Fluid Dynamics: Fluid Motion

LEC 7
Fluid dynamics:
• Fluid dynamics is the science of fluid motion.
• Fluid flow is commonly studied in one of three ways:
– Experimental fluid dynamics.
– Theoretical fluid dynamics (Analytical).
– Numerically: computational fluid dynamics (CFD )
CFD ANALYSIS :
 compliment design
 Experimentation be reducing total effort
 Cost required for experimentation and data acquisition
-CFD solution are not guaranteed to be physically meaningful.

-Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer,
mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena by solving the mathematical
equations which govern these processes using a numerical process.
Where is CFD used?

• Aerospace • Hydraulics
• Automotive • Marine
• Biomedical • Oil & Gas
• Chemical Processing • Power Generation
• HVAC • Sports
The most common in commercially available CFD programs are:
– The finite volume method has the broadest applicability (~80%).
– Finite element (~15%).
There are certainly many other approaches (5%), including:
1. Finite difference.
2. Spectral methods.
3. Boundary element.
4. Vorticity based methods.
5. Lattice gas/lattice Boltzmann.
6. And more
- Domain: are regions of space in which the equations of fluid flow or heat transfer are solved
- Only the mesh components which are included in a domain are included in simulation.
- Domain is discretized into a finite set of control volumes or cells. The discretized domain is called the
“grid” or the“mesh.”
- General conservation (transport) equations for mass,momentum, energy, etc., are discretized into
algebraic equations.
- Meshing (discretization): Fluid region of pipe flow discretized into finite set of control volumes
Convection/Diffusion Example
This example is intended to demonstrate how the different terms interact.
Imagine a room where red gas is going to be released. Initially, all of the gas in concentrated towards one
corner, as is shown in figure a. If the gas is allowed to just diffuse (no convection or sources are present),
then it will spread out fairly evenly, as is shown in figure b. If instead, we turn on a fan in the room that
blows the air towards the opposite corner, then the red gas will spread out as is shown in figure c. Here, the
red gas is both diffusing and convicting
A CFD analysis basically consists of the following three phases:

Pre-processing
In this phase the problem statement is transformed into an idealized and discretized
computer model. Assumptions are made concerning the type of flow to be modelled
(viscous/inviscid, compressible/incompressible, steady/non steady). Other processes
involved are mesh generation and application of initial- and boundary conditions.
Solving
The actual computations are performed by the solver, and in this solving phase
computational power is required. There are multiple solvers available, varying in efficiency
and capability of solving certain physical phenomena.
Post-processing
Finally, the obtained results are visualized and analyzed in the post processing phase. At this
stage the analyst can verify the results and conclusions can be drawn based on the obtained
results. Ways of presenting the obtained results are for example static or moving pictures,
graphs or tables.
Lec 8
Computational domain : the region in space in which the governing equations are solved
Validation assessment determines if the computational simulation agrees with physical reality. It
examines the science in the models through comparison to experimental results.
-Do not proceed with CFD calculation until you have generated a highly-quality grid
- The process of creating a good grid (mesh) is a very important process and it should take the
appropriate time and effort
-Design and create the grid:
• Should you use a quad/hex grid, a tri/tet grid, a or hybrid grid?
• What degree of grid resolution is required in each region of the domain?
• How many cells are required for the problem?
• Will you use adaption to add resolution?
• Do you have sufficient computer memory?
Hybrid mesh example:
• Valve port grid.
• Specific regions can be meshed with different cell types.
• Both efficiency and accuracy are enhanced relative to a hexahedral or tetrahedral mesh alone.
How many cells are required for the problem?
Grid Sensitivity
1. No solution should be accepted unless it is grid independent. This means that a computer run is
repeated with finer and finer grids until the results at all points in space do not change anymore.
2. The effective grid size means it is small enough to minimize errors from dissipation due to grid and
big enough to save computing source.
3. The grids required vary according to the case.
4. To get a reliable simulation results, grid convergence study should be performed prior to looking
deep into flow.
Lec 9
-Flows which are directed into the element produce an increase of mass in the element and get a
positive sign and those flows that are leaving the element are given a negative sign
-Net force in the x-direction is the sum of all the force components in that direction.
-Numerical method + N-S Equations = DNS highly accurate
-DNS : a research tool for basic flow problems which is highly accurate results
Lec 10
-Any variable in a turbulent flow can be represented as sum of mean value plus fluctuating value:
-There are various turbulent models available in order to represent Reynolds Stresses in terms of
mean quantities.
-The fundamental flow equations are derived in FVM using integral approach
-Instead of considering a differential volume, we will consider a finite volume of arbitrary shape
-When flow passes through the finite volume, the rate of increase of quantity inside the finite
volume will be same as flux in minus flux out plus generation of quantity
-Quantity can be either mass or momentum component
-Volume integrals are approximated as volume of cell multiplied by average value of quantity at
centroid of cell
-Surface integrals are approximated as midpoint averaged values
-Usually CFD solvers use iterative method to get the solution

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LEC 7

-CFD solution are not guaranteed to be physically meaningful.

Where is CFD used?

A CFD analysis basically consists of the following three phases:

-Numerical method + N-S Equations = DNS highly accurate

-Quantity can be either mass or momentum component

-Surface integrals are approximated as midpoint averaged values

-Usually CFD solvers use iterative method to get the solution

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