By- Prathamesh Bhat

ISDN

is a set of standards which define an end to end Digital Network WAN Technology

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN - is a set of communication standards for simultaneous Digital Transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network(PSTN) Used for voice, image and data
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 Uses

Digital Signal Uses Existing telephone wiring Charges are generally based on the duration of call (How long the WAN link was used) Alternate to using leased lines Can transport many types of Network traffic (Voice, Data, Video, Text, Graphics etc) Faster Data transfer rate than modems Faster Call setup than Modems

Types of channels

Bearer channel (B-channel=64 kb/s) clear pipe for data Carries user service information including: digital data, video, and voice.

Data channel (D-channel, 16 kb/s or 64 kb/s) control signaling information for B Channel:

who is calling type of call Call establishment Call interrupt synchronization

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Hybrid(H channels) H channels are available with data rates of 384 Kbps(H0), 1536 Kbps(H11), or 1920 Kbps(H12). Used for high data rate applications such as video, teleconferencing etc.

BRI (Basic Rate Interface)

The BRI is defined as two 64Kb/s Bearer (B) channels and one 16Kb/s Data (D) channel. Conceptually large pipe consisting of 3 small pipes. 64(B1) + 64(B2) + 16(D)+ 48(overhead)= 192 Kbps. Used to meet the needs of residential and small office customers.

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

Two 64 Kbps B channels, one 16 Kbps D channel, and 48 Kbps worth of framing and synchronization. Available data bandwidth: 128 Kbps (2 x 64 Kbps) User bandwidth: 144 Kbps (128 Kbps + a 16 Kbps D channel) Total line capacity: 192 Kbps (144 Kbps + 48 Kbps framing)

Each B channel can be used for separate applications Such as Internet and Voice Allows individual B channels to be aggregated together into a Multilink channel

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

A PRI connection can assign various 64 Kbps channels to both ISDN and analog modem connections North America and Japan PRI service has 23, 64 Kbps B channels, one 64 Kbps D channel, and 8 Kbps of synchronization and framing for a total bit rate of up to 1.544 Mbps (same as T1) Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world PRI service has 30, 64 Kbps B channels, one 64 Kbps D channel, and 64 Kbps of framing and synchronization for a total bit rate of up to 2.048 Mbps (same as E1)

Each B channel to be used for separate applications including voice, data and Internet Multiple B channels can be Multilinked together

TE 1

LT

U T S
TA NT 2 NT 1

TE 2

NT1 Network Termination 1, Handles physical layer interface functions such as line termination (eg NTE 8). It connects users internal system to the digital subscriber loop. NT1 organizes the data frames from a connected subscriber into frames that can be sent over the digital pipes. Secondly it translates the frames received from the n/w into a format usable by the subscriber devices.

NT2 Network Termination 2, Handles physical layer plus layer 2(data) and layer 3(network) functions such as multiplexing, switching and concentration (e.g. an ISPBX) Functions1) Provide multiplexing(physical) 2) Flow control(data link) 3) Packetizing(Network) NT2 are required to interface between a multiuser system and an NT1 in PRI. Signals from various devices are multiplexed at NT2 and then the composite signal passes to NT1 for transmission Eg. Digital PBX(Private Branch Exchange)

 Its

a digital subscriber equipment supporting ISDN standards. Eg- Digital telephones, Digital fax machine, Integrated voice/data terminals etc.

 Equipment

for non ISDN environments (typically uses an RS232 interface). Provides backward adaptability with customer existing equipments. TE2 can be used with the help of Terminal Adapter.

 It

converts information received in non-ISDN format from TE2 into a format capable of carrying over ISDN.

ISDN specifies a number of reference points that define logical interfaces between functional groupings, such as TAs and NT1s.

R---The reference point between non-ISDN equipment and a

TA.

S---The reference point between user terminals and the

NT2.

T---The reference point between NT1 and NT2 devices. U---The reference point between NT1 devices and linetermination equipment in the carrier network. The U reference point is relevant only in North America, where the NT1 function is not provided by the carrier network

TE1

ISDN devices

NT1

TE2 Analog devices: phone, Fax III,...

TA

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Terminal Equipment type 1 (TE1)

* ISDN compatible device (Router with ISDN Interface) * TE1s connect to the ISDN network through a four-wire, twisted-pair digital link

Terminal Equipment type 2 (TE2)

* * ISDN Non-compatible devices. Will require a terminal adapter.

Terminal Adapter (TA)

* Converts standard electrical signals into the form used by ISDN * Needed for connection with TE2 devices * The ISDN TA can be either a standalone device or a board inside the TE2

Network termination type 1 (NT1)

* Network-termination devices that connect the four-wire
Subscriber wiring to the conventional two-wire local loop * Is a customer premises equipment (CPE) device (North America)

Network termination type 2 (NT2)

*
Intelligent device that performs switching & concentrating. * Provides multiple ISDN interfaces on an ISDN line. The NT2 may be as simple as a bridging device connected to an NT1 unit or it may be as complicated as a PBX (Private Branch exchanges)

 E-series

protocolsTelephone network standards for ISDN. I-series protocolsSpecify ISDN concepts and interfaces. Q-series protocolsStandards for ISDN switching and signaling. Operate at the physical, data link, and network layers of the OSI reference model

 The

two most common encapsulations:

PPP HDLC

ISDN

defaults to HDLC. PPP is much more robust.

Open standard specified by RFC 1661 Supported by most vendors

Carries a variety of user traffic, such as digital video, data, and telephone network services, using the normal phone circuitswitched network Offers much faster call setup than modems by using out-of-band signaling (D channel)

Often less than one second

Provides a faster data transfer rate than modems by using the 64-kbps bearer channel (B channel)

Can combine multiple B channels to bandwidth of 128 kbps

Can negotiate PPP links

Using Modem>

Using ISDN>

Remote Access (Telecommuters) Remote Nodes (Voice and Data) SOHO Connectivity (Small Branches)

Components & Considerations

ISDN

Router Multiple remote users at the same location

 BISDN

is an extension of ISDN in terms of capabilities, i.e. it not only has the narrowband capability of ISDN but also the broadband capability.
service inquiry with a speed greater than 600 Mbps

Any

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