Switching Systems: Dr. Kenedy Aliila Greyson

Switching Systems
LECTURE FOUR
DR. KENEDY ALIILA GREYSON
Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology

Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering
Lecture Outline
2
Exchange Support Software

Software tools, data compiler/decompiler exchange
software.
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
Aims of B-ISDN. Problems of combining data, voice and
video onto one network. ISDN, B-ISDN. Cell relay (Cell
switching)
Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson
INTRODUCTION
Overview
The integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of digital
transmission standards which are used for end-to-end digital

connectivity.
Integrated Services referring to its ability to sustain numerous
applications.
Digital Network relating to its end-to-end digital connection.
ISDN supports voice and data.
In the past, video, audio, voice and data services required at least
four separate networks.
ISDN integrates all four over the same network.
video, audio, voice and data services

There are two types of ISDN:
Narrow band ISDN (N-ISDN) and
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
N-ISDN: Carry data rating up to 64 kbps, ranging up to T1 rates.
Sometimes used to refer to regular telephone and non-video
capable systems.
B-ISDN: handle the high bandwidth applications such as video.
provide data rates of 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps and beyond.
ISDN Services
ISDN services generally fall into three categories.
bearer services,
teleservices services and
supplementary services.
1. Bearer services.
The bearer service offers the capability to transport digital
voice or nonvoice services using this standard. The basic
operation of the bearer service is the 64 kbps channel
capacity.
Bearer services provide the means to transfer information
(voice, data and video) between users.
Bearer service belongs to the first three layers of OSI model.

These services can be provided with circuit switched, packet
switched, frame switched or cell switched networks.
2. Tele services.
This service correspond to layers 47 of the OSI model. Tele
services include telephony, telefax, video fax, telex and
teleconferencing.
3. Supplementary services.
It provides additional functionality to the bearer service and
teleservices.
Supplementary services include call waiting, Reverse
charging, and message handling.
Fig. Conceptual view of ISDN.

Advantages of ISDN
High speed service. ISDN is fast. As there is no need of
conversion of analog to digital inside a digital network, the
speed is high.
Cost advantage. Low costs results due to reduced
retransmission of information and fast information transfer.
Simplified network management and maintenance results in
reduced costs for international and nation-wide
communication. Reduced infrastructure and maintenance
costs by offering multiple services through a single network.
High quality transmission. ISDN transmits data

digitally (except the link between you and telephone
company) and as a result, is less vulnerable to static and
noise than analog transmission. Due to digital technology,
transmission is highly reliable. Voice conversation over
ISDN also crystal clear, having the sound quality of an
audio CD.
Simultaneous transmission. ISDN has two B channels
for voice, circuit or packet conversations and one D
channel to carry signals between your equipment and the
phone company. Thus ISDN can perform simultaneous
functions
10
Multiple device connection. Because ISDN lines are

divided into logical channels, up to eight devices (fax,
telephone, computer etc.) can be connected on a single
Basic Rate ISDN in any combination. This reduces the
additional wiring.
Conferencing. As eight devices could be in use
simultaneously, this may result in multiple call
appearances. Thus ISDN allows to handle several calls at
once or conference them together with one number. This
multiple call appearance is useful for small office with
large number of outside sales people.
11
ISDN provides clear, more quit voice telephone service and

easy to use call control features.
Call management features.
(a) Call forwarding. Forwards call to a preselected number.
(b) Call pickup. Call can be picked at another phone or station.
(c) Directed call pickup. Calls from specific extension be
automatically forwarded to a second number.
(d) Message Waiting indicator.
(e) Directed Dial. Incoming calls can be automatically forwarded
to a central office, car etc.
12
ISDN INTERFACES
ISDN is available with two main types of interfaces. They are
Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and
Primary Rate interface (PRI).
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

BRI is made up of two B-channels (Bearer channels) and one D
channel. Therefore the total rate is 2B + D.
B channels are 64 kbps and can be used for voice and data
communications.
The D channel is 16 kbps and is used for call initialization
and signaling connections.
13
Fig. ISDN BRI.

14
Fig. BRI concept.

For every ISDN line, Network Terminator type 1 (NT 1) and a power
supply are required.
A special terminal adapter can combine the two B-channels to create a
128 kbps channel which can then be connected to a computer.
The NT1 connected to ISDN line acts as a multiplexer and
demultiplexer.
15
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

PRI in North America has 23 B channels and one 64 K D channel
or the total rate is 23 B + 1D, having a total bandwidth 1.544
Mbps. (including 8 kbps of overhead) PRI in rest of the world uses
30 B channels and one D channel or 30 B + D with total rate of
2.048 Mbps.
16
Fig. ISDN PRI concept.

17
Network terminator 2 (NT 2). An application of the PRI is to

connect two central switches together to use them as a T1 link.
The devices which handle switching and multiplexing (such as
PBX) are called network terminator 2 (NT 2).
ISDN PRI can connect the customer directly using an NT 2
device, while ISDN BRI requires an NT1 device.
NT2 performs functions at the physical, data link and network
layers of OSI model.
18
ISDN CHANNELS
ISDN consists of three types of communications channels. They are:
1. Bearer channel (B channel)
2. Delta channel (D channel), and
3. Hybrid channels (H channel).
19
B channel. B channels are logical digital pipes which exist on a

single ISDN line.
B channel carry data and services at 64 kbps.
It carries data in full duplex mode.
D channel. D channel can be either 16 or 64 kbps, depending on

the needs of the user.
The primary function of the D channel is to carry control
signaling and administrative information for B channels to set
up and tear down the calls.
H channels. H channels are suitable for high data rate
applications such as video, teleconferencing and so on.
20
Table. ISDN channels specifications
21
ISDN SWITCHING, FUNCTIONAL GROUPING AND

REFERENCE POINTS
ISDN Switching
The process of moving data through a network is called
switching.
ISDN takes advantage of two types of switching.
Circuit switching and
packet switching.
Circuit switching routes voice or data.
Packet switching routes multiple data packets.
22
Circuit switched voice (CSV) service is a digital voice service

that offers many of the capabilities of a business Centrex, such as
call waiting, speed calling and call transfer over an ISDN digital
subscriber line (DSL).
For point to point data connections, circuit switched data (CSD)
service is used.
CSD service provides end-to-end digital service to pass data or
video information over the public network, D channel uses packet
switching. Using D-channel, it is possible to implement various
low bandwidth services for communicating with ISDN users.
Packet switching can also be used on the B channels, although this
is generally for X.25 or similar networks. X-31 extends X.25 to
provide dial up packet switched services in an ISDN.
23
Functional Grouping
The devices that enable users to access the services of the BRI or
PRI in ISDN switching are collectively called functional
groupings.
The functional groupings used at the subscriber premises include
Network termination 1 and 2 (NT1 and NT2),
Terminal equipment 1 and 2 (TE1 and TE2) and
Terminal adapters (TA).
24
Fig. Functional groupings.
25
Terminal Equipment 1 (TE1).

TE1 are ISDN terminals like video conferencing equipment,
Group-4, fax, feature telephone which are digital and can be
directly connected to NT through S bus interface.
Terminal Equipment 2 (TE 2).
TE2 are non ISDN terminals such as analog phone, PC, G3,
FAX which are non digital and can not be directly connected
to NT1. They require another interface called Terminal
adaptor (TA).
Terminal adapter (TA).
TA enables analog to digital conversion and vice versa. The
most prevalent use of TA is to connect a computer to an
ISDN line.
26
Reference Points
Reference point refers to the label used to identify individual
interfaces between two elements of an ISDN installation.
It defines how two elements are connected.
There are four reference points generally used. They are
R, S, T and U.
The reference point R defines connection between a TE2 and a
TA.
R interface is not defined by the ISDN.
A subscriber can use any of the EIA standards.
27
Fig. Reference points.

28
The reference point S defines the connection between a TE1 or

TA and TA and an NT1 (or NT2).
ITU-7 specifies the ISO standard ISO 8887 for S interface.
A maximum of 8 TEs can be connected to one ISDN line
through S bus wiring, even though only two can be in use at a
time.
RJ45 cable called S bus having 8 wire ribbon type cable is
available in electronic market.
Reference point T defines the interface between an NT2 and
NT1.
Reference point U defines the interface between an NT1 and the
ISDN office.
29
BROADBAND ISDN (B-ISDN)

B-ISDN provides the needs (High speed and large data
handling).
B-ISDN is a digital service with speed above 1.544 Mbps.
The original ISDN is called narrow band ISDN (N-ISDN).
B-ISDN uses fiber at all levels of telecommunications.
B-ISDN provides two types of services.
The interactive service is bidirectional.
The distributive services are unidirectional .
30
Several forms of B-ISDN exists. Some are:

Frame relay service.
Frame relay is considered to be a B-ISDN service. Frame relay is

a packet switching protocol service offered by telephone
corporations to replace the X-25 protocol.
It is a WAN network.
Switched Multimegabit Digital Service (SMDS).
SMDS is a digital service that provides a high speed digital path.

The transport speed of SMDS is usually 155 Mbps.
ATM.
The transport speed of most ATM applications are 155 Mbps.
31
B-ISDN uses the same functional groupings of N-ISDN, but
named as B-NT1, B-NT2, B-TE1, B-TE2 and B-TA.

B-ISDN uses the same R, S, T and U reference points.

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Switching Systems

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology

Exchange Support Software

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

transmission standards which are used for end-to-end digital

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

ISDN integrates all four over the same network.

video, audio, voice and data services

Bearer service belongs to the first three layers of OSI model.

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

Fig. Conceptual view of ISDN.

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

High quality transmission. ISDN transmits data

Multiple device connection. Because ISDN lines are

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

ISDN provides clear, more quit voice telephone service and

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

Fig. ISDN BRI.

Fig. BRI concept.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

Fig. ISDN PRI concept.

Network terminator 2 (NT 2). An application of the PRI is to

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

B channel. B channels are logical digital pipes which exist on a

D channel. D channel can be either 16 or 64 kbps, depending on

Table. ISDN channels specifications

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

ISDN SWITCHING, FUNCTIONAL GROUPING AND

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

Circuit switched voice (CSV) service is a digital voice service

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

Fig. Functional groupings.

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

Terminal Equipment 1 (TE1).

Fig. Reference points.

The reference point S defines the connection between a TE1 or

BROADBAND ISDN (B-ISDN)

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

Several forms of B-ISDN exists. Some are:

Frame relay is considered to be a B-ISDN service. Frame relay is

Switched Multimegabit Digital Service (SMDS).

SMDS is a digital service that provides a high speed digital path.

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

B-ISDN uses the same functional groupings of N-ISDN, but

named as B-NT1, B-NT2, B-TE1, B-TE2 and B-TA.

Dr. Kenedy A. Greyson

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