OTC 3669

LARGE WIRE ROPE MOORING WINCH DRUM

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CRITERIA

., Copyright 1979, Offshore Technology Conference

This paper was presented at the 11th Annual OTC In Houston, Tex., April30-May 3,1979. The material Is subject to correction by the author. Permission to copy Is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words.

ABSTRACT'
Flange splitting is the most common cause in
mooring winch failure. Conventionally designed
winches have failed on a number of occasions when
sizes of, about 3" to 3~" diameter wire ropes in
lengths up to 10,000 feet we~e employed for mooring
large construction barges and semi-submersible
offshore drilling units. It is believed that this
is due to improper approximation of the field loading patterns on the winch, inadequate knOWledge of
actual forces transmitted onto the flange and drum
barrel of the winch and/or defects in the structural
joint between the flange and the drum barrel.

large winches used on lay barges and semi-submersible

drilling units have failed in service exposing the
owners to millions of dollars in repair or replacement costs on these winches, plus the damaging downtime and delay to the programs on which these units
may have been engaged. An in-depth study into the
probable causes of these failures revealed that the
state of the art in design of large winches, in practice, remained more or less empirical and that in some
instances, quality control in manufacture was not
being taken as seriously as this equipment warrants.
In addition, neither the wire rope nor the winch
manufacturers have established wire rope characteristics which are necessary for designing winches.

The available design methods are often empirical, modified or extrapolated from work don~ using
very small wire ropes and drums a decade ago. The
application of these techniques to a multilayered
winch using large diameter wire rope has proven to
be unrealistic. The authors have therefore developed a method to calculate the flange thrust load
and the barrel external pressure for winches using
large diameter wire ropes. Also, a general guide
for design and analysis of such winches and the
effect of the lateral modulus of elasticity of
wire rope on the reduction in the layer tensions
is presented.
INTRODUCTION
Large wire rope winches are increasingly coming
into use for off-shore construction, pipe laying and
drilling vessels operating in deep water due to the
advantages of mooring with wire or a combination of
chain and wire as opposed to mooring with chain only.
Winches using about 3" to 3~" diameter wire ropes
up to five to ten thousand feet in length and
stacked up to 15 or more layers under high tensions
have been in use. And even larger winches are
being contemplated as the search for hydrocarbons
and minerals from and under the oceans expands
into deeper waters.

The wire rope characteristics which vary

according to rope formation, type of core, rope
diameter and material properties of components, the
number of layers, the number of wraps on each layer
and the operational tension on each layer affect the
over-all structural loading on a winch. It is known
that as the rope gets larger and stiffer, as the
number of layers increase and as the wire winding
tension is maintained high, the resulting forces
on the barrel and the side flanges likewise
increase
It has also been generally recognized
that the lateral modulus of elasticity of wire rope
plays an important role in the successful and
economical design of flange and drum barrel, and yet
it is not generally evaluated or reported by wire
rope manufacturers. Moreover, most of the previous
work has been done using relatively small diameter
wire ~opes and small drums.
Therefore, the authors have developed a
theoretical method, on the basis of shell anology,
to calculate the flange thrust load and the barrel
external pressure. Utilizing this method, the
contribution of the lateral modulus of elasticity of
wire rope to the reduction of the layer tension
well as the influence of the radial deflection of
drum barrel is investigated.
FIELD LOADING VIA WIRE ROPE MOORING LOADS
Establishing proper loading criteria is,
of course.of fundamental importance as it determines

An industry-wide survey revealed that several

References and illustrations at end of paper.

2737

the total loads that a winch would eventually experience in service. Unfortunately, there is a wide
divergence of opinion among designers as to what
this should be. There have been attempts to optimize
design based on theoretical concepts of how an anchor
should be handled. Simply stated, a typical operation
for a drilling rig would involve paying out the wire
with the anchor carried by an anchor boat. The anchor
would then be dropped by the boat and the line tensioned up on the few lowest layers. On the reverse
cycle, the winch releases tension on wire, the anchor
is picked up by the boat and the winch hauls in the
wire with tensions hardly exceeding those resulting
from the weight of the wire deployed. This kind of
operation, of course, results in the most favorable
structural loading on the winch. There are the usual
variations of this pattern depending on each application, namely whether some chain is also attached
to the anchor and on details of handling the chainwire connection.
In some cases, however, the above optimum
conditons occassionally are not exercised. To name
a few, a pe~dent wire which is used to pick up the
anchor could be lost, or the boat might be disabled.
In these,and similar unforseen circumstances, a
mooring winch of a typical drilling unit will be used
to drag the anchor to bolster on its own power. Also,
an emergency situation might arise requiring the rig
to pull off location using its mooring winches. Such
operations could result in high line tensions on
most of the layers and a good winch design criteria
should provide for such occasions.
For a lay-barge application, on the other hand,
there is undoubtedly large wire tension over several
layers as the barge is pulled against the anchors
in the continuous process of p~pe laying.
BRIEF ~1ARY OF PRESENT DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES
Typically, the configuration of a winch for
offshore drilling units and construction barges consists of a gear side flange, pawl side flange, Lebus
groove and drum barrel (Fig. 1). Depending on bending moment and shear force exerted on the flange by
the layers contacting the flange, torsional loads
from the gearing and braking systems and self weight
including wire wrapped on the drum, the structural co~
figuration of flange may be selected from"a simple
circular disc, a disc with stiffening ribs or a box
with inner stiffeners. Also, the barrel shape can be
a thick cylindrical shell or a thin shell with or
without stiffening ribs.
Designing a reliable structural joint between
the flange and drum barrel is important for preventing
flange splitting. One design factor for the structural integrity of this joint is stress concentration.
The allowable fillet radius at this joint is physically limited by the pattern of rope spooling.
Therefore, the fabricated or cast drums with a rigid
joint have a serious disadvantage and pose a real
challenge to the designer in both the over-all and
local design of the flange. Double wallar similar
construction with closely spaced ribs has been widely
used to minimize deflection due to bending and to
achieve a smooth sress path at this joint. However,
it would still be prudent to use a reasonable stress
concentration factor in designing a rigid joint at
this connection.
2738

Another method of drum-flange connection being

used with apparent success is to avoid altogether a
rigid joint at the critical connection. This is
done by shrinking separate flanges (with built-in
hubs) over the barrel ends. Load transmittal is
achieved via a system of keys and thrust collars.
All these detailed aspects can be determined
relatively easily after the flange thrust load and
barrel external pressure are specified. A number
of methods presently being used by winch manufacturers for calculating the flange thrust load are listed
in Appendix I, and there are also other more elaborate equations being used by some manufacturers. For
the barrel external pressure calculation, some
designers use the wire rope tensions from the first
three layers, others use rope tensions from the last
two layers and still others use results from work
done a decade ago. Mpst of these methods were
apparently determined by using very small diameter
wire ropes on relatively small drums with a limited
number of layers. Since most of these methods were
established through e~perience and/or experiments
by individual winch manufacturers, apart from the
theoretical assumptions, the design philosophy and
hence results significantly differ from one to another
Unlike a homogeneous engineering material, the
characteristics of a wire rope vary
according to
the rope formation, method of weaving, type of core,
material properties of wire strand and core and the
wire Tope diameter. Thus, it is believed that using
existing methods for calculating flange thrust loads
and barrel external pressure without considering all
these aspects is unreasonable for the multi-layered
winches using large diameter wire rope.
As for the theoretical approaches, a number
of different methods (Ref. 1.,2,4,5) have a1.ready
been introduced. Among these, E.O. Waters' method
is a classic. Waters provided a table listing the
tension reduction rate due to winding successive
layers, however, he did not furnish the equation
used to produce the results in the table. Others
(Ref. 2,4) used different approaches to calculate
the tension reduction rate, but their results were
in reasonably good agreement. One thing to note in
their analyses is that the definition of the lateral
(or transverse) modulus of elasticity of wire rope
which was used to compute the flattening effect of
the wire rope is different from the actual case
which one can observe from wire rope spooling.
However, the authors' proposal for calculating the
tension reduction rate for ,winches using large diameter wire rope is indebted to the above work
(Ref. 4) in that the tension reduction occurs due
to the flattening of the wire ~ope and the radial
deflection of the layer on which successive layers
are wrapped.
Also while discussing design of winches,
the importance of proper gearing cannot be overlooked. In fact, quite a few winches have failed
at the gears. Extensive comparative study of the
gear design practices revealed verY significant
divergences in the design practices recognized by
various national standards, particularly in the
choice of design factors. While the widely used
AGMA formula could be shown to be of the
same basic format as most other
formulas, all standards seem to allow widely varying flexibility to the designer depending on his

choice of classification for the application at hand.

Gears for off-shore winches need liberal factors for
overload, load-distribution, load-sharing and safety.
Material used in gear manufacture is also
of extreme importance. The gears are sometimes made
of nodular cast iron which, in spite of the self lubricating and toughness properties alluded to them,
were found in one instance, to be deficient in microstructure,' ductility, fracture toughness and NDT,
all of which apparently deteriorate rapidly within
the bulk of the large size gears required on large
winches. Care should be exercised in specifying and
maintaining these properties at adequate levels
appropriate for each application. Also of considerable significance in the design of gears for large
winches is the rim thickness under the teeth and
the attachment of rim to the body of drum as it
frequently happens that the gear assembly, due to
its large size, cannot be made integral with the
drum and hence these details deserve in-depth
analyses.

determined that the higher the lateral modulus of

elasticity of wire rope, the lesser the reduction
in the applied tension
achieved. That is, higher
flange thrust and barrel external pressure are
expected. It is felt that the lateral modulus of
elasticity for 4 point loading may be significantly
higher than that from the 2 point loading.
From Figs. 6 and 7, the flange thrust load
at the odd number layers which contact the flange
can be derived as:
W. + cot(y+ic)
J
cot y-]1

Wk\
)

(5)

where
cot Y-.Il

PROPOSED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN TECHNIQUES

1+]1s cot (y+ic)

The tension reduction on a given layer on
which successive layers are wrapped can be computed
by using eq~ (18) in Appendix II. Let ~Ti,n be
the tension reduction at the ith layer due to the
rope tension applied at the nth layer only. Then,

"'.!.

K
BF

(1+llcon)

; (1)

[ot(Y+A)-cot(a:-AS)X

1-]1 scot
l-]1s cot

Thus, when n layers of wire rope are wrapped on the

drum .the net tension at the ith layer becomes:
and
TNET

i == Ti

(2)

A=

where Ti is the applied tension at the ith layer.

As

The over-all external pressure on the drum

barrel can also be computed by using the coefficient
of layers (Ref. 2) Cn , which represents total net
tension in the hypothetical first layer. The barrel
external pressure will be
p

_ K 'C
b

. . (3)

where Kg is a pressure reduction coefficient due to

friction between Lebus groove and the first layer
which is defined in Appendix II. When a straight
barrel is used (no grooving) Ks may be taken as
unity, and
C

=1+~TX1'
j=2
,J

tan- 1 11
tan- l Il s

The angle of reaction a: may be assumed as a:o< 90 when a Lebus groove is used. For the straight
barrel may be taken as 90 degrees.

Joe

Total flange thrust load is then

2m-1
(7)
FT = 2~'KSp ~ Fk'Rk
k=l
where KSp is a spooling factor.

(4)

The reduction in the applied tension at each layer

varies significantly for a given rope diameter and
modulus of elasticity of the wire rope according to
the lateral modulus of elasticity of the wire rope.
Conventionally, this quantity was determined from
the 2-point loading scheme (Fig. 3a). This type of
test may be an acceptable simplification for a small
diameter wire rope. However, in actual spooling
the wire rope makes contact at 4 points. Thus, it
is believed that the lateral modulus of elasticity
of wire rope should be determined by the 4-point
loading test for
large diameter wire rope (Fig. 3b).
According to theoretical investigations, it was

2739

Through eqs. (3), (5), (6) and (7), the winch

design loads for given conditions can be computed.
Once these loads are determined, the flange and the
drum barrel of the winch can be designed by using
conventional formulas (Ref. 7, 9). If the flange
thrust and the barrel external pressure are high,
any rigid connection between the flange and the drum
barrel would result in the bending moment from the
flange being transmitted to the barrel and vice versa
Therefore, care must be exercised when designing this
structural joint. Hand calculations may produce
significantly different results from the actual
stress state at the joint (especially, when the
flange and/or the drum barrel are stiffened with
ribs). If such a rigid connection is considered, the
stresses at the joint should be analysed by the finitl
element method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.

..

The coefficient of layers and the net tension

on each layer were computed by using a computer program developed from the theory in Appendix II.
Since the lateral modulus of elasticity of the wire
rope was not available, a ratio between the modulus
of elasticity and the lateral modulus of elasticity
was used as a parameter. The data used to compute
8
thraugh 11 are as follows:
the results in Figs,

CONCLUSION
A theoretical method for calculating winch
design loads has been derived. The transmission of
loads onto the flange and the drum barrel due to
rope tension and a general guide for designing winches
for offshore application were discussed.

13
No. of layers
Modulus of elasticity of
ksi
wire rope
9856.
Wire rope diameter
3.5
in.
Metallic cross section of
.fn2
wire rope
6.759
Layer forming angle
.58.5
degs.
degs.
100.0
Lebus groove angle
Friction coeff. between
0.09
ropes (assumed)
Friction coeff. between
rope and flange (assumed)
0.06
Barrel surface
Lebus grooved
Poissons ratio of drum matvl
0.275
in.
Drum O.D.
55.1
3.25
in.
Drum shell thickness
Modulus of elasticity of
ksi
29,000.0
drum material

The rope tensions at various layers below

the top layer will reduce due to the radial deflection
of the layers, the compressibility of wire rope and
friction. However, the flange thrust and the barrel
external pressure significantly increase as the
number of layers increases. g%us, when an unexpected
high line tension is applied to the wire rope during
spooling, the results could be disastrous. It is
recommended that the winches for offshore application
should be designed to meet the most severe service
conditions that could exist.

Figs. 8 and 9 show the effect of the lateral

modulus of elasticity of the wire rope on the
coefficient of layers and the net tension on each
layer, respectively. The radial deflection of the
drum barrel was ignored for these cases. In general,
for a given latezal modulus of elasticity of wire
rope the coefficient of layers gradually imcreases
and f~nally converges asymptotically as thenumber
of layers IncreaseB. However, at a given layer the
coefficient of layers decreases as the lateral
modulus of elasticity decreases. This means the
stiffer a wire rope is constructed, the more load
is transmitted to the barrel. A similar effect on
the net tension can be observed from Fig. 9. The
net rope tension gradually decreases as the number
of layers approach
the lower laye~s, the maximum
reduction in the rope tension is achieved somewhere
below the middle layer and it gradually increases
below that layer. ~is is.mainly due to the fact
that the radial deflections of the bottom layers,
i.e., first and second layers, are limited
by the
radial deflection of the drum barrel.
The effect of drum deflection is .ehownin
Fig. 10. When the drum deflects the layers above
the.drtnngain an additional deflection equal to the
radial deflection of the drum. Thus, theradial
deflection of the drum barrel contributes in reducing
the flange thrust and the barrel external pressure.
Flange deflection may also relieve some of the flange
thrust load but if a gear or a braking system is
to be mounted on the flange,the deflection of flange
should be held to a minimum.
Due to stretching, wire ropes generally
become stiffer and the modulus of elasticity increases after a long period of use under high tensions. This, in turn, causes some reduction in the
metallic area and increases the lateral modulus
of elasticity. Therefore, under the same rope
tension, the flange and barrel of a winch may
experience higher loads.when the wire rope is old

than when it is new. It is also believed that the

lateral modulus of elasticity may have a nonlinear
characteristic wfth respect to the applied tension
and compressive load. This causes more complexity
when analyzing the transmission of the rope tension
into the flange and barrel of a winch.

The lateral modulus of elasticity of wire rope

plays an fmportant role in Transmitting the layer
tensions onto the flange and barrel of a winch.
An optimal and economic design of winch can be
achieved by know?ng the characteristics of the wire
technfcal research on the behavrope, Therefore,
Loral characteristics of wire rope under simultaneous
tens%on and lateral compression is strongly recommended.
ACRNOWIJIDGEMENT
Authors wish to express appreciation to
Dr. TerryD. Petty for encouragement in writing
this paper, Carmen Costello for editing, Marilyn
Zoner for typing and Dave Gansar for the graphical
illustration, all of Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co.
REFERENCES
1.

E.O. Waters, Rational Design of Hoisting Drums,

Trans. ASME page 463-473, 1920

2.

T. Wgawa and M. Taneda, External Pressure Produced by Multi-layers of Rope Wound, about a
Hoisting Drum, J. of the JSME, Japan, Vol. 60,
page 798-803, 1957

3.

and.B.D.A. Phillips, An InvestigaN.W. Bellamy

tion into Flange Forces in Winch Drums, The Inst.
of Mech. Eng., Proceedings 1968-1969, Volume
183, Part I

4.

Peter Dietz, A Method for Calculating a Single

and Multi-l,ayered Winch Drum, Progress Reports
from Journal of the Society of German Engineers,
Series 13, No. 12, July, 1972, page 34-344

5.

B.S. Kovalsky, Theory of Multi-layered Winding

of Cable, The Academy of Science of the USSR,
Vol. 74, No. 3, page 429-432, 1950

6.

N. Sag and A.C. Briggs, Charts Simplify Hoisting

Drum Design, Machine Design, April 1953

2740

7.

S. Timoshenko
and S. Woinowaki - Krieger,
Theory of Plates and Shells$ 2nd ed. licGraw Hill
Book co. 1959, page 466-481

Where AF is the flange area covered by the wire rope

and KLB an emperical constant dw is a norminal diameter of wire rope.

B.

F.B. Seely and J.O. Smith, Advanced Mechamics

of Materials,_.2nd cd., 5967, page 295-322

METHOD NO. 5

9.

R.J. Roark and W. C. Young, Formulas for Stress

and Strain, 5th cd., McGraw Hill Book Co., 1975

10.

K. K. Song, Computer Program for Calculating

Flange Thrust and External Pressure on Drum
Barrel for Multilayered Winch Drum, Unpublished
Note, January 1979.

FT = 27r~

where ~H

!IETHODNO. 1 (Theory of_Stacking

2m-1 ,
FT = 21TKSP ~FkRk+FIRl
(

Solid Cylinders)

I
I

~
j =k

Fl .$

()

~ty

is an emperfcal constant and

Mt is the applied torque.

APPENDJX 11
Derivation of Tension-Reduction Coefficient
Matrix R5r A Large Diameter
Wire Rope
A) FUNDAMENTALS:

$here

Fk=

gTj

l.1~

T.=
3
APPENDIX I
The Existing Methods for Calculating
Flange Thrust Load

. K5P

Let qx and q. be the inner and external pressures applied to the cylindrical ring as shown
in Fib. 2 and R be a radius to the point of interest. The stresses at the point of interest due
to qI and q. may be expressed respectively by

cotY

j.

g+coty
() j

~nd Ksp iS a SpOOling faCtOr

Tj and R are the
j
rope tension and the pitch radius of the jth layer.
FT represents the total flange thrust due to spwling n layers of wire rope on a winch drum.
METHOD NO. 2 (E.O. Waters 2nd Method)

I
and

FT = 21TKwp ~

j NETj

shere

(Jt=_

R~R~<+%)qo
~IW = (m-P2-1) ootY - m.~
(1-P2) +P(h-P2-1)
%Oty
r=Bi ia the number of wraps inside the wedge at the jth
l;yer and TNETj is the net tension on the jth layer.
EETHOD NO. 3

.-

~(2)

Upon using the theoretical expression for the

radial deflection of cylindrical shell (Ref. 8)
the radial deflection of the equivalent cylindrical ring at a radius of R can be written as

~Fk%

where Fk is the same as in method no. 1 and Kp an

emperical factor.

R
R ~

METHOD NO. 4

FT=AF

(-+)

..

2m-1
FT = 2mKp

R~ - RX
2

c t - Rar)

wh~re ~ and VR are the modulus of elasticity and

pozsson s ratio of wire rope ring.
~

%B~

The radial deflections at the inner and outer

then
be:
radii of the ring due to ql and q. will

----

where a is the metallic cross sectional area of the

wire rope which has an independent wfre rope core.
For a fiber cored wire rope an equivalent cross
secti.onalareamay beused.

dT=~
[2:2

+Vg

%-%~;r,l]q.

B) TENSION-REDUCTION COEFFICIENT MATRIX

o

[j:$-j

%+%~,]

I
TO derive the tension-reduction matrix it is
assumed, for analytical purposes, that the winch
drum with n layers of wire rope is analogous to
a laminated cylinder consisting of n layers of
shell without preload, and that the laminated
cylinder will be stressed only when the last layer
(or top layer under consideration) is loaded.
Equations for the transmission of the pressure
due to the top layer tension are developed asauming
that the pressure reduction occurs due to the radia;
deflection and the compressibility of each layer
and friction between two contacting layers. This
procedure is repeated for n=l, 2, 3, .....n, respectively.

. . . . . . . .(3)
Unlike the solid cylindrical ring, the wire rope
ring may flatten when it is compressed. Let ERT
be the lateral (or transverse) modulus of elasticity of the wire rope determined by the 4-point
load test as shown in I?ig.3, the amount of
flattening of the wire rope along the section A-A
may then be defined as
Qy
%A

. . . .. .. . ,___
(4)

=
RT

Let Tn,n be the rope tension applied at the nth

layer (top layer being wrapped); TXi,n be the
rope tension at the Tth layer caused by Tn,n.

where Qy is sum of the vertical loads per unit

length of the rope. Since ~ = b.q where q is
the pressure caused by Qy and b is an effective
pressure bearing length of the wire rope, eq. (4)
may be written as

dAA

And let qi,n be the pressure at the pitch radius

of the ith layer due to the rope tension TXi,n
and Wi,n be the pressure between the ith and
(i-1) th layers due to the friction effect between
the two layers (Figs. 4 and 5). Then

.__
. ...l_. l , (5)

._!wL
%T

Since Ur = ql at
AA occurs along the e,hordA-A.
R = RI and Cr = - q. at R = Ro, it is assumed that
a portion of the dti occurs on the inner surface
due to q= and the rest on the outside surface
due to qo. On adding this flattening effect to
the radial deflections described in eq. (3), the
overall radial deflections on the inner and outer
surfaces of the ring can be expressed as

dl=UBql

-CBqo
. . . . . . . -(6)

do =-UT ,0

+ CT ,1

CB=.

ml n
b. RI

KK

TXi,n
b. Ri

. . . . . (9)
i,n

Kriqi,n

where
i

2,

=1/(l+Bcoty)

Ks

= 1/ (1 +llscot B)

3, ........ n

Utilizing eqs. (6) and (9) the radial deflection

at the point where the two neighboring layers are
in contact can be derived.

where
CT= %
ER

~,n = Ks.ql,n = Ka i

2R;

e.g., for n=2 (Fig. 5a)

R: - R:
()

AA

++

Ks D 1,2

. . . . (lo)

() o
AA = Ks UB1 ,1 z - Kr CB1 qz z
UT=~
ER

q
{

$(%)-

~)

Since the points A and

du
A are in contact

From eq. (10)

(7)

ATA.
R$+R$

UB=~
ER

b
Kr CB1

%-%

Z*)+

ql,z

R}

,2,2
Ks.(dD+

The effective pressure bearing length of a wire

rope, b, may be obtained from the following
relationship
b=

~~siny

. . . . . . (11]

UB1)

where C$ is the deflection coefficient of the drum

barrel. Therefor~if bending of the drum due to
the external pressure is not significant

. . . . . . . (8)

----

For n=n case, the matrix equation becomes:

*(? -D)orU

D=

o.

l,n

11 12
(

0.

2,n

D=?@~~$-9z:hickshe
.

and
where ~ and vD are the modulus of elasticity
poiasonvs ratio, and RD1, RDM and RDO are radii
kb inner, middle and outer surfacea of the drum
shell, respectively.

n,n

0.

qm-l,n

qm,n
A

m#

. . . . . . . . . . (14)
where

However, if the radial deflection of the drum

due to bending is significant, then the deflection
due to bending should be added to the d..

n-1

In=

. -CTm_l

In similar manner, the following matrix equations can be obtained for n=3 and n=4, respectively

smm

= UT

For n=3 (Fig. 5b)

= -CBm

mm-1

m-lm

m-1

+UBm

and
Bm = CB

and for n=4,

I
In general, eq. (14) may be expressed as

[S]+)=
%cln,
n

.. .. . . .

..(15.

Using the matrix inversfon method, the solution

will be

where

sll=~(D+UB1),

S12= -CBI

, S13=

O.

(,)=[sl[~

lBmqnn

LeE

3
-1 , then

lNV

ij=

q-~,n

= INV

Si,m

21=

-%CT
Kr

S31= o.

22

=UT1+UB2,

32= CT2

23

qn n
,

. . . . . . (17)

due to the
The tension at the ith layer, Txtension Tn,n on the nth layer ca~%w be computed
from eq. (9).

= -CB2

33=UT2+UB3

and
TX
2 = CB2
3

Bm

. . . . , . . (16)

= CB3

--,.

R
AT
i,n = i,n ()Rn

n,n

. . . . . (18)

For a small or a-medium sized wire rope, assuming the thin shell stress across the cross section
of the wire rope, eq (7) can be replaced by

k -J

CB+

(19)

[ ,+&-Y& 1
1

RoRm
T = ERTR
UB=~

~+~+~

where Rm is the pitch radius to the layer of

interest and
R

=dw.

sfny

c=-..A.
2%

ER

()

.
RT

Eq (19) is obtained by substituting the stress

eq,uationof thin shell in

_x
R%

-v
R

ahd

eq. (16)

2744

BuLL
..

GEAR

AWLHU

5?

rll-

GEAR
SIDE
FLANGE

DRUM

..

AWL
SIDE
FLANGE

\l/

Ilk

--i\\

L%.k._.y_.+.._._

BARRELJ-

..

..

Fig.2- Wireroperingas an equivalent

solidcylindrical
ring.

Fig.1- Configuration
of a winsh.

Q
IB

..3

IIR
,---,/
I

la] 2 POINT TEST

!
;

1iv

R!,

----

---~

\
\
I
1

w---

s.+

./

/
----~

2-f==-G
I
%,=

(a)
..

TX,., .

_
A

UI,,ZSK,%Z

qq

&,s= K,.%,

K,. q=

..

%,

R,.

F
A

TX,.,

R,,

III,.,= Kc%

.x

OM
(a)

-1

A
.

(b)

i
IY

(b]4 POINT TEST

Fig.3- Flattening
of wireropedueto
4-pointloading.

(b)

Fig.4- Effectof friction.

..

.. ..

-L,

Fig.5- Radialdeflationof wireropelayer.

/u

K h layer

4
Y

(a)

A:

FLANG

-.
f

-ixr

1* layer

FI

LUj=Tj/R1

.I=h,,inr

w+

R
(b)

Fig.6-14.11
ti-layer
spool
ingeffecton flange.

Fig.7- Flangethrustload.

100%

13

12

E#ER~
d.=O

R=

II

10
s
#s
22
J7
6

5
I
I
2345676

910111213

LAYERS
3

Fig.8- Effectof L.M.8.E.on coefficient

of layers.
2
1

-0.2

do=O
-----

do#O

WIRE

ROPE

NET
DIAMETER

6X49
3.25

IWRC

20

30

40
RATIO

50

60

0.2
TENSION

0.4
ON

EACH

0.6

0.8

LAYER

3,5

WIRE
ROPE
FORMATION
BARREL
THICKNESS

Op------

70

SO

~ ER/ERT

Fig.10- Effectof drumdeflection

on coefficient
of layers.

Fig.9- EffeciofL.M.O.E.on net tension.

1.0