a significant variation in the response to recharge events and groundwater abstractions
from one area to the other mainly depending on its distance from the dam. This indicates that the constructed
dam has been playing a major role in enhancing the recharge of the shallow aquifer.
The Quaternary aquifer is well studied and currently is exploited for domestic and agricultural
purposes. On the other hand the bedrock aquifer was not tested and needs further detailed study. However, the
results of the 2D earth resistivity imaging survey indicate that this bedrock aquifer is probably extending for
several hundreds of meters and thus constitutes a deep aquifer with high groundwater potentiality in the areas
where it is strongly fractured and karistified.
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Ca2+
6.2
3.5
3.7
16.8
Mg2+
40.1
32.0
21.1
8.7
Na+
23.4
25.5
49.9
6.3
K+
2.0
3.5
6.2
1.8
CO326.0
4.5
7.4
0.0
HCO3109.3
83.5
92.0
62.5
Cl48.3
65.5
72.3
21.4
SO4223.2
65.5
19.5
6.6
NO36.8
29.0
3.2
6.8
TDS
257.4
258.5
278.5
119.0
Fig. 4 Schoeller-Berkallof diagram of the mean chemical composition of surface water and groundwater
samples collected from Wadi Al Wurrayah Basin.
The Pipers [23] diagram (Fig. 5) also supports this hypothesis, and shows the similarity of water types
in the reservoir and observation wells, especially those of Wur 3 and Wur 5. The relationship between Cl - and
Na+ shows that the water samples of observation wells fit the same line of surface water samples from Al
Wurrayah dam reservoir (Fig. 6). The position of each groundwater sample along this mixing line is
proportional to the distance from the dam site, indicating a possible mixing with water having a similar origin to
that in the dam reservoir.
Fig. 5 Piper diagram of the mean chemical composition of surface water and groundwater samples collected
from Wadi Al Wurrayah Basin.
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Fig. 6 Relationship between mean Cl- and Na+ concentrations of surface water and groundwater samples
colleted from Wadi Al Wurrayah Basin
3.2.2 Wadi Al Tawiyean Basin
The mean TDS values, together with major ion concentrations of groundwater samples colleted from
Wadi Al Tawiyean Basin are reported in Table 2. The average TDS of surface water in Al Tawiyean dam
reservoir was 253 mg/L. Whereas, the salinity value of groundwater samples collected from the shallow aquifer
ranges from 222 mg/L (TW 2) to 1,044 mg/L (TW 9) (Fig. 7). The data shows that the TDS of groundwater in
the Wells TW 2, TW 6, TW 8 and TW 9, located downstream the dam site, are generally higher than that of the
dam reservoir (Fig. 8). The water of these wells is most probably recharged by water coming from the dam
reservoir, and suggests the increase of TDS in the direction of groundwater flow. Figure 9 represents the mean
hydrochemical properties of collected water from Wadi Al Tawiyean Basin.
Table 2 Results of chemical analysis of water samples collected from Al Tawiyean dam reservoir and the
surrounding observation wells. Concentrations are in mg/L.
Site code
TW2
TW6
TW8
TW9
TW Dam
Ca2+
29.2
48.6
22.3
39.3
6.1
Mg2+
16.3
18.6
12.8
19.2
3.6
Na+
12.0
83.8
265.8
200.8
41.0
K+
3.0
4.8
5.0
4.8
1.1
CO322.2
1.4
5.8
0.1
2.0
HCO3137.0
213.0
236.2
234.5
27.1
Cl22.2
81.4
248.2
168.9
37.0
SO4214.5
72.2
126.5
156.2
35.6
NO38.5
22.6
11.2
27.9
7.6
TDS
221.8
504.1
934.5
1044.5
253.0
Fig. 7 Pipers (1944) diagram of the mean chemical composition of surface water and groundwater samples
collected from Wadi Al Tawiyean Basin.
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Fig. 8 Relationships between mean major ion concentrations of surface water and groundwater samples
collected from Wadi Al Tawiyean Basin.
Fig. 9 Schoeller-Berkallof diagram of the mean chemical composition of surface water and groundwater
samples collected from Wadi Al Tawiyean Basin.
IV.
Isotope Hydrology
During this study, the available isotopic data of rainfall samples was used to define the local meteoric
water line (LMWL). This line was estimated on a basis of mean isotopic data obtained within another work,
realized by [24] between 1984 and 1990 in the UAE. Accordingly, the isotopic rainfall data reveals the existence
of the following features (Fig. 10):
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60
WUR DAM
50
GMAL
TW DAM
OMWL
TW WELLS
EMWL
WUR WELLS
30
2 H
10
Non evaporated
rain waters
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
10
18O ( vs SMOW)
Fig. 10 the 2H-18O relationships of rainfall and shallow groundwater samples collected from wadi Al-Wurrayah
and Al Tawiyean Basins.
The deuterium (2H) - oxygen 18 (18O) diagram shows that about 80% of samples fall between the
global meteoric water line (GMWL), defined by a deuterium excess (d) around 10 [25], and the eastern
Mediterranean meteoric water line (EMWL), defined by a deuterium excess (d) value of the order of 22 [26,
27, 28]. The rest of samples reflect the evaporation effect, especially the rain samples collected during winter
months.
By considering only the non-evaporated water, mostly responsible for the recharge of the shallow
aquifer, the sample representative points fit clearly a line close to that of the eastern Mediterranean meteoric
water. This line (2H=818O+17) reveals that a significant air masses are coming from the northwest, and most
probably crossing over the Mediterranean region.
This local meteoric water line is in a good agreement with the Oman meteoric water line (OMWL)
defined by the relation (2H=818O+16), on a basis of rainfall data of significant precipitation amounts (>20 mm),
allowing the saturation of air column and minimizing the evaporation from of rainfall droplets [29].
4.1 Wadi Al Wurrayah Basin
During this study, the available isotopic data of rainfall samples was used to define the mean stable
isotopes (18O and 2H) concentrations of water samples collected from the observation wells and Al Wurrayah
dam reservoir during the period December 2002-June 2003 (Table 3). The Wells Wur 3 and Wur 6 were
sampled 14 times, while the Well Wur 5 and Al Wurrayah Reservoir were sampled 6 times.
Table 3 Minimum, maximum and average values of stable isotopes (18O and 2H) of water samples collected
from Wadi Al Wurrayah Basin.
Minimum
Maximum
Average
Site code
H ()
O ()
H ()
O ()
H ()
18O ()
Wur 3
Wur 5
Wur 6
Wur Dam
- 5.90
-2.86
- 2.82
- 3.83
- 2.86
- 2.82
- 2.38
- 3.30
- 3.60
- 2.54
- 3.32
- 3.30
- 2.58
- 2.54
- 2.22
- 0.78
- 4.81
- 5.05
- 4.54
- 1.83
- 2.71
- 2.53
- 2.32
- 2.04
18
18
The maximum and average values of stable isotope concentrations of the groundwater in the
observation wells are represented in the 2H/18O diagram (Fig. 10). The concentrations of 18O and 2H in the dam
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The result of this isotopic mass balance showed that groundwater in the observation wells represents a
mixture of the dam reservoir water and the present-day rains. The computed values indicate the importance of
the dam reservoir water in recharging the observation wells tapping the shallow aquifer, especially Wells Wur 3
and Wur 5, which are very close to the dam site (Fig. 1).
4.2 Wadi Al Tawiyean Basin
Water samples collected from the observation wells and from Al Tawiyean dam reservoir during the
study period (2002-2003) were analyzed for stable isotopes (2H and 18O). Table 5 illustrates the maximum,
minimum, and average values of collected water samples.
Table 5 Mean, maximum and minimum values of stable isotopes ( 18O and 2H) of water samples collected from
Wadi Al Tawiyean Basin.
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Site code
2H ()
18O ()
2H ()
18O ()
2H ()
18O ()
TW2
TW6
TW8
TW9
TW Dam
-3.14
-2.75
-2.99
-1.79
2.13
-11.24
-8.69
-8.07
-6.19
16.62
-1.84
-2.67
-2.92
-1.42
8.43
-5.55
-6.65
-1.00
-4.40
43.40
-3.42
-2.84
-3.11
-3.27
-2.25
-12.70
-9.60
-11.70
-11.80
-2.85
Fig. 11 Temporal variations of 18O concentration in the surface water and groundwater in of Al Tawiyean Basin,
between June 2002 and July 2003
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7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Dam
TW2
TW6
TW8
TW9
0
Jan-02
Apr-02
Jul-02
Nov-02
Dec-02
Jan-03
Apr-03
Jul-03
DATE OF SAMPLING
Fig. 12 Variations of tritium (3H) content in the observation wells and dam reservoir water of Wadi Al Tawiyean
Basin.
Table 6 Mean tritium (3H) values in surface water and groundwater samples collected from Wadi Al Tawiyean
Basin.
Site code
Tw2
Tw6
Tw8
H content (TU)
2.72
4.4
Site code
Tw9
Tw10
4.18
Tw Dam
V.
H content (TU)
3.42
2.93
3.96
Conclusions
This study aimed at quantitatively assessing the artificial recharge induced by Al Wurrayah and
Tawiyean dams in the UAE. The obtained results allow highlighting the contribution of the above mentioned
dams as a source of artificial recharge for the alluvial and ophiolite aquifer systems in northeastern UAE. The
hydrochemistry and isotopic data, especially those related to Al Wurrayah Basin, show that there is a significant
contribution to aquifer recharge from the dam reservoir site. A tentative mass balance based on stable isotopes
of rainfall, surface water stored in the dam reservoirs and groundwater from selected observation wells indicated
that the of artificial recharge rate from Al Wurrayah dam reservoir ranges from 20% to 40%. This high recharge
rate is related to hydrogeology of the studied areas, which are dominated by intensively fractured igneous and
metamorphic rocks. In spite of the high evaporation rate in this part of the country, the estimated amounts of
artificial recharge seem to be very important, and prove the retention and detention dams have an important role
to play in development and management of water resources in the UAE. The chemical and isotopic data
obtained so far from Al Tawiyean Basin did not help to clearly detect any significant recharge from the dam
reservoir site. Recent infiltration seems to take place at the observation wells, as learned from the measured
tritium content. By considering the scarcity of available data for Wadi Al Tawiyean Basin, it may be concluded
that it is still difficult to determine precisely how and when the important infiltrations have took place, as
compared with Al Wurrayah dam site.
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