Digital Simulation Lab-1

Allabakshu Shaik 1
Digital Simulation Lab-1
NIMRA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

JUPUDI(V), IBRAHIMPATNAM(M), KRISHNA(D).
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
DIGITAL SIMULATIN LAB-I
BY
ALLABAKSHU SHAIK
Head Of The Department
Aeronautical Engineering
Nimra Institute of Science and Technology
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction to CFD
2. Introduction to FLUENT and GAMBIT
3. SIMULATION OF FLOW PAST OVER A 2D AIRFOIL
4. SIMULATION OF FLOW OVER 3D WING
5. SIMULATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A CONVERGENTDIVERGENT NOZZLE
6. INTRODUCTION TO MAT LAB
7.
3
9
10
18
26
34
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1. INTRODUCTION TO CFD
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a new third approach in the philosophical study and
development of the whole discipline of fluid dynamics rather than theoretical and experimental
approaches. CFD is today an equal partner with pure theory and pure experiment in the analysis
of and solution of fluid flow problems. So we can say CFD is one of the branches of fluid
mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that
involve fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the millions of calculations required to
simulate the interaction of liquids and gases with surfaces defined by boundary conditions. Even
with high-speed supercomputers only approximate solutions can be achieved in many cases.
Ongoing research, however, may yield software that improves the accuracy and speed of
complex simulation scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows. Initial validation of such
software is often performed using a wind tunnel with the final validation coming in flight test.
CFD is a Research design tool whose results are directly analogous to wind tunnel results
obtained in a laboratory-they both represent set of data for given flow configurations at different
Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, etc.
Working Architecture:
The following steps describe the working architecture of CFD:
1. Mathematical model: The first step is to select the mathematical model which defines
the physics of fluid flow model which is to be simulated. For example we have to solve
fluid flow over a body to find lift, drag, vortex shedding, etc. We have to translate this
problem into mathematical model, formed generally by a set of partial differential
equations (Governing equations like Navier and stokes equation) and additional laws
defining the type of fluid, the eventual dependence of key parameters, such as viscosity
and heat conductivity in function of other flow quantities, such as temperature, velocity,
pressure etc.
2. Discretization: Once the mathematical model is selected, the second step which is the
major process of simulation, namely discretization process. The most fundamental
consideration in CFD is how one treats a continuous fluid in a discretized fashion on a
computer. Discretization is the process by which a closed form mathematical expression,
such as a function or a differential or integral equation involving functions, all of which
are viewed as having an infinite continuum of values throughout some domain, is
approximated by analogous (but different) expressions which prescribe values at only a
finite number of discrete points or volumes in the domain known as grid points.
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Analyzing phase: After the discretization step, a set of algebraic relations between
neighboring mesh point values is obtained, one relation for each mesh point. This set of
equations, defining the numerical scheme, has now to be analyzed for its properties; we
have to investigate the consistency, stability and convergence which give the validity and
accuracy of a numerical scheme with the assurance that the results of the computer
simulation indeed represent a valid approximation of our reality.
3. Resolution phase: In this step solve the numerical scheme to obtain the mesh point
values of the main flow variables. The solution algorithms depend on the type of problem
we are simulating, i.e. time dependent or steady flows. This will require techniques either
to solve a set of ordinary differential equations in time, or to solve an algebraic system.
4. Analyzing Results: This is the last step in which graphic post processing is obtained for
the numerical data to understand and interpret the physical properties of the obtained
simulated results.
Briefly we can describe these five steps in three steps according to our software usages.
They are:
1. Preprocessing:
Generate the geometry of Physical flow problem like flow over a body,
flow in a nozzle with boundaries in GAMBIT.
Mesh the flow field using different techniques in GAMBIT to get the grid
points in the flow domain of the model.
Export the meshed model into FLUENT where we can solve the problem.
Set the initial conditions of the flow like steady or unsteady, implicit or
explicit, materials etc.
Select the type of model inviscid, laminar, turbulent, with heat convection
etc.
Give the input values of the flow field like velocity, pressure, temperature,
density etc.
The work of the Mathematical model, Discretization has been done in this one
step.
2. Processing:
Run the numerical scheme we had chosen.
Increase the number of iterations to get the consistency, stability and
convergence of the problem.
The work of analyzing and resolution phase has been done in this step.
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3. Post processing:
Collect and organize the data.
Analyze the results by plotting graphs with collected data.
Visualize the CFD results by plotting contours of pressure, velocity
vectors, Path lines, streak lines.
The work of analyzing results has been done in this step.
Potential Benefits:
More cost effective and more rapid solutions than experimental fluid dynamics.
Full scale simulations (e.g. ships, airplanes, missiles etc) can be done.
Environmental effects like wind, weather can be avoided.
Hazardous like explosions, pollution, radiation can be avoided.
CFD provides high-fidelity database for diagnosing flow field.
Its applications are in various fields like Aerospace, automobile, chemical processing,
hydraulics, oil and gas, marine, biomedical, sports, power generation etc.
Therefore CFD is a computer program, which is a readily transportable wind tunnel.

Spatial Discretization:
Spatial discretization consists in setting up a mesh or a grid, by which the continuum of
space is replaced by a finite number of points where the numerical values of the variables
will have to be determined. It is intuitively obvious that the accuracy of a numerical
approximation will be directly dependent on the size of the mesh that is the closer the
points the better the discrertized space approaches the continuum, the better the
approximation of the numerical scheme. In other words, the error of a numerical
simulation has to tend to zero when the mesh size tends to zero, and the pace of this
variation will be characterized by the order of the numerical discretization.
PDE Discretization:
The generation of an appropriate grid or mesh is one thing; the solution of the governing
flow equation over such a grid is quite another thing. Once a mesh or grid has been
defined, the equations can be discretized leading to the transformation of the differential
or integral equations to discrete algebraic operations involving the values of the
unknowns related to the mesh points. The basis of all numerical methods consists in this
transformation of the mathematical model into an algebraic, linear or nonlinear, system of
equations for the mesh related unknown quantities.
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Grid Generation:
After defining governing equations for the given flow field problem then it is the time to
solve the whole system of governing equations for the flow field variables. To carry out
this work first of all, the space, where the flow is to be computed the physical space, is
to be divide in to a large number of geometrical elements called grid cells. This process is
termed grid generation (mesh). It can also be viewed as placing first grid points (also
called nodes or vertices) in the physical space and then connecting them by straight linesgrid lines. The grid normally consists in two dimensions of triangles or quadrilaterals,
and in three dimensions of tetrahedral, hexahedra, prisms, or pyramids.
The most important requirements placed on a grid generation tool are that there must not
be any holes between the grid cells but also that the grid cells do not overlap.
Additionally, the grid should be smooth, i.e., there should be no abrupt changes in the
volume of the grid cells or in the stretching ratio and the elements should be as regular as
possible. Furthermore, if the grid consists of quadrilaterals or hexahedra, there should be
no large kinks in the grid lines. Otherwise, numerical errors would increase significantly.
There exist basically two types of grids:
Structured grids (Fig. 1.1) - each grid point (vertex, node) is uniquely identified by the indices
i, j, k and the corresponding Cartesian coordinates xi,j,k, y i,j,k,, and z i,j,k,. The grid cells are
quadrilaterals in 2D and hexahedra in 3D. If the grid is body-fitted, we also speak of curvilinear
grid.
Fig 1.1 Structured grid in computational space.
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Unstructured grids (Fig. 1.2) - grid cells as well as grid points have no particular ordering, i.e.,
neighboring cells or grid points cannot be directly identified by their indices (e.g., cell 6 adjacent
to cell 119). In the past, the grid cells were triangles in 2D and tetrahedra in 3D. Today,
unstructured grids usually consist of a mix of quadrilaterals and triangles in 2D and of
hexahedra, tetrahedra, prisms and pyramids in 3D, in order to resolve the boundary layers
properly. Therefore, we speak in this case of hybrid or mixed grids.
Fig 1.2 Unstructured, mixed grid approach; numbers mark individual cells.
The main advantage of structured grids follows from the property that the indices i, j, k represent
a linear address space - also called the computational space, since it directly corresponds to how
the flow variables are stored in the computer memory. This property allows it to access the
neighbor of a grid point, very quickly and easily, just by adding or subtracting an integer value to
or from the corresponding index (e.g., like (i+l), (j-1), etc. - see Fig. 1.1. As one can imagine, the
evaluation of gradients, fluxes, and also the treatment of boundary conditions is greatly
simplified by this feature.
The second types of grids are the unstructured grids. They offer the largest flexibility in the
treatment of complex geometries. The main advantage of the unstructured grids is based on the
fact that triangular (2D) or tetrahedral (3D) grids can in principle be generated automatically,
independent of the complexity of the domain. In practice, it is of course still necessary to set
some parameters appropriately, in order to obtain a good quality grid. Furthermore, in order to
resolve the boundary layers accurately] it is advisable to employ in 2D rectangular and in 3D
prismatic or hexahedral elements near solid walls. Another benefit of such mixed grids is the
reduction of the number of grid cells, edges, faces and possibly also of grid points. But, one
should keep in mind that the generation of mixed grids is non-trivial for geometrically
demanding cases. However, the time required to construct an unstructured, mixed grid for a
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complex configuration is still significantly lower than the one required for a multiblock
structured grid. Since nowadays, the geometrical fidelity of the flow simulations is rapidly
increasing; the ability to generate grids fast and with minimum user interaction becomes more
and more important. This is particularly true in industrial environment. Another advantage of the
Unstructured grids are that solution dependent grid refinement and coarsening can be handled in
relatively native and seamless manner. To mention also the disadvantages of unstructured
methods, one of them is the necessity to employ sophisticated data structures inside the flow
solver. Such data structures work with indirect addressing which, depending on the computer
hardware leads to more or less reduced computational efficiency. Also the memory requirements
are in general higher as compared to the structured schemes. But despite all problems, the
capability to handle complex flow problems in short turn-around times still weights much more.
From this point, it is not surprising that for example nearly all vendors of commercial CFD
software switched over to unstructured flow solvers.
Introduction to Aerodynamics:
The study of the dynamics of air is known as aerodynamics. It includes the
intermolecular forces, the motion of molecules due to variation of flow field variables
like pressure, velocity, temperature etc.
Aerodynamics is an applied science with many practical applications in engineering. No
matter how elegant an aerodynamic theory may be, or how mathematically complex a
numerical solution may be, or how sophisticated an aerodynamic experiment may be, all
such efforts are usually aimed at one or more of the following practical objectives:
1. The prediction of forces and moments on, and heat transfer to, bodies moving
through air. For example:
Estimation of lift, drag and moments of airfoils, wings, fuselages, engine
nacelles and whole airplane.
Aerodynamic heating of flight vehicles ranging from the supersonic
transport to planetary probe entering the atmosphere of Jupiter.
2. Determination of flows moving internally through ducts. For example:
To calculate and measure the flow properties in compressors, combustion
chamber, nozzle of rockets and air breathing jet engines and to calculate
engine thrust.
To know the flow conditions in the test section of a wind tunnel.
To know how much fluid can flow through pipes under different
conditions.
A very interesting application of aerodynamics is high-energy chemical
and gas dynamic lasers.
The applications of step 1 come under external aerodynamics whereas
step 2 comes under internal aerodynamics.
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2. Introduction to FLUENT and GAMBIT
GAMBIT is the program used to generate the grid or mesh for the CFD solver.
The GAMBIT software package is designed to help analysts and designers build
and mesh models for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and other scientific
applications. GAMBIT receives user input primarily by means of its graphical
user interface (GUI). The GAMBIT GUI makes the basic steps of building and
meshing a model simple and intuitive, yet it is versatile enough to accommodate
a wide range of modeling applications.
FLUENT is a state-of-the-art computer program for modeling fluid flow and
heat transfer in complex geometries. FLUENT is written in the C computer
language and makes full use of the exibility and powered by the language. Fluent
is the CFD solver which can handle both structured grids, i.e. rectangular grids
with clearly defined node indices, and unstructured grids. unstructured grids are
generally of triangular nature, but can also be rectangular. In 3-D problems,
unstructured grids can consist of tetrahedral (pyramid shape), rectangular boxes,
prisms, etc.
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3. SIMULATION OF FLOW PAST OVER A 2D AIRFOIL

Aim: To draw the graphs Cl- and Cd- for the flow past over a 2D NACA 0012 airfoil with
the following flow conditions:
Mach number = 0.3
= 50, 80, 120.
Software : GAMBIT and FLUENT.

Procedure: The following steps give the procedure to simulate the flow over airfoil.
1. Create geometry in Gambit:
To create geometry of the given problem select the geometry command button
from operation tool pad.
Import the vertex data of NACA 0012 airfoil.
Create a two smooth airfoil edge for the upper surface and lower surface vertex
data by selecting Nurbs option from the Edge command of Geometry toolpad.
Split the upper surface into HI, IG, and lower surface HJ, JG by selecting split
edge option from Edge command with X=0.3 as chordlength(c) = 1.01.
Create the farfield boundary for the airfoil by creating vertices and joining them
appropriately to form edges using vertex command from geometry toolpad as per
the following table:
Label
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
X-coordinate
1.01
21.21
21.21
21.21
1.01
-11.615
1.01
Y-coordinate
12.625
12.625
0
-12.625
-12.625
0
0
Z-coordinate
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Create the straight edges GA, AB, BC, CD, DE, EG, CG using straight edge
command and circular arc edges EF, FA with center as G using arc edge
command from geometry tool pad. Thus the farfield boundary is created for the
airfoil.
Create the face ABCGA by selecting GA, AB, BC, CG edges in create face from
wireframe command. Similarly create faces GCDEG, GEFAG, airfoil (HIGJH).
Subtract the airfoil face from GEAFG face using subtract real faces command.
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Thus the geometry of flow over 0012 airfoil has been completed.
2. Mesh geometry in Gambit:
To create the mesh for the geometry select mesh command button from the
operation tool pad.
Instead of directly meshing the faces of geometry, first we mesh the edges by
giving inputs like type of mesh, ratio or length of nodes, direction, interval count
or size for each edge of the geometry in Mesh Edges command button as follows:
Edges GA and BC
Type
: Successive ratio
Ratio
: 1.15
Direction
: from G to A and C to B
Interval count : 45
Edges EG and CD
Type
: Successive ratio
Ratio
: 1.15
Direction
: from G to E and C to D
Interval count : 45
Edges AB, CG and DE
Type
: First Length
Length
: 0.0202
Direction
: from A to B, G to C and E to D
Interval count : 60
Edges HI and HJ
Type
: Last Length
Length
: 0.0202
Direction
: from H to I and H to J
Interval count : 40
Edges IG and JG
Type
: Successive ratio
Ratio
:1
Direction
: from I to G and J to G
Interval size : 0.0202
To mesh the edges AF and EF we should find the number of nodes on upper
surface and lower surface of the airfoil which should be equal to the nodes
obtained by meshing edges AF and EF respectively.
So select Edge command-summarize edge mesh. Select edge IJ and then elements
under component and click apply then number of divisions will appear. So, the
interval count for edge AF is NHI+NIG = 40+36 = 76. Similarly for the edge EF
also interval count is NHJ+NJG = 40+36 = 76.
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Edges AF and EF
Type
: First Length
Length
: 0.0202
Direction
: from A to F and E to F
Interval count : 76
Go to Mesh Faces select the face GABCG and make sure that type of mesh is
map, elements are quad and then apply then we will get a meshed face. Similarly
for face GCDEG and subtracted face of GEFAG with airfoil.
Thus the Meshed geometry for the given flow problem is obtained.
3. Specify boundary types in Gambit:

Create groups of edges and then create boundary entities from these groups.
Go to operation tool pad-geometry command button-group command buttoncreate group.
Select edges AF and EF label it as farfield1.
Similarly edges AB and DE as farfield2, edges BC and CD as farfield3 and edges
HI, IG, HJ, JG as airfoil.
To define boundary types select operation toolpad-zones command button-specify
boundary type.
Under entity select group and give type of boundary as follows:
For airfoil boundary type is wall and the rest are pressure fields.
Save file and export mesh file.
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4. Set the problem in Fluent:

Start Fluent, select 2ddp and click run.
Import 0012.msh file from Main menu-File-Read-Case.
Data is displayed relating boundary types and zones of the flow field.
To know the number of cells and nodes in grid select Grid-Info-Size then data is
displayed.
To select numerical scheme define the model properties as follows
Define - model - solver
Solver - segragated
Space - 2D
Velocity formulation - Absolute
Formulation - implicit
Time steady - ok
Define - model - viscous - inviscid-ok
Define model Energy - turned off.
Define - Materials
Name - air
Type of material - fluid
Density - constant = 1.225 - change/create.
Define - operating conditions
Operating pressure (pascal) = 101325-ok
Define-Boundary conditions
Zone - farfield1 and farfield2 - velocity inlet
velocity specification method - components
Reference frame - Absolute
X component (m/s) = 101.61
Y component (m/s) = 8.89
Zone - farfield3 - pressure outlet
Gauge pressure (pa) = 0
Zone - wall - wall.
Now the flow problem is ready to solve.
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5. Solve the problem:
Solve Controls - solution

Discretization pressure - presto and Momentum - second order upwind ok
Solve Intialize - Intialize
Compute from - Farfield1 - Init.
Solve - Monitors-Residual - convergence criteria = 1e-06
Solve Monitors - Forces
Options-print and plot
Coefficient - Lift and Drag-Apply.
Wall zones-wall
Force vector X = -0.0872 and Y = 0.9962 for coefficient of Lift
X = 0.9962 and Y = -0.0872 for coefficient of Drag
Report-Reference values compute from farfield1 ok
File write case
Solve iterate number of iterations = 500 to get convergence
For each iteration we get coefficient of lift and coefficient of drag and we
consider the correct values where it converges.
File write case and data
6. Analyze results:
Plot XY plot.
Change the Y-axis function to pressure followed by pressure coefficient.
Select airfoil under surfaces.
Click on Plot.
Distribution of pressure coefficient on airfoil is displayed.
Display Contours.
Select pressure, static pressure under contours and then display.
Similarly obtain velocity contours and etc.
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This plot shows pressure coefficient over NACA 0012 airfoil at =50
This plot shows pressure contours over flow field when NACA 0012 airfoil at =50
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This plot shows pressure contours over flow field when NACA 0012 airfoil at =80
This plot shows velocity contours over flow field when NACA 0012 airfoil at =80
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RESULTS
Angle of attack
MACH NUMBER = 0.3

Coefficient of Lift
Coefficient of Drag
0.592
0.919
1.0583
0.0022
0.0406
0.1107
5
80
120
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4. SIMULATION OF FLOW OVER 3D WING

Aim: To calculate the aerodynamic forces acting on the wing at different angle of
attacks.
Software: Gambit and Fluent.

Procedure:
Create the geometry of aerofoil which is the cross sectional shape of wing.
Create the boundary for the aerofoil according to the following points.
Vertex
XYZcoordinate coordinate coordinate
A
4
4
0
B
4
-4
0
C
-3
-3
0
D
-3
3
0
Join the vertices and create the face of the boundary.

Sweep the both faces (i.e. Airfoil and Boundary) with magnitude of 3 to obtain
the 3 dimensional wing and boundary.
Subtract the volume of airfoil from the boundary.
Thus the geometry to simulate the flow over a wing had been created.
2. Mesh geometry:
Mesh the edges of the original faces of the airfoil and boundary.
First create the mesh for edges as follows:
Edges
Upper surface
Lower surface
AB
BC
CD
DA
Successive ratio
1
1
1
1
1
1
Interval count
60
60
300
300
300
300
Select the Mesh face and click apply.

Thus the wing geometry with mesh had created as shown in fig below.
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3. Specify boundary types:
Create farfields as follows:

Faces
Name
Face 5
Inlet
Face 6
Outlet
Face 2 & 9
Sides
Faces 3,4,7 & 8
Airfoil
Select Inlet as velocity inlet and name it as inlet.

Sides as wall and name it as sides.
Outlet as Pressure oulet and name it as oulet.
Airfoil as wall and name it as airfoil.
Save the file.
Export the wing.msh file.
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4. Set problem in Fluent:

Import wing.msh file from Main menu-File-Read-Case.
Select Grid Info Size then data is displayed.
Select Grid Scale Scale ok.
Select numerical scheme define the model properties as follows
Define model solver
o Solver segregated
o Space 3d
o Velocity formulation Absolute
o Formulation implicit
o Time steady ok
Define model - viscous K-(2D equation) ok
Define model Energy - turned off.
Define - Materials
o Name - air
o Type of material - fluid
o change/create.
o Operating pressure (pascal) = 0 ok
Zone Inlet velocity inlet
Velocity specification method Magnitude and
Direction.
Reference frame is Absolute.
Velocity magnitude = 102(m/s).
For angle of attack = 00
X-comp = 1 and Y-comp = 0
angle of attack = 50
X-comp =0.99619 and Y-comp =0.087155
X-comp = 0.96592 and Y-comp = 0.25881
X-comp =0.99619 and Y-comp =0.087155
Zone outlet Guage total pressure = 0 pa
Zones sides and airfoil wall adjacent zone
fluid.
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5. Solve the problem:

Momentum - second order upwind - ok
Compute from - Inlet - Init.
Solve Monitors Forces
Options print and plot.
Wall zones Airfoil.
Coefficient lift, drag and moment - Apply.
Report-Reference values compute from Inlet ok
File write case
6. Analyze results:
Plot XY plot.
Select surfaces.
Click on Plot.
Display contours
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Conclusion:
1. Angle of attack =0
Cl =
Iterations
Angle of
attack
00
345
50
474
150
849
Co-efficient of
lift
0.00906
0.35337
1.4356
Co-efficient of
drag
0.0067
0.05744
0.0151
Co-effiecient of
moment
0.00412
0.08701
0.3647
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5. SIMULATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A CONVERGENTDIVERGENT NOZZLE

Aim: To calculate the Static pressure at the nozzle inlet and outlet for the following conditions:
Consider the nozzle having a cross sectional area A varies with axial distance from the
throat, according to the formula A = 0.1+X2; where X varies from -0.5<X<0.5.
Stagnation pressure Po = 101325 pa; stagnation temperature To = 300K;
(a) Sonic flow at throat and normal shock in divergent section.
(b) Sonic flow at throat and supersonic flow in divergent section.
(c) Sonic flow at throat and subsonic flow in divergent section.
Software: Gambit and Fluent.
Procedure:
Import the vertex data of Nozzle cross sectional area variation along axis.
Draw the axis line with vertices (-0.5, 0) and (0.5, 0) and make axis symmetric
problem.
Create edges and face of nozzle using geometry command button.
8. Mesh geometry:
Let us start with edge mesh, consider left and right (inlet and outlet) edges mesh
with no grading option and interval count is 20 using Mesh command button.
Mesh the top and bottom edges (wall and center line) with interval count 50.
Finally Face mesh, select all edges click apply.
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9. Specify boundary types:
Go to Zones command button then specify boundary types.

Select edge, type of the edge and name of the edge as follows:
Edge
Left
Right
Top
Bottom
Type
Pressure inlet
Pressure outlet
Wall
Axis
Name
Inlet
Outlet
Wall
Centerline
Clicks apply.
Save the file and export 2d mesh file.
10.Set problem in Fluent:

Import CD nozzle.msh file from Main menu-File-Read-Case.
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Select Grid Info Size then data is displayed.

Select Grid Scale Scale ok.
Select numerical scheme define the model properties as follows
Define model solver
o Solver segregated
o Space Axis symmetric
o Velocity formulation Absolute
o Formulation implicit
o Time steady ok
Define model - viscous K-(2D equation) ok
Define model Energy - turned on.
Define - Materials
o Name - air
o Type of material - fluid
o Density Ideal gas change/create.
o Operating pressure (pascal) = 0 ok
Zone Inlet Pressure inlet
Guage total pressure = 101325pa
Supersonic/Intial gauge pressure 99300pa
Total temperature = 300K
Under turbulence method select intensity and
hydraulic diameter set turbulence intensity = 1
Hydraulic diameter = 0.6677.
o Zone - farfield3 - pressure outlet
Gauge pressure (pa), this value changes according
to conditions in required in divergent section of
nozzle as follows:
(a) For Normal shock = 49650pa.
(b) For supersonic flow = 24825pa
(c) For subsonic flow = 198600pa
Under turbulence method select intensity and
hydraulic diameter set turbulence intensity = 1
Hydraulic diameter = 0.6677.
o Zone - wall - wall.
Now the flow problem is ready to solve.
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11.Solve the problem:

Momentum - second order upwind - ok
Compute from - Inlet - Init.
Report-Reference values compute from Inlet ok
File write case
12.Analyze results:
Plot XY plot.
Select surfaces.
Click on Plot.
Display velocity - Machnumber contours in the nozzle
This plot shows the convergence of problem
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SONIC THROAT AND NORMAL SHOCK IN DIVERGENT SECTION
Fig (a)
SONIC THROAT AND SUPERSONIC VELOCITY IN DIVERGENT SECTION
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Fig (b)
SONIC THROAT SUBSONIC VELOCITY IN THE DIVERGENT SECTION
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Fig (c)
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RESULTS
1. From fig (a) it can be seen that normal shock is going to form at X = 0.3 along the axis of
nozzle.
Static pressure at inlet = 96376.414pa
Static pressure at outlet = 49117.016pa
2. From fig (b) the flow is supersonic and isentropic in the divergent section.
3. From fig (c) the flow is subsonic and isentropic in the divergent section.
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6. INTRODUCTION TO MAT LAB

MATLAB is one of the most widely used computational tools in science and engineering.
No matter what your backgroundbe it physics, chemistry, math, or engineeringit would
behoove you to at least learn the basics of this powerful tool. There are three good reasons to
learn a computational mathematics tool.
The first is that it serves as a background check for work you might be doing by hand. If
you are a student, its nice to have a back up that you can use to check your answers. I advise
that you dont become co-dependent on a computational tool or trust it as though it were an
Oracle. Do your work by hand when requested by your professors and just use MATLAB or any
other tool to check your work to make sure its correct.
The second reason is having a tool like MATLAB is priceless for generating plots and for
doing numerical methods. Instead of having to go through a tedious process of plotting
something by hand you can just have MATLAB generate any nice plot you desire.
Thirdly, the bottom line is that at some point in your career you will have to use a
computational mathematics tool. If youre a professor doing theoretical work, at one point or
another you are going to be working on a project where analytical solutions are not possible. If
you work in industry or in a national lab, chances are the work youre doing cant be done by
hand and will require a numerical solution. MATLAB is widely used in universities, in national
laboratories and at private companies. Knowing MATLAB will definitely be a plus on your
resume.
STARTING MAT LAB
To start the program, you select MATLAB (7.1). The default MATLAB desktop will
then open on your screen (see Figure 1-1). As shown in the . gure, the screen is divided into three
main elements. These are
File listing in the current directory
Command History Window
Command Window
The standard mix of menus appears on the top of the MATLAB desktop that allows you to do
things like, file management and debugging of files you create. You will also notice a drop-down
list on the upper right side of the desktop that allows you to select a directory to work in. The
most important item of business right now is the Command Window.
Allabakshu Shaik 35
Figure 1-1 The MATLAB desktop
COMMAND WINDOW AND BASIC ARTHMITIC

The Command Window is found on the right-hand side of the MATLAB desktop. Commands are entered
at the prompt with looks like two successive greater than signs:
>>
Lets start by entering a few really basic commands. If you want to find the value of a numerical
expression, simply type it in. Lets say we want to know the value of 433.12 multiplied by 15.7. We type
433.12 * 15.7 at the MATLAB prompt and hit the enter key. The result looks like this:
>> 433.12*15.7
ans =
6.8000e+003
Allabakshu Shaik 36
MATLAB comes with many basic or familiar mathematical quantities and functions built in.
How to use in an example.
The volume of a sphere is given by
V 4/33
Of course MATLAB comes with predefined. To use it, we just type pi. So after
defining a variable to hold the radius, we can find the volume by typing
>> r = 2;
>> V = (4/3) *pi*r^3
V =
33.5103
Using of exponential function. That is, e = . We can reference e in MATLAB by

typing exp(a) which gives us the value of ea. Here are a few quick examples
>> exp(1)
ans =
2.7183
To find the square root of a number, we type sqrt. For example
>> x = sqrt(9)
x =
3
>> y = sqrt(11)
y =
3.3166
To find the natural log of a number x, type log(x).

>> log(3.2)
ans =
1.1632
>> x = 5; log(5)
ans =
1.6094
If you want the base ten logarithm, type log10(x)
>> x = 3; log10(x)
ans =
0.4771
Allabakshu Shaik 37
Using Trignometric functions

MATLAB comes equipped with the basic trig functions and their inverses,
taking radian argument by default. These are typed in lower case using the standard
notation. For instance
>> cos(pi/4)
ans =
0.7071
To use an inverse of a trig function, add on an a before the name of the trigonometric
function. For example, to compute the inverse tangent of a number we can use the
following
>> format rat
>> atan(pi/3)
ans =
1110/1373
Complex Numbers
We can also enter complex numbers in MATLAB. To remind members of our audience
who are Aggie graduates, the square root of 1 is defined as
i1
A complex number is one that can be written in the form z = x +iy, where x is the real
part of z and y is the imaginary part of z. It is easy to enter complex numbers in
MATLAB, by default it recognizes i as the square root of minus one. We can do
calculations with complex numbers in MATLAB pretty easily. For example
a 2 3i
b 1 i
a b 3 2i
Lets verify this in MATLAB. It is not necessary to add spaces or include a multiplication
symbol (*) when typing i in MATLAB.
>> format short
>> a = 2 + 3i;
>> b = 1 - i;
>> c = a + b
c =
3.0000 + 2.0000i
Allabakshu Shaik 38
SAVING THE FILE:

MATLAB wouldnt be that useful if you couldnt save and retrieve your work right? Lets
say you want to save all the expressions and variables you have entered in the command window
for use at a later time. You can do this by executing the following actions:
1. Click on the File pull-down menu
2. Select Save Workspace As
3. Type in a . le name
4. Click on the Save button
This method creates a MATLAB file which has a .MAT file extension in Windows. If
you save a file this way, you can retrieve all the commands in it and work with it again just like
you can when working with files in any other computer program.
Sometimes, especially when working on complicated projects, you wont want to sit there
and type every expression in a command window. It might be more appropriate to type a long
sequence of operations and store them in a . le that can be executed with a single command in the
command window. This is done by creating a script file. This type of file is known as a
MATLAB program and is saved in a file format with a .M extension. For this reason, we also
call them M-files. We can also create M-files that are function files.
From what weve done so far, you already know how to create a script file. All a script file
comes down to is a saved sequence of MATLAB commands. Lets create a simple script . le that
will compute ex for a few values of x. First, open the MATLAB editor. Either
Click New M-File under the File pull-down menu
Or click on the New File icon on our toolbar at the top of the screen
Now type in the following lines:
% script file example1.m to compute exponential of a set of numbers
x = [1:2:3:4];
y = exp(x)
Notice the first line begins with a % sign. This line is a comment. This is a line of text
that is there for our benefit, its a descriptive note that MATLAB ignores. The next line creates
an array or set of numbers. An array is denoted using square braces [] and by delimiting the
elements of the array with colons or commas. The final line will tell MATLAB to calculate the
exponential of each member of the array, in other words the values e1, e2, e3, e4.
Allabakshu Shaik 39
Save the file by clicking the Save icon in the file editor or by selecting Save As from the
File pull-down menu.
Save the file as example1.m in your MATLAB directory.
Now return to the MATLAB desktop command window. Type in example1. If you did
everything right, then you will see the following output
>> example1
y=
2.7183 7.3891 20.0855 54.5982
We can also use M-files to create and store data. For an example, lets create a set of
temperatures that we will store in a file. We do this by creating a list of temperatures in the file
editor
temps = [32,50,65,70,85]
Now we save this as a file that well call TemperatureData.m. We store this file in the
MATLAB directory. To access it in the command window, we just type the name of the . le.
MATLAB responds by spitting out the list of numbers:
>> TemperatureData
temps =
32 50 65 70 85
Now we can use the data by referring to the array name used in the file. Lets create
another set of numbers called Celsius that converts these familiar temps into the European style
Celsius temperatures we are so familiar with. This can be done with the following command
>> CelsiusTemps = (5/9) * (temps - 32)
CelsiusTemps =
0 10.0000 18.3333 21.1111 29.4444
VECTORS:
A vector is a one-dimensional array of numbers. MATLAB allows you to create column vectors
or row vectors. A column vector can be created in MATLAB by enclosing a set of semicolon
delimited numbers in square brackets. Vectors can have any number of elements. For example,
to create a column vector with three elements we write:
>> a = [2; 1; 4]
a=
2
1
4
Allabakshu Shaik 40
To create a row vector, we enclose a set of numbers in square brackets but this time use a space
or comma to delimit the numbers. For example:
>> v = [2 0 4]
v=
2
0
4
Or using commas:
>> w = [1,1,9]
w=
In MATLAB, we represent the transpose operation with a single quote or tickmark ().
Taking the transpose of a column vector produces a row vector:
Now lets take the transpose of a row vector to produce a column vector:
>> Q = [2 1 3]
Q=
2
1
3
>> R = Q'
R=
2
1
3
It is also possible to add or subtract two vectors to produce another. In order to perform
this operation the vectors must both be of the same type and the same length, so we can add two
column vectors together to produce a new column vector or we can add two row vectors to
produce a new row vector, for example. This can be done referencing the variables only, it is not
necessary for the user to list the components. For example, lets add two column vectors
together:
>> A = [1; 4; 5];
>> B = [2; 3; 3];
>> C = A + B
C=
3
7
8
Now lets subtract one row vector from another:
>> W = [3,0,3];
>> X = [2,1,1];
>> Y = W X
Y=
1
1
2
VECTOR DOT AND CROSS PRODUCT:
Allabakshu Shaik 41
In MATLAB, the dot product of two vectors a, b can be calculated using the dot(a,b)
command. The dot product between two vectors is a scalar, i.e. its just a number. Lets compute
a simple example using MATLAB:
>> a = [1;4;7]; b = [2;1;5];
>> c = dot(a,b)
c=
33
The dot product can be used to calculate the magnitude of a vector. All that needs to be done is
to pass the same vector to both arguments. Consider the vector in the last section:
>> J = [0; 3; 4];
Calling dot we obtain:
>> dot(J,J)
ans =
25
Another important operation involving vectors is the cross product. To compute the cross
product, the vectors must be three dimensional. For example:
>> A = [1 2 3]; B = [2 3 4];
>> C = cross(A,B)
C=
1
2
1
MATRICES:
A matrix is a two-dimensional array of numbers. To create a matrix in MATLAB, we
enter each row as a sequence of comma or space delimited numbers, and then use semicolons to
mark the end of each row. For example, consider:
This matrix is entered in MATLAB using the following syntax:

>> A = [1,6; 7, 11];
Or consider the matrix:
Multiplication:
Allabakshu Shaik 42
Consider two matrices A and B. If A is an m p matrix and B is a p n matrix, they can be

multiplied together to produce an m n matrix. To do this in MATLAB, we leave out the period
(.) and simply write A*B. Keep in mind that if the dimensions of the two matrices are not
correct, the operation will generate an error. Lets consider two matrices:
These are both 2 2 matrices, so matrix multiplication is permissible. First, lets do array
multiplication so we can see the difference:
>> A = [2 1; 1 2]; B = [3 4; 5 6];
>> A.*B
ans =
6
4
5
12
Now we leave out the . character and execute matrix multiplication, which produces quite a
different answer:
>> A*B
ans =
11
14
13
16
The identity matrix is a square matrix that has ones along the diagonal and zeros elsewhere. To
create an
n x n identity matrix, type the following MATLAB command: eye(n)
Lets create a 4 4 identity matrix:
>> eye(4)
ans =
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
DETERMINANTS:
The determinant of a square matrix is a number. For a 2 x 2 matrix, the determinant is given by:
To calculate the determinant of a matrix A in MATLAB, simply write det(A). Here is the
determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix:
>> A = [1 3; 4 5];
Allabakshu Shaik 43
>> det(A)
ans =
7
In this example, we find the determinant of a 4 x 4 matrix:
>> B = [3 1 2 4; 0 2 1 8; 9 17 11 3; 1 2 3 3];
>> det(B)
ans =
533
INVERSE OF A MATRIX AND SOLVIND LINEAR EQUATIONS:
The inverse of a matrix A is denoted by A-1 such that the following relationship is satisfied:
AA-1 = A-1A = 1
Consider the following matrix equation:
Ax = b
If the inverse of A exists, then the solution can be readily written as:
x = A-1b
In practice, this is much harder than it looks because computing the inverse of a matrix can be a
tedious pain. Luckily MATLAB makes things easy for us by doing all of the tedious work we
want to avoid. The inverse of a matrix A can be calculated in MATLAB by writing:
inv(A)
The inverse of a matrix does not always exist. In fact, we can use the determinant to determine
whether or not the inverse exists. If det(A) = 0, then the inverse does not exist and we say the
matrix is singular.
Lets get started by calculating a few inverses just to see how easy this is to do in
MATLAB. Starting with a simple 2 x 2 matrix:
First lets check the determinant of A to ensure that the inverse exists:
>> det(A)
ans =
6
Since the inverse exists, we can generate the solution readily in MATLAB:
>> x = inv(A)*b
x=
1.0000
4.0000
Allabakshu Shaik 44
PLOTTING AND GRAPHICS:

Lets start with the most basic type of plot we can create, the graph of a function of one variable.
Plotting a function in MATLAB involves the following three steps:
1. Defi ne the function
2. Specify the range of values over which to plot the function
3. Call the MATLAB plot(x, y) function
Lets plot the function y = cos(x) over the range 0 x 10. To start, we want to define this interval
and tell MATLAB what increment to use. The interval is defined using square brackets [] that are filled in
the following manner:
[ start : interval : end ]
Hence to plot y = cos(x), we enter the following commands:

>> x = [0:0.1:10];
>> y = cos(x);
>> xlabel(x),ylabel(y);
Now we can plot the function. This is done by entering the following command:
>> plot(x, y)
After typing the plot command, hit the enter key. After a moment MATLAB will open a new
window on the screen with the caption Figure 1. The plot is found in this window.
Fplot:
Allabakshu Shaik 45
The function fplot gets around our choice of interval used to generate the plot, and instead
decides the number of plotting points to use for us. Generally, fplot will allow you to generate the most
accurate plots possible, but it also helps us get around errors like these. The formal call to fplot goes like
fplot (function string, [xstart, xend]). The argument function string tells fplot the function you want to
plot while xstart and xend define the range over which to display the plot. This is pretty straightforward,
lets see how it works out in the current example. We can do it all in one go by typing the following
command and hitting the enter key:
>> fplot('exp(-2*t)*sin(t)',[0, 4]);
MATLAB quickly produces the plot shown in Figure. If we want to add labels and a title to the plot, we
can follow the same procedure used with plot(x,y). Lets try it again this time adding our title Damped
Spring Forcing and labeling our axes:
>> fplot('exp(2*t)*sin(t)',[0,4]), xlabel('t'), ylabel('f(t)'),
title('Damped Spring Forcing')
MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS, ADDING LEGENDS AND COLOURS IN ONE PLOT:

In many cases, it is necessary to plot more than one curve on a single graph. The
procedure used to do this in MATLAB is fairly straightforward. Lets start by showing two
functions on the same graph. In this case lets plot the following two functions over 0 t 5:
f(t) = e-t
g(t) = e-2t
We will differentiate between the two curves by plotting g with a dashed line.
Allabakshu Shaik 46
Following the usual procedure, we first define our interval:

>> t = [0:0.01:5];
Next, we define the two functions:

>> f = exp(t);
>> g = exp(2*t);
To plot multiple functions, we simply call the plot(x, y) command with multiple pairs x, y defining the
independent and dependent variables used in the plot in pairs. This is followed by a character string
enclosed in single quotes to tell us what kind of line to use to generate the second curve. In this case we
have:
>> plot(t,f,t,g,'--')
This tells MATLAB to generate plots of f(t) and g(t) with the latter function displayed as a dashed line.
Note that while we cant show it in the book, MATLAB displays each curve with a unique color.
The color of each curve can be set automatically by MATLAB or we can manually select which color we
want. This is done by enclosing the appropriate letter assigned to each color used by MATLAB in single
quotes immediately after the function to be plotted is specified.
Color
White
Black
Red
Cyan
Green
Magneta
Yellow
Specifier
w
k
r
c
g
m
y
The legend command is simple to use. Just add it to the line used for the plot(x, y) command and add a
text string enclosed in single quotes for each curve you want to label. In our case we have:
>> legend('sinh(x)','cosh(x)')
Allabakshu Shaik 47
Allabakshu Shaik 48
1. BASIC MATHEMATICS
1.
Solve
>> 5*(11/14)
ans =
3.9286
2. Solve
>> 5*(8/3)+3^7
ans =
2.2003e+003
3. Solve
>> 9^1.25
ans =
15.5885
4. True or False. If y has not been assigned a value, MATLAB will allow you to define the
equation x = y ^2 to store in memory for later use.
>> x=y^2;
??? Undefined function or variable 'y'.
Hence statement is False.
5. If the volume of a cylinder of height h and radius r is given by V r2h,
use MATLAB to . nd the volume enclosed by a cylinder that is 12 cm high
with a diameter of 4 cm.
>> r=2;
>> h=12;
>> V=h*pi*r^2
Allabakshu Shaik 49
V =150.7964
6. Use MATLAB to compute the sin of expressed as a rational number.

>> sin(pi/3)
ans =
0.8660
7. Create a MATLAB m . le to display the results of sin(), sin(), sin() as rational
numbers.
Select File New Mfile
A new file named Editor is opened as shown below:
Save the file and run the file then results are displayed in command window as follows:
ans =
0.8660
ans =
0.7071
Allabakshu Shaik 50
ans =
1
Allabakshu Shaik 51
2. VECTORS AND MATRICES
1. Find the magnitude of the vector A (1 7 3 2).

>> A=[-1;7;3;2];
>> A.*A
ans =
1
49
9
4
>> a = sum(A.*A)
a=
63
>> mag = sqrt(a)
mag =
7.9373
2. Find the magnitude of the vector A (1 i
>> A=[-1+i;7i;3;-2-2i];
>> A.*A
ans =
0 - 2.0000i
-49.0000
9.0000
0 + 8.0000i
>> a = sum(A.*A)
a=
7i
22i).
Allabakshu Shaik 52
-40.0000 + 6.0000i
>> mag = sqrt(a)
mag =
0.4730 + 6.3422i
3. Consider the numbers 1, 2, 3. Enter these as components of a column vector and as

components of a row vector.
>> a = [1 2 3]
a=
1
>> a = [1;2;3]
a=
1
2
3
4. Given A = [1; 2; 3]; B = [4; 5; 6]; find the array product of the two vectors.
>> A=[1;2;3],B=[4;5;6]
A=
1
2
3
B=
4
5
6
Allabakshu Shaik 53
>> A.*B
ans =
4
10
18
5. What command would create a 5x5 matrix with ones on the diagonal and zeros
everywhere else?
>> eye(5)
ans =
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
6. Consider the two matrices A =
product and matrix product.

>> A=[8 7 11;6 5 -1;0 2 -8],B=[2 1 2;-1 6 4;2 2 2]
A=
8
6
0
7
5
2
11
-1
-8
1
6
2
2
4
2
B=
2
-1
2
>> A.*B
%Gives array product%
ans =
16
22
and compute their array
Allabakshu Shaik 54
-6
0
30 -4
4 -16
>> A*B %Gives matrix product%

ans =
31 72 66
5 34 30
-18 -4 -8
Suppose that A
Use it to create B
Defining matrix %
8. Find a solution to the following set of equations:

x 2y 3z = 12
4x y 2z = 13
9y 8z = 1
What is the determinant of the coefficient matrix?
>> A=[1 2 3;-4 1 2;9 0 -8],B=[12;13;-1]

Allabakshu Shaik 55
A=
1
-4
9
2 3
1 2
0 -8
B=
12
13
-1
>> c=[A B]
c=
1 2 3 12
-4 1 2 13
9 0 -8 -1
>> rank (A)
ans =
3
>> rank (c)
ans =
3
>> X=A\B
X=
-1.7619
9.6667
-1.8571
>> det (A)
ans =
-63
9. Does a solution to the following system exist? What is it?
x 2y 3z = 1
x 4y 3z = 2
2x 8y z =
>> A = [ 1 -2 3 ; 1 4 3 ; 2 8 1] , B = [ 1 ; 2 ; 3 ]
A=
1
1
-2
4
3
3
Allabakshu Shaik 56
B=
1
2
3
>> det(A)
ans =
-30
% since determinant is not equal to zero solution exist %
>> X = inv (A) *B

X=
0.7333
0.1667
0.2000
10. Use LU decomposition to find a solution to the system:

x 7y 9z = 12
x y 4z = 16
x y 7z = 16
>> A = [1 7 -9; 2 -1 4; 1 1 -7], B = [ 12; 16; 16]
A=
1
2
1
7 -9
-1 4
1 -7
B=
12
16
16
>> [L, U] = lu(A)
L=
0.5000
1.0000
0.5000
1.0000
0
0.2000
0
0
1.0000
Allabakshu Shaik 57
U=
2.0000
0
0
>> X = U\(L\B)
-1.0000
4.0000
7.5000 -11.0000
0
-6.8000
X=
9.6078
-1.0196
-1.0588
Allabakshu Shaik 58
3. PLOTTING AND GRAPHICS

1. Generate a plot of the tangent function over 0 x 1 labeling the x and y axes. Set the
increment to 0.1.
>> x = [0:0.1:1];
>> y = tan(x);
>> plot ( x , y )
>> xlabel ( ' x ' ), ylabel ( ' tanx ' )
2. Show the same plot, with sin(x) added to the graph as a second curve.
>> x = [0:0.1:1];
>> plot ( x, tan(x) )
>> hold on
>> plot ( x, sin(x) )
Allabakshu Shaik 59
3. Create a row vector of data points to represent p x p with an increment of 0.2.

Represent the same line using linspace with 100 points and with 50 points.
>> x=[-pi:0.2:pi]
x=
Columns 1 through 9
-3.1416 -2.9416 -2.7416 -2.5416 -2.3416 -2.1416 -1.9416 -1.7416 -1.5416
Columns 10 through 18
-1.3416 -1.1416 -0.9416 -0.7416 -0.5416 -0.3416 -0.1416
0.0584
0.2584
0.4584
0.6584
0.8584
1.0584
1.2584
2.8584
3.0584
1.4584
1.6584
2.2584
2.4584
2.6584
>> linspace ( -pi, pi, 100) % 100 uniformly spaced points %

ans =
Columns 1 through 9
1.8584
2.0584
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-3.1416 -3.0781 -3.0147 -2.9512 -2.8877 -2.8243 -2.7608 -2.6973 -2.6339

-2.5704 -2.5069 -2.4435 -2.3800 -2.3165 -2.2531 -2.1896 -2.1261 -2.0627
-1.9992 -1.9357 -1.8723 -1.8088 -1.7453 -1.6819 -1.6184 -1.5549 -1.4915
-1.4280 -1.3645 -1.3011 -1.2376 -1.1741 -1.1107 -1.0472 -0.9837 -0.9203
-0.8568 -0.7933 -0.7299 -0.6664 -0.6029 -0.5395 -0.4760 -0.4125 -0.3491
-0.2856 -0.2221 -0.1587 -0.0952 -0.0317
0.0317
0.0952
0.1587
0.2221
0.2856
0.3491
0.4125
0.4760
0.5395
0.6029
0.6664
0.7299
0.7933
1.0472
1.1107
1.1741
1.2376
1.3011
1.3645
1.6184
1.6819
1.7453
1.8088
1.8723
1.9357
2.1896
2.2531
2.3165
2.3800
2.4435
2.5069
2.7608
2.8243
2.8877
2.9512
3.0147
3.0781
0.8568
0.9203
0.9837
1.4280
1.4915
1.5549
1.9992
2.0627
2.1261
2.5704
2.6339
2.6973
Column 100
Allabakshu Shaik 61
3.1416
>> linspace(-pi,pi,50) % 50 uniformly spaced points %
ans =
Columns 1 through 9
-3.1416 -3.0134 -2.8851 -2.7569 -2.6287 -2.5005 -2.3722 -2.2440 -2.1158
-1.9875 -1.8593 -1.7311 -1.6029 -1.4746 -1.3464 -1.2182 -1.0899 -0.9617
-0.8335 -0.7053 -0.5770 -0.4488 -0.3206 -0.1923 -0.0641
0.0641
0.1923
0.3206
0.4488
0.5770
0.7053
0.8335
0.9617
1.0899
1.2182
1.3464
1.8593
1.9875
2.1158
2.2440
2.3722
2.5005
3.0134
3.1416
1.4746
1.6029
1.7311
2.6287
2.7569
2.8851
4. Generate a grid for a three-dimensional plot where 3 x 2 and 5 y 5. Use an

increment of 0.1. Do the same if 5 x 5 and 5 y 5 with an increment of 0.2 in
both cases.
>> [x,y]=meshgrid(-3:0.1:2,-5:0.1:5);
>> z=cos(x).*sin(y);
>> mesh(x,y,z),xlabel('x'),ylabel('y'),zlabel('z');
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>> clear all;
>> [x,y]=meshgrid(-5:0.2:5);
>> z=cos(x).*sin(y);
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5. Plot the curve x = et cos t, y = et sin t, z = t using the plot3 function. Dont label the
axes, but turn on the grid.
>> t=meshgrid(0:0.1:1);
>> x=exp(-t)*cos(t);
>> y=exp(-t)*sin(t);
>> z=t;
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4. ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS AND SYMBOLIC TOOLS

1. Use MATLAB to enter 7
-5
+5
>> eq = '7*sqrt(2)-5*sqrt(60)+5*sqrt(8)'
eq =
7*sqrt(2)-5*sqrt(60)+5*sqrt(8)
>> 7*sqrt(2)-5*sqrt(60)+5*sqrt(8)
ans =
-14.6882
2. Use MATLAB to solve 3
+ 2x = 7.
>> eq = '3*(x^2)+2*x=7'
eq =
3*(x^2)+2*x=7
>> s = solve (eq)
s=
-1/3+1/3*22^(1/2)
-1/3-1/3*22^(1/2)
>> x = double(s(1))
x=
1.2301
>> y = double(s(2))
y=
-1.8968
as a string, then find the numerical value.
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3. Find x such that
x .
>> eq = 'x^2+sqrt(5)*x-pi=0'
eq =
x^2+sqrt(5)*x-pi=0
>> s = solve(eq)
s=
-1/2*5^(1/2)+1/2*(5+4*pi)^(1/2)
-1/2*5^(1/2)-1/2*(5+4*pi)^(1/2)
>> x=double(s)
x=
0.9776
-3.2136
4. Find the solution of
and symbolically plot the function for 2 < x < 4, 0 < y<1.
>> eq = 'sqrt(2*x-4)-1'
eq =
sqrt(2*x-4)-1
>> s = solve(eq)
s=
5/2
>> ezplot(eq)
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5. Use solve to symbolically find the roots of 2

into numerical values.
+ 4t 6 = 0, then convert the answer
>> eq = '2*t^3-t^2+4*t-6'
eq =
2*t^3-t^2+4*t-6
>> ezplot(eq)
>> s = solve (eq)
s=
1/6*(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3)-23/6/(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3)+1/6
-1/12*(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3)+23/12/(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3)+1/6+1/2*i*3^(1/2)*
(1/6*(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3)+23/6/(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3))
-1/12*(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3)+23/12/(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3)+1/61/2*i*3^(1/2)*(1/6*(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3)+23/6/(289+6*2658^(1/2))^(1/3))
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>> x= double(s)
x=
1.1162
-0.3081 + 1.6102i
-0.3081 - 1.6102i
6. Find a solution of the system:

x 3y 2z = 6
2x 4y 3z = 8
3x 6y 8z = 5
>> s = solve ( 'x-3*y-2*z=6', '2*x-4*y-3*z=8', '-3*x+6*y+8*z=-5' );
>> x = s.x
x=
1
>> y = s.y
y=
-3
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>> z = s.z
z=
2
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5. NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF ODEs

1. Find a solution of the system:
=
=
(0) = (0) = 1
Now we create a function to implement this system in the M file:
function xdot = eqx(t,x); %allocate array to store data%
xdot = zeros(2,1);
xdot(1) = x(2);
xdot(2) = x(1);
>>[t,x] = ode45 ( 'eqx' , [0,10], [1,1]); %('func_name', [start_time, end_time],y(0))%
>> plot (t, x(:,1), t, x(:,2), '--') %We access the fi rst function with x(:,1) and the second
by writing x(:,2) %
>> xlabel('x1'),ylabel('x2')
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2. Solve:
= 2.3y,
y(0) = 0

function ydot = eqy(t,y)
ydot = -2.3*y;
>> [t,y] = ode23('eqy',[-5,5],0);
>> plot(t,y),xlabel('t'),ylabel('y')
3. Use ode23 and ode45 to solve:

= y,
y(0) = 1
function ydot = eqyd(t,y)
ydot = y;
>> [t,y] = ode23('eqyd',[-5,5],1);
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>> plot(t,y),xlabel('t'),ylabel('y1')
>> [t,y] = ode45('eqyd',[-5,5],1);

>> plot(t,y),xlabel('t'),ylabel('y1')
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Digital Simulation Lab-1

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Digital Simulation Lab-1

NIMRA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

DIGITAL SIMULATIN LAB-I

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Therefore CFD is a computer program, which is a readily transportable wind tunnel.

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Fig 1.1 Structured grid in computational space.

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2. Introduction to FLUENT and GAMBIT

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3. SIMULATION OF FLOW PAST OVER A 2D AIRFOIL

Software : GAMBIT and FLUENT.

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3. Specify boundary types in Gambit:

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4. Set the problem in Fluent:

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5. Solve the problem:

Solve Controls - solution

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MACH NUMBER = 0.3

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4. SIMULATION OF FLOW OVER 3D WING

Software: Gambit and Fluent.

1. Create geometry in Gambit:

Join the vertices and create the face of the boundary.

Select the Mesh face and click apply.

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3. Specify boundary types:

Create farfields as follows:

Faces 3,4,7 & 8

Select Inlet as velocity inlet and name it as inlet.

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4. Set problem in Fluent:

Start Fluent, select 3ddp and click run.

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5. Solve the problem:

Solve Controls - solution

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5. SIMULATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A CONVERGENTDIVERGENT NOZZLE

7. Create geometry in Gambit:

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9. Specify boundary types:

Go to Zones command button then specify boundary types.

10.Set problem in Fluent:

Start Fluent, select 2ddp and click run.

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Select Grid Info Size then data is displayed.

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11.Solve the problem:

Solve Controls - solution

This plot shows the convergence of problem

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SONIC THROAT AND NORMAL SHOCK IN DIVERGENT SECTION

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6. INTRODUCTION TO MAT LAB

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Figure 1-1 The MATLAB desktop

COMMAND WINDOW AND BASIC ARTHMITIC