AewStructure of Atom (Narayana)
AewStructure of Atom (Narayana)
AewStructure of Atom (Narayana)
C H E M I S T R Y
S T U D Y M A T E R I A L
STRUCTURE
OF
ATOM
MEDICAL
NARAYANA INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
FNS
HOUSE,
63
KALU
SARAI
MARKET
SARVAPRIYA VIHAR, NEW DELHI-110016
PH.: (011) 32001131/32/50 FAX : (011) 41828320
Website
:
w w w . n a r a y a n a i c c . c o m
E-mail
:
i n f o @ n a r a y a n a i c c . c o m
PREFACE
Dear Student,
Heartiest congratulations on making up your mind and deciding to be a doctor to serve the society.
As you are planning to take various Pre-Medical Entrance Examinations, we are sure that this STUDY PACKAGE is
going to be of immense help to you.
At NARAYANA we have taken special care to design this package which will not only help but also guide you to compete
for various Pre-Medical Entrance Examinations including CBSE-PMT, DPMT, AIIMS, AFMC, JIPMER, BHU and other State
PMTs.
Power packed division of units and chapters in a scientific way, with a correlation being there.
Sufficient numbers of questions with solutions have been added in Physics and Chemistry to let the students have a
feel of Board and competitive examinations.
Our revised edition of packages with exercises on new pattern includes Multiple-Choice Questions, Questions from
Competitive Examinations, True & False Questions, Fill in the Blanks, Assertion & Reason Type Questions and
Subjective Questions.
These exercises are followed by answers in the last section of the chapter including Hints and Solutions to subjective
questions. This package will help you to know what to study, how to study, time management, your weaknesses and how to
improve your performance.
We, at NARAYANA, strongly believe that quality of our package is such that the students who are not fortunate enough to
attend to our Regular Classroom Programs, can still get the best of our quality through these packages.
We feel that there is always a scope for improvement. We would welcome your suggestions and feedback.
Wish you success in your future endeavours.
ACKNOWLEDG EMENT
While preparing the study package, it has become a wonderful feeling for the NARAYANA TEAM to get the wholehearted
support of our Staff Members including our Designers. They have made our job really easy through their untiring efforts and
constant help at every stage.
We are thankful to all of them.
C O N T E N T S
CONTENTS
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Theory
Exercises
Subjective Questions
Answers
NARAYANA
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
CONTENTS
Introduction
Spectrum
Quantum Numbers
Sommerfeld Extension
Exercise
1
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
INTRODUCTION
tomos in Greek means not cut or indivisible. Atom was defined as smallest
indivisible particle of matter by John Dalton, but further experiments
revealed that atom consists of much smaller fundamental particles.
Ingenious experiments of scientists by the name of Thomson, Rutherford,
Becquerel, Curie and Roentgen, among others, contributed to the current nuclear
model of the atom.
Symbol
Discoverer
Charge
Mass
Region of Presence
Electron
1e
J.J. Thomson
1.6 1019 C
9.1 1031 kg
Extranuclear region
Proton
+1 P
Goldstein
+1.6 1019 C
1.67 1027 kg
In the nucleus
Neutron
1
0n
James Chadwick
zero
1.675 1027 kg
In the nucleus
3.
Atomic Number (Z) : Number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom. It is unique for an element.
e.g., In 26Fe56, Atomic number (No. of protons) = 26
Mass Number (A) : The total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in an atom is called the mass
number.
Mass Number (A) = Number of protons + Number of neutrons.
e.g In 26Fe56, Mass number (No. of nucleons) = 56
No. of neutrons = A Z = 56 26 = 30
Isotopes : Atoms of same element having same atomic number, but different mass number.
e.g., (i)
1
1H
Hydrogen
(ii)
17
Cl35
2
1H
3
1H
Dueterium
Tritium
and 17
Cl37
2
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
4.
Isobars : Atoms of different elements having same mass numbers but different atomic numbers.
e.g.,
5.
40
40
40
18Ar , 19K , 20Ca
Isotones : Atoms of different elements having equal number of neutrons but different in mass numbers.
e.g.,
6.
30
31
32
14Si , 15P , 16S
Characteristics of Wave
There are three fundamental characteristics of wave.
(a) Wave Length ( ): It is the distance between two nearest troughs or nearest crests. It is expressed in
Centimeters or Metres or in Angstrom (Ao).
(b) Frequency ( ): The number of times a wave passes a given point in one second. It is expressed as
Hertz (Hz).
(c) Wave Number ( ) : In spectroscopy frequency of light is often expressed in terms of wave number
which is defined as the number of wavelengths per meter. It is the reciprocal of wave length. =
Radio
Waves
Microwaves Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet
X-rays
-rays
Cosmic rays
Wavelength (Ao)
upper limit
3 1013
3 109
6 106
7600
3800
150
0.001
Frequency (S1)
105
109
5 1011
7.9 1011
3.95 1014
2 1016
3 1018
3 1021
3.9 104
3.16 102
8.98 103
1.2 106
1.2 109
3
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
A body emits or absorbs energy (light and heat) not continuously but discontinuously.
The energy is emitted or absorbed in whole number of small packet of energy called a quantum.
The energy of each quantum is equal to the product of Plancks constant h ( = 6.62 1027 erg-sec) and
the frequency , of the radiation.
E = h
or
4.
E=
c
hc
=
Einstein extended the quantum theory by postulating that the light is not only emitted or absorbed in
packets but is also propagated in space in packets called photon.
According to this extension light has wave as well as particle characteristics.
Einsteins mass-energy relationship :
E = mc2
5.
6.
Phenomena such as diffraction, interference and polarisation can be explained on the basis of classical
wave theory of light.
Photoelectric Effect
When light of a certain frequency strikes the surface of a metal, electrons are eject from the surface of the
metal. This phenomenon is known as photoelectric effect.
Energy of light
photon = h
Energy of
electron = mv2
Electron
Incident light
Electron
metal
There is a certain minimum frequency called the threshold frequency ( 0) which can just cause ejection
of electrons.
If the frequency of the light falling on a metal surface is higher than the threshold frequency,
(let us say ) then the photon of this light having higher energy (h ) will impart more energy to the electron
than that needed to break it away from the atom. The additional energy is used to give a certain velocity
(i.e. kinetic energy) to the electron. Einstein, applying quantum theory, observed that
h = + 1/2 mv2
SPECTRUM
The impression produced on a screen when light from any source is diffracted through any diffracting
medium is called spectrum.
4
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
Hydrogen Spectrum
When an electric current is passed through hydrogen gas kept at low pressure, we get hydrogen spectrum
which is found to consist of a number of lines in the visible, ultraviolet and infra-red regions. Each line of the
spectrum corresponds to a particular frequency.
Lyman Series
938
950
Balmer Series
4102
4340
Paschen Series
1098 12818
18731
Brackett Series
26300
pfund Series
40500 74500
Wavelength (Ao )
1
1 1 -1
- cm
= RH
m2 n2
5
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
where
RH = Rydbergs constant
~ 109700 cm1
m & n are the value of 2 energy levels for a spectral line.
Spectral Series
Value of m
Value of n
Spectral region
Lyman Series
Balmer Series
Paschen Series
1
2
3
2, 3, 4, . . . . . . .
3, 4, 5, . . . . . . .
4, 5, 6, . . . . . . .
4
5
6
5, 6, 7, . . . . . . .
6, 7, 8, . . . . . . .
7, 8, 9,. . . . . . .
Ultraviolet region
Visible region
Infra-red region
Infra-red region
Infra-red region
Far I-R region
Bracket Series
Pfund Series
Humphery Series
4.
h
2
E = h
1
K L MN
KZe2 mv 2
=
r
r2
6
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
or
KZe2
mr
v2 =
. . . (1)
centrifugal force
nh
2
According to Bohr,
mvr =
nh
v=
2mr
or
v2 =
n 2h 2
42m2r2
force of attraction
v
. . . (2)
KZe2
n 2h 2
=
mr
42 m2 r 2
or
n 2h 2
r th =
n
42mZe2K
. . . (3)
r1 =
2.
h2
42me2
or
and
r1 = 0.53
rn = 0.53 n2
In general
rn =
0.53 n 2
En =
mv 2 =
KZe2
r
. . . (4)
. . . (5)
E =
KZe2
KZe2
2r
r
. . . (6)
KZe2 42mZe2K
2
n 2h 2
. . .(7)
NARAYANA
(1 ev = 23.06 kcal)
(1 ev = 1.6 1019 J)
or
En =
In general,
3.
En =
13.6
n2
eV/atom
13.6
n2
eV/atom /atom
From, the values of E1, E2, E3 . . . . it is obvious that the difference in energy between two successive
energy levels decreases with the increase of n.
e.g.,
E2 E1 > E5 E4
The energy of the electron in various orbit is always negative, because energy of the electron at infinite
distance from nucleus is taken as zero as work is done by the electron as it is bound to the nucleus. The
electron looses energy as it comes closer to the nucleus.
Velocity of electron in an orbit.
From eqn. (1)
mv2
Ze2
= 2
r
r
by substituting
mvr =
or
nh v Ze 2
= 2
2 r 2
r
or
Vn =
nh
, we get
2
2Ze2
nh
2.188 108 Z
cm/sec.
n
v nth =
(K = unity)
Frequency ( ), Wave number ( ) and wavelength ( ) of the spectral lines in one electron species.
The transition energy when an electron jumps from
E n to E n energy level, is given by
1
2
E = En En
2
2 2 mZ2 e 4 1
1
h2
n12 n 22
Since
E = h
22mZ2e4 1
1
h3
n12 n 22
8
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
or
1 2 2 mZ2e4 1
1
=
2 2
3
h c
n1 n 2
or
1
1
1
= RZ 2 2 2
n1 n 2
7
6
Humphery series
Pfund Series
5
Brackett Series
Paschen Series
In
fra
re
d
Sp
ec
tru
m
2
o
7000 A
o
6000 A
o
5000 A
o
4000 A
Ultraviolet Spectra
Lyman Series
Bohrs theory is limited to one electron species only e.g., (He+, Li2+, Be3+ & H). It cannot explain the
spectral series of multielectron species.
Bohrs theory has no explanation for the splitting of spectral lines into a number of closely spaced lines
under the influence of magnetic field (Zeeman effect) and electric field (Stark effect).
There was no justification for the use of principle of quantisation of angular momentum.
According to de-Broglie, electron has a dual nature, but Bohr considered electron having particle nature
only.
Bohr assumes that an electron in an atom is located at a definite distance from the nucleus and is
revolving round it with definite velocity. This is against the Heisenbergs uncertainty principle.
9
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
h = mc2
Since
= c/,
hc
= mc2
Hence
h
mc
h
h
h
= =
mv p
2mE
where p is the momentum of the particle and E is the kinetic energy of the particle.
The above equation is known as de Broglies equation.
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Quantum numbers can be defined as the identification numbers for an individual electron in an atom, in order
to describe its position and energy completely.
The four quantum numbers are :
1. Principle quantum number (n) :
(a) Introduced by Neil Bohr.
(b) Represented by letter n.
(c) Represents the main energy level of the electron. Gives an idea of the size of the shell.
(d) Permitted values of n are 1, 2, 3, 4, .... (not zero) also represented as K, L, M, N ....
(e) Maximum number of electrons in a shell having principal quantum number value as n is 2n2.
e.g., n = 1
2
3
4
2
2n = 2
8
18
32
2. Azimuthal quantum number (l):
(a) Introduced by sommerfield.
(b) Represented by letter l.
(c) Represents the sub-shell in which the electron is present in a given shell. Gives an idea of the
angular momentum of the electron in its precessional elliptical movement round the nucleus.
Gives an idea of the shape of the orbital.
10
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
(d)
3.
Types of orbitals
0, 1
s, p
0, 1, 2
s, p, d
18
0, 1, 2, 3
s, p, d, f
32
(e)
Azimuthal quantum number is also known as angular momentum quantum number and subsidiary
quantum number.
(f)
h
2
Introduced by Linde.
(b)
Represented by letter m.
(c)
Determine the orientation of the electron cloud in space when placed in a magnetic field.
Specifies the orbital in which the electron is present in a given sub-shell.
(d)
(e)
4.
Permitted values of m : For a given value of l, m can have (2l + 1) values starting from
l ... 0 ... +l.
l
No. of orbitals
Designation of orbitals
0(s)
1(p)
1, 0, +1
Pz, Py, Px
2(d)
2, 1, 0, +1, +2
3(f)
3, 2, 1, 0, +1, +2, +3
Represented by letter s.
(b)
(c)
Represents the direction of the spin of the electron, i.e., whether it is rotating in clockwise or
anticlockwise direction as it revolves in its orbit.
(d)
(e)
where s = |
s(s + 1)
h
2
1
|
2
11
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
1. s-orbitals
...
....
.
..........
...
...
..
......
..
....
.......
.......
....
..
....
...
S-orbital
spherical shape
2. p-orbitals :
z
z
x
y
x
y
Py
Px
Pz
For p-orbitals l = 1 so m = 0, 1. Three values of m shows that p-orbitals have three orientations namely
Px, Py & Pz orbitals. p-orbitals are dumb-bell shaped.
3. d-orbitals
z
z
x
x
dxy
dxz
z
x
x
y
z
dyz
dx2-y2
dz 2
Shape of d-orbitals : The 5-d orbitals have equal energy differing only in orientation. They have a
double dump-bell shape as shown above. The significant feature is that three of these orbitals dxy,
dyz, dzx project in between the coordinate axes while the other two lie along the co-ordinate axes
( dx2 y2 , dz2 ).
12
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
Aufbau Rule
According to this rule the orbitals are filled up in order of
increasing energy, i.e. orbital having lowest energy is filled first
while that with then electron will enter the higher energy level
The energy of various orbitals increases in the order given below
:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5d < 6s < 4f < 5d
< 6p< 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p < 8s < . . . . .
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
6s
6p
6d
7s
7p
and not
l=0
m = 0 s = +1/2
n=1
l = 0 m = 0 s = 1/2
Thus n, l, m are even though identical the spin quantum number is different for the two electrons.
(n + l) Rule
The relative energies of the orbital types increases as (n + l) increases. When (n + l) is same for subshells, the
electrons first occupied the sub shell with lowest n value.
According to sommerfeld electron revolve around the nucleus in the Elliptical Orbits.
2.
Circular orbit is a special case of elliptical orbit when the length of major axis becomes equal to the
length of minor axis then the shape of orbit will be circular
13
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
3.
If electrons revolve in elliptical orbit then its angular momentum shows two components
(i)
Radial component :
Jr =
nrh
2
[nr = (n-1)............0]
where
(ii)
Azimuthal Components :
Radical velocity
v (Tangential velocity
n
J = n
2
[n = 1, 2, 3, 4............n]
angular velocity
Focus
Major axis
Minor axis
nh n r h
h
=
+ n
2 2
2
n = nr + n
n = shell number
x.p h / 4 or E t
h
.
4
d 2 d 2 d 2 8 2 m
+
+
+ 2 (E V) = 0
dx 2 dy 2 dz 2
h
14
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
where x, y, z are certain coordinates of the electron, m = mass of the electron, E = total energy of the
electron. V = potential energy of the electron; h = Plancks constant and (psi)= wave function of the
electron.
Significance of : The wave function may be regarded as the amplitude function expressed in terms of
coordinates x, y and z. The wave function may have positive or negative values depending upon the value of
coordinates. The main aim of Schrodinger equation is to give solution for probability approach. When the
equation is solved, it is observed that for some regions of space the value of is negative. But the probability
must be always positive and cannot be negative, it is thus, proper to use 2 in favour of .
Significance of 2 : 2 is a probability factor. It describes the probability of finding an electron within a
small space. The space in which there is maximum probability of finding an electron is termed as orbital.
The important point of the solution of the wave equation is that it provides a set of numbers called quantum
numbers which describe energies of the electron in atoms, information about the shapes and orientations of
the most probable distribution of electrons around nucleus.
ORBITAL WAVE FUNCTIONS, PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AND SHAPES OF ORBITALS
The plots of the radial wave function R, radial probability density R2 and radial probability function
4r 2 R 2 for 1s (n = 1, l = 0), 2s (n = 2, l = 0) and 2p (n = 2, 1 = 1) atomic orbitals as a function of the
distance r from the nucleus are shown in figure. Let us briefly discuss each of these plots separately.
A. Radial wave function (R)
In all cases R approaches zero as r approaches infinity. One finds that there is a node in the 2s radial
function. At the node, the value of the radial function changes from positive to negative. In general,
it has been found that ns-orbitals have (n-1) nodes, np-orbitals have (n-2) nodes etc. The importance
of these plots lies in the fact the they give information about how the radial wave function changes
with distance r and about the presence of nodes where the changes of sign of R occurs.
2p
2s
1s
R(r)
R(r)
R(r)
Node
+
+
r
R2
2p
2s
Node
R2
NARAYANA
These plots give us information about the variation of probability, density as a function of distance from
the nucleus. It may be observed from the graphs that for s-orbitals the maximum electron density is
near the nucleus while for others electron density is zero at the nucleus.
C. Radial Distribution Functions, 4r 2 R 2
As already discussed R2 gives the probability of finding the electron in a small volume near the point
at distance r at which R is calculated. For a given value of r, the number of small volumes is 4 r2.
Therefore, the total probability of the electron being at distance r from the nucleus is 4 r2R2. This
is called radial probability distribution function. Radial.probability distribution function, 4 r2R2,
gives the total probability of the finding the electron at a distance r from the nucleus. Graphs of radial
probability distribution functions for 1s, 2s and 2p orbitals of hydrogen atom against r are shown in
Fig.
2s
2p
4 r 2R 2
4 r2 R 2
4 r2 R 2
1s
In order to understand the concept of radial probability let us suppose that the space around the
nucleus is divided into a large number of concentric shells of thickness dr.
The radial probability is the total probability of finding the electron in a radial shell between spheres
of radii r and r + dr, where dr is infinitesimally small distance. The volume of this spherical shell
can be shown by simple calculation to be equal to 4 r2dr.
Radial probability distribution = Radial probability density Volume of radial shell =
R 4 r2dr.
2
From the above relation it is clear that radial probability not only depends upon radial probability
density but also on the volume of the radial shell.In Fig , the probability density (R2) for Is orbital is
plotted against distance from the nucleus. It is clear from the figure that the probability is greatest near
the nucleus and it goes on decreasing with distance. The volume of the radial shell is also plotted at
various distances from the nucleus (shown by dotted lines). The volume of shell goes on increasing with
increase in distance.The product of probability density and volume of shell gives radial probability
(R2. 4 r2dr).
16
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
2.
3.
4.
No. of spectrum lines emitted when electron returns from nth orbit to ground state =
5.
n(n -1)
.
2
2 2 2 8 2 m
+
+
+ 2 (E V) = 0
x 2 y 2 z 2
h
Eigen Functions : The acceptable solutions of Schrodinger wave equation. It must have
the following properties : It must be continuous, it must be finite, it must be single value,
the probability of finding the electron over all space from plus infinity to minus infinity
must be equal to one.
7.
2 : It represents the orbital. It is the region around the nucleus with maximum probability
of finding an electron. 2 is always positive.
17
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
EXERCISE
Section A :
Section B :
Section C :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
Subjective Questions
18
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
EXERCISES
SECTION - A
TRUE AND FALSE STATEMENTS
1.
The energy of the electron in the 3d orbitals is less than that of in the 4s orbital in the hydrogen atom.
2.
Line and band spectrum are the parts of only absorption spectra not the emission spectra.
3.
4.
5.
Neutrons are better initiators of nuclear reaction than protons, deutrons or -particles of the same
energy.
6.
7.
8.
The shapes of s and p orbitals are not flat but are three dimensional.
9.
13.6z 2
n2
(n 2 n1 )(n 2 n1 + 1)
2
The numbers which gives complete information about the electron are called ______________.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. The spliting of spectral lines in electrical field is called ______________ effect.
19
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
1.
Mark (1) if both A and R are correct and R is the correct reason of A.
Mark (2) if both A and R are correct and R is not the correct reason of A.
Mark (3) if A is correct and R is wrong.
Mark (4) if A and R both are wrong.
2.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Assertion A : Size of the nucleus is very small as compared with size of the atom.
Reason R : Almost all the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
3.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
5.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
l (l + 1)
h
and the value of l is
2
Assertion A : The radius of second orbit of He+ is equal to that of first orbit of hydrogen.
Reason R :The radius of an orbit in hydrogen-like species is directly proportional to n and inversely
proportional to Z.
6.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Assertion A : Nature of cathode rays depends upon the material of the cathode.
Reason R : Cathode rays originate from the anode.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
20
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
7.
8.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(4)
10. Assertion A : Each electron is an atom has two spin quantum numbers.
Reason R : Spin quantum numbers are obtained by solving Schrodinger wave equation.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
21
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
SECTION - B
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.
2.
Which of the following sets of the four quantum numbers, n, l, m and ms describes one of the
outermost electrons in a ground state magnesium atom?
3.
(1) 3, 1, 1,
1
2
(2) 3, 0, 0,
(3) 3, 0, 1,
1
2
(4) 3, 1, 0, .
1
2
1
2
4.
5.
The wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing 200 g and moving at a speed of 5 m/h is of the
order
(1) 10 10 m
(2) 10 20 m
(3) 10 30 m
(4) 10 40 m .
The quantum numbers of +1/2 and 1/2 for the electron spin represent
(1) Rotation of the electron in clockwise and anticlockwise direction respectively
(2) Rotation of the electron in anticlockwise and clockwise direction respectively
(3) Magnetic moment of the electron pointing up and down respectively
(4) Two quantum mechanical spin states which have no classical analogue.
6.
7.
(2) Mn
(3) Cr
(4) Cu
What will be the number of total no. of spectral lines obtained when a electron of H-atom jumps from
its fifth excited state to its ground state ?
(1) 10
(2) 15
(3) 21
(4) 6
22
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
8.
9.
For obtaining Balmer-Series in H-spectrum what will be minimum wavelength required ? (Ru = 109678)
(1) 2741.95
(2) 3647
(3) 27419
(4) 3.6
Excitation potential (in eV) for IInd and Ist excited state in hydrogn atom is
(1) 12.1 eV & 10.2 eV
(2) 10.2 eV and 12.1 eV
(3) 3.4 eV & 13.6 eV
(4) 13.6 eV and 3.4 eV
(2) n = 3, 1 = 0
(3) n = 3, 1 = 1
(4) n = 1, 1 = 0
11. What will be all 4-Sets of Quantum Number for last electron of sodium ?
(1) n = 3
1=0
m=0
s = +1/2
(2) n = 3
1=1
m=1
s = +1/2
(3) n = 2
1=0
m=0
s = +1/2
(4) n = 2
1=1
m=1
s = +1/2
(2) Two
(3) Three
13. The species
(4) Four
CO+
(1) 3
(2) 3.5
(3) 2.5
(4) 2
(2) Na
He +
(4) Li+
15. The potential energy of the electron present in the ground state of Li2+ ion in represented by
(1) +
(3)
3e3
4 0 r
3e 2
4 0 r 2
3e
(2) 4 r
0
(4)
3e 2
4 0 r
(2) He
(3) Be
(4) Li
23
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
17. The ratio of the difference in energy of electron between the first and second Bohrs orbits to that
between second and third Bohrs orbits is :
(1) 1/3
(2) 27/5
(3) 9/4
(4) 4/9
18. If the series limit of wavelength of the Lyman series for the hydrogen atom is 912 , then the series limit
of wavelength for the Balmer series of the hydrogen atom is :
(1) 912
(2) 912 2
(3) 912 4
(4) 912/2
22. The electrons, identified by quantum numbers n and 1, (i) n = 4, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0 (iii) n = 3, l = 2 (iv)
n = 3, l = 1 can be placed in order of increasing energy, from the lowest to highest, as
(1) iv < ii < iii < i
23. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H atom is 13.6 eV. The possible energy value(s) of
the excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of hydrogen is (are)
(1) 3.4 eV
(2) 4/2 eV
(3) 6.8 eV
NARAYANA
(2)
6h
(3) h
2h
(4) 2h.
26. The first use of quantum theory to explain the structure of atom was made by
(1) Heisenberg
(2) Bohr
(3) Planck
(4) Einstein.
1 h
2 2
(1) + .
(3)
(2) zero
h
2
(4)
2.
h
.
2
28. The wavelength of a spectral line for an electronic transition is inversely related to
(1) The number of electrons undergoing the transition
(2) The nuclear charge of the atom
(3) The difference of the energy of the energy levels involved in the transition
(4) The velocity of the electron under going the transition.
29. Which one of the following sets of quantum numbers represents as impossible arrangements?
n
m1
m2
(1) 3
(2) 4
(3) 3
(4) 5
1/2.
(2) 10 13 cm
(3) 10 15 cm
(4) 10 8 cm .
25
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
32. An isotope of
76
32
Ge is:
(1)
77
32
Ge
(2)
77
33
As
(3)
77
34
Se
(4)
78
34
Se
33. When alpha particles are sent through a thin metal foil, most of them go straight through the foil because:
(1) alpha particles are positively charged
(2) most part of the atom is empty space
(3) alpha particle move with high velocity
(4) none of these
34. The increasing order (lowest first) for the value of e/m (charge/mass) for electron (e), proton(p), neutron
(n) and alpha particle () is:
(1) e, p, n,
(2) n, p, e,
(3) n, p, a,
(4) n, , p, e
35. Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence (outermost) electron of rubidium (Z = 37) is
(1) 5, 0, 0, +
1
2
(2) 5, 1, 0, +
1
2
(3) 5, 1, 1, +
1
2
(4) 6, 0, 0, +
1
2
36. Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen atom to absorb a photon but not to emit a photon?
(1) 3s
(2) 2p
(3) 2s
(4) 1s
39. Rutherfords experiment on scattering of -particles showed for the first time that the atom has
(1) electrons
(2) protons
(3) nucleus
(4) neutrons
40. If uranium (mass number 238 and atomic number 92) emits an -particle, the product has mass no. and
atomic no.
(1) 236 and 92
26
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
41. Photoelectric emission is observed from a surface of frequencies 1 and 2 of the incident
radiation (1 > 2 ) , if the maximum kinetic energies of the photoelectrons. In two cases are in the ratio
of 1 : K then the threshold frequency 0 is given by:
(1)
1 2
K 1
(2)
K1 2
K 1
(3)
K 2 2
K 1
(4)
1 2
.
K
42. The radial distribution curve of the orbital with double dumbbell shape in the 4th principle shell consists
of n nodes, n is
(1) 2
(2) 0
(3) 1
(4) 3
(2) xy plane
(3) xz plane
44. The first emission line in the atomic spectrum of hydrogen in the Balmer Series appears at
(1)
9R H
cm 1
400
(2)
7R H
cm 1
144
(3)
3R H
cm 1
4
(4)
5R H
cm 1 .
36
46. If 1 and 2 denote the de-Broglie wavelength of two particles with same masses but charges in the
ratio of 1 : 2 after they are accelerated from rest through the same potential difference, then
(1) 1 = 2
(2) 1 < 2
(3) 1 > 2
47. The increasing order of the value of e/m (charge to mass ratio) for electron (e), proton (p), neutron
(n) and alpha particle ( ) is
(1) e < p < n <
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
48. The energy of the second Bohr orbit in the hydrogen atom is 3.41eV. the energy of the second Bohr
orbit of He + ion would be
(1) 0.85 eV
(2) 13.64 eV
(3) 1.70 eV
(4) 6.82 eV
49. The amount of energy required to remove electron from a Li +2 ion in its ground state is how many
times greater than the amount of energy needed to remove the electron from an H atom in its ground
state?
(1) 9
(2) 6
(3) 4
(4) 3.
50. The velocity of electron of H-atom in its ground state is 2.2 106 ms 1 . The de-Broglie wavelength of
this electron would be
(1) 0.33 nm
(2) 23.3 nm
(3) 45.6 nm
28
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 1
(e) 3
2.
3.
4.
(1) a and c
(2) b, c and d
(3) a, b, c and d
(4) b, d and e
(2) n2 n1
(3) n4 n2
(4) n3 n1
[DPMT - 2005]
5.
6.
7.
Electrons will first enter into the orbital with the set of quantum numbers
(1) n = 5, l = 0
(2) n = 4, l = 1
(3) n = 3, l = 2
[DCE - 2005]
(2) diffraction
[DCE - 2005]
(3) polarisation
In a multi-electrons atom, which of the following orbitals described by the three quantum numbers will
have the same energy in the absence of magnetic and electric fields ?
(a) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0
(b) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0
(c) n = 2, l = 0, m = 1
(d) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1
(e) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0
(1) (1) and (2)
(3) (3) and (4)
[AIEEE - 2005]
29
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
The most probable radius (in pm) for finding the electron in He+ is
8.
9.
(1) 0.0
(2) 52.9
(3) 26.5
(4) 105.8
[AIEEE - 2005]
(2)
ICl2 , ClO2
(3) IF2+ , I3
[AIIMS - 2005]
10. The energy of the second Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom is 328 kJ mol1; hence the energy of fourth
Bohr orbit would be
(1) 1312 kJ mol1
(2) 82 kJ mol1
(3) 41 kJ mol1
11. The ratio of area convered by second orbital to the first orbital is
12.
(1) 1 : 1
(2) 1 : 16
(3) 8 : 1
(4) 16 : 1
[AFMC - 2004]
(1) 4En
(2) En/4
(3) 2En
(4) En/2
[CPMT - 2001]
(2) Mg2+
(4) Al3+
[PMT - 2000]
14. When an electron do transition from n = 4 to n = 2 then emitted line in spectrum will be :
(1) First line of Lyman series
(2) Second line of Balmer series
(3) First line of Paschen series
(2) X-rays
(2) 5 to 1
(4) 4 to 1
[PMT - 2000]
[PMT - 2000]
1
2
1
2
(3) n = 3, l = 0, m = 1, s = +
1
2
(4) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s =
1
2
[PMT - 2000]
30
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
22 M 4 e2 Z2
n2h2
(2) E n = -
22 Me2 Z2
n 2h 2
(3) E n = -
22 Me4 Z2
n 2h 2
(4) E n = -
2M2 e4 Z2
n 2h 2
[PMT - 2000]
(2) 22
(3) 33
(4) 11
[PMT - 1999]
20. Which set of quantum numbers of an electron of an electron of an atom is not possible
(1) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
1
2
(2) n = 1, l = 1, m = 1, s = +
1
2
(3) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s =
1
2
(4) n = 2, l = 1, m = 1, s = +
1
2
[PMT - 1999]
31
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
SECTION - C
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1.
The photoelectric work function of magnesium is 5.6 1019 J. Calculate the minimum frequency of
light required to eject electron from magnesium.
2.
3.
Electrons jump from one energy state to the other and not actually move. Explain.
4.
What happens when photon strikes the metal surface with energy more than threshold energy (Eo) ?
5.
Which of the following sets of quantum numbers are correct for a 4d electron ?
(1) 4, 3, 2, + 1/2
(2) 4, 2, 1, 0
(3) 4, 2, 2, + 1/2
(4) 4, 2, 1, 1/2
6.
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of CO2 moving with a velocity of 440 ms1.
7.
A beam of helium atoms moves with a velocity of 2 103 ms1. Find the wavelength associated with
helium atoms.
8.
9.
Which of the following will be coloured ions ? What will have the maximum magnetic moment ?
(1) Fe+2
(2) Cu+
(3) Sc3+
(4) Mn2+
10. A compound of vanadium has magnetic moment of 1.73 BM. Work out of the electronic configuration
of the vanadium ion in the compound.
11. Find the number of quanta of radiations of frequency 4.67 1013 s1 that must be absorbed in order to
melt 5g of ice. The energy required to melt 1 g of ice is 333 J.
12. What will happen to the mass of electron if it travels with velocity of light ?
13. Calculate the wavelength of the radiation emitted in Lyman series when an electron falls from fourth
stationary state in hydrogen spectrum (RH = 1.1 107 m1).
14. What should be the ratio of velocities of CH4 and O2 molecules so that they are associated with de
Brogile waves of equal wave lengths ?
15. Draw the radial probability distribution curves for 2s and 2p electron orbitals and compare them.
16. How many protons are present in 5.6 L of oxygen at N.T.P. using O16 isotopes only ?
17. Write down the electronic configuration of the following and report the number of unpaired electrons in
each case
(2) Fe3+
(1) Mn4+
(3) Cr2+
(4) Zn2+
32
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
18. What transition in a hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as in the Balmer transition
n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum ?
19. Answer the following
(a)
(2)
(c)
(d)
The ion of an element has configuration [Ar] 3d4 in +3 oxidation state. What will be the electronic
configuration of its atom ?
20. A free electron of energy 1.4 eV collides with H+ ion. As a result of collision, a hydrogen atom in the
ground state is formed. What is the wavelength of the emitted radiation ? In which part of the
electromagnetic spectrum does it fall. (Given ionisation potential of hydrogen = 13.6 eV)
33
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
ANSWERS
SECTION - A
(True and False Statements)
1.
True
2.
False
3.
True
4.
True
5.
True
6.
False
7.
True
8.
True
9.
True
10. False
Quantum numbers
2.
degenerate orbitals
3.
[2, 2]
4.
2, 1, o, +1, +2
5.
3d54s1
6.
Electromagnetic
7.
green fluorescence
8.
probability, orbital
9.
photon
10.
stark
(1)
2.
(2)
3.
(3)
4.
(1)
5.
(4)
6.
(4)
7.
(3)
8.
(2)
9.
(4)
10.
(4)
34
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA
SECTION - B
(Multiple Choice Questions)
1. (3)
2. (2)
3. (3)
4.
(3)
5. (4)
6. (3)
7. (2)
8. (2)
9.
(1)
10. (4)
11. (1)
12. (2)
13. (2)
14.
(4)
15. (4)
16. (2)
17. (2)
18. (3)
19.
(2)
20. (2)
21. (2)
22. (1)
23. (1)
24.
(3)
25. (1)
26. (1)
27. (2)
28. (3)
29.
(3)
30. (2)
31. (2)
32. (1)
33. (2)
34.
(4)
35. (1)
36. (4)
37. (4)
38. (1)
39.
(3)
40. (2)
41. (2)
42. (4)
43. (1)
44.
(4)
45. (4)
46. (3)
47. (4)
48. (2)
49.
(1)
50. (1)
2. (4)
3. (1)
4.
(1)
5. (3)
6. (4)
7. (4)
8. (3)
9.
(4)
10. (2)
11. (4)
12. (1)
13. (4)
14.
(2)
15. (3)
16. (1)
17. (2)
18. (3)
19.
(2)
20. (2)
SECTION - C
(Subjective Questions)
Answers are given in the separate booklet.
35
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 z Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320