Circuit Theory Experiment 2 Lab Report DONE Jen Hahn
Circuit Theory Experiment 2 Lab Report DONE Jen Hahn
Circuit Theory Experiment 2 Lab Report DONE Jen Hahn
Circuit Theorems___________________________
Subject:
Course:
Mechanical Engineering_____________________
Name of Student
Low Jen Hahn
Chin Yuan Qiao
Tan Wei Ken
Title
Experiment 2: Circuit Theorems
Objectives
1.
2.
11-
Instruments: 1 1-
Abstract
In this experiment, the first part of it was a circuit was constructed to find the Thevenin
voltage and resistance. The load resistor, RL was first determined in the circuit and was
removed to become open-circuit. Then, all resistors used in the circuit was measured and the
values were recorded. This is because the resistance values stated in the resistor might not give
the exact value. Then, the Thevenin voltage, ETh is determined by connecting the resistor(s) is
that parallel with the resistor load to the multimeter to determine the voltage. After that, the
voltage source is turned off. Through this, we are able to measure the Thevenin resistance in
the circuit. The current flow direction when measuring the Thevenin resistance is by looking
from the perspective of load resistor.
The second part of this experiment was to validate the maximum power transfer occurs
when load resistor, RL is equal to Thevenin resistance, RTh. The potentiometer was adjusted for
different values to obtain different values of power in order to get the maximum power transfer.
Theory
Thevenins theorem provides a means of reducing a complex two terminals, linear
multi-source dc network to one having a single voltage source called Thevenin voltage, ETh
and a series resistor called Thevenin resistance, RTh. The Thevenin voltage is the open-circuit
voltage across the terminals of interest and the Thevenin resistance is the resistance seen at
these terminals with all of the voltage and current sources replaced by their internal resistances
(Figure 1). For voltage sources, the internal resistance is taken as zero (short circuit) and for
current sources the internal resistance is infinite (open circuit).
Figure 1
In equation form, R L = R Th ,
VL =
E 2 Th
E Th
, and Pmax =
4R Th
2
Procedure
Part 1 Thevenins Theorem
Determining RTh
1. The RTh is determined by constructing the network of Figure 3 and the resistance
between points a-a is measured with RL removed.
2. The value of RTh is entered in column 2 of Table 1
Figure 3
Determining ETh
3. The ETh is determined by constructing the network of Figure 4 and the open-circuit
voltage is measured between points a-a. This value is entered in column 2 of Table 1.
Figure 4
Figure 5
Calculations:
Part 1 Thevenins Theorem
(a)
3.262k
0.966k
RTh
2.155k
RTh
I1
Loop 1,
I1(2.155k ) + I1(3.262k ) = 12 V
I1(5.417k ) = 12 V
I1 = 2.22 mA
VTh
= VR2 = I1R2
= (2.22 x 10-3 A)(2.155k )
= 4.78 V
VTh
b)
IL =
.
.
= 2.104 mA
c)
3.262k
2.155k
0.966k
I = E/R1
I = 3.68mA
IL = [R2 / (R2+R3+RL)] x I
IL = 2.21mA
Result:
Part 1 Thevenins Theorem
(a)
R1(measured) = 3.262 k
R3(measured) = 0.966 k
R2(measured) = 2.155 k
RL(measured) = 0.470 k
Table 1
b)
Calculated Values
of ETh and RTh
[ Part 1(a)]
Measured Values
of ETh and RTh
[ Part 1(e) and 1(f)]
% Difference
4.77 V 4.76 V
x 100% = 0.21%
4.77 V
2264 2263
x 100% = 0.04%
2264
2.264 k
4.77 V
2.107 mA
IL = 2.107 mA
RL
VL
200
300
R(measured ) = 322.6
400
500
3.084V
3.887V
4.040V
VL2
RL
47.5mW
50.4mW
50.6mW
4.480V
4.900V
50.2mW
48.0mW
P=
Table 2
Graph 1
51
50.5
50
P(mW)
49.5
49
48.5
48
47.5
47
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
R (k)
(b)
(c)
.
.
x 100% = 0.99%
0.5
0.6
Discussion
Part 1 Thevenins Theorem
By comparing the calculated current IL in Part 1 (c) and the measured IL with the
value at Part1 (b), we can see that the measured IL is slightly lower. This is because the
Thevenin equivalent circuit is a simplified circuit and this is why there is a difference of
current with the actual complex circuit.
Part 2 Maximum Power Transfer (Validating the Condition RL = RTh)
The RL(experimental) has a higher value compared to the RL(theoretical) by 0.04%.
This is because there is internal resistance in the circuit.
The VL(experimental) has a higher value compared to the VL(theoretical) by 0.99%
because of the higher RL(experimental).
Conclusion
A complex circuit can be simplified using Thevenins Theorem by finding the Thevenin
voltage and resistance. Furthermore, in order to deliver the maximum power to a resistor, the
resistor must have a value equal to the resistance of the source, which is RTh.