Postgraduate Ophthalmology Exams in Ireland
Postgraduate Ophthalmology Exams in Ireland
Postgraduate Ophthalmology Exams in Ireland
Ophthalmologists
Postgraduate Ophthalmology
Examinations in Ireland
@eyedoctorsirl
The RCSI is the awarding body for Postgraduate Ophthalmology Qualications in Ireland
Introduction
Exemptions
Candidates who have passed FRCOphth Part 1 are eligible to
proceed to MRCSI (Ophth) Part 2. Either the MRCSI (Ophth)
Part 1 or the FRCOphth Part 1 must be passed in order to
proceed to the MRCSI (Ophth) Part 2. No other examinations
will be accepted for progression to the MRCSI (Ophth) Part 2
examination.
Examination calendar
The Part 1 MRCSI and Part 2 Written MRCSI examinations are
held twice a year in Dublin in January and September. The Part
2 Clinical MRCSI examination is held in Dublin twice per year in
March/April and September/October. The Fellowship examination, FRCSI, is held in Dublin once or twice per year, depending
on need. Specic dates for these examinations are posted on
the RCSI website under postgraduate examinations. The nal
sitting of the MRCSI (Ophth) Part 1 examination will be held
in January 2015, after which it will be discontinued.
Following this, candidates will be required to pass the
FRCOphth Part 1 examination in order to proceed to the
MRCSI (Ophth) part 2 examination, which will continue in its
current form.
The examination
The examination is in four parts:
Part 1 MRCSI applied basic science and theoretical optics (see
important notice above)
Limit on attempts
Results
Results will be posted on the website and sent out in the post
by the examinations department/section of the College
through which the candidate entered.
Feedback
Appeals Mechanism
Candidates who wish to make an appeal about the conduct of
their examination must address it to the examinations
department/section of the appropriate College within 30 days
of the publication of results. Appeals will be considered which
allege maladministration or bias or impropriety of some kind,
whether in the conduct or in the determination of the result of
the examination. Appeals disputing the academic judgement
of the examiners will not be allowed. Details of the appeals
process and fees charged may be obtained from the
Examinations Oce.
Recommendations
Examination content
This is an examination of applied basic sciences relevant to
ophthalmology and theoretical optics. General basic science
questions that have relevance to the practice of ophthalmology
will also be asked. See below for a detailed examination syllabus.
Syllabus
Anatomy
Eye
Orbit and adnexae
Cranial cavity
Central nervous system
Gross anatomy of the head and neck and cardiovascular and
respiratory systems
Standard setting
The pass mark is determined in advance of each examination
by the Examinations Committee using the Ango method of
standard setting.
Embryology
Embryology of the eye and visual system
Development of the eye and visual system during childhood
Congenital anomalies of the eye and visual system
Overall result
Candidates will receive a pass or fail based on their
performance against the pass mark determined by the
standard setting examination committee. The marks in the two
MCQs will be combined to provide an overall score which will
determine a pass or fail. Cross compensation between the
two papers is allowed. Candidates with an overall fail but who
pass one of the MCQ papers will be required to re-take the
whole examination.
Limit on attempts
There are no limits to the number of attempts at Part 1 MRCSI.
Physiology
Microbiology
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, particularly in
relation to the eye
Drug-receptor interactions
Mechanisms of drug actions
Mechanisms of drug toxicity, including ocular toxicity from
systemic drugs and systemic side eects of ocular agents
Methods of drug delivery to the eye
Specic classes of pharmacological agents of relevance to
ophthalmology: adrenergics, cholinergics, serotonergics
and histaminergics, eicosanoids, corticosteroids, local
anaesthetics, analgesics, drugs used to treat glaucoma,
immunosuppressive and anti-inammatory drugs, tear
substitutes, botulinum toxin, anti-VEGF therapies
General pathology
Acute and chronic inammation
Wound healing
Immunological mechanisms: types of hypersensitivity reaction
Degenerative disorders, ageing and atrophy
Hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia
Vascular pathology: thromboembolism, ischaemia and
infarction, angiogenesis, aneurysms, shock
Neoplasia
Immunology
Cells and tissues of the immune system
Organisation of the immune system
Host defence mechanisms with particular reference to the eye
Host response to injury
Innate immunity, complement and phagocytic cells
Adaptive immunity: MHC antigens, antigen presenting cells;
T cell and B cell activation, antibody responses, eector
mechanisms in cell mediated and humoral immunity
Autoimmunity and immune tolerance
Allergy, anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions
Immunodeciency and immunosuppression
Transplantation immunology, particularly with respect to the
cornea
Immunology of the eye
Theoretical optics
Properties of light: electromagnetic spectrum, wave theory,
particle theory, diraction, interference, resolution,
polarisation, scattering, transmission and absorption of
electromagnetic radiation by the eye, photometry, lasers,
principles of the pinhole
Reection: laws of reection, reection at a plane surface,
reection at curved surfaces
Refraction: laws of refraction, refraction at a plane surface,
refraction at curved surfaces, critical angle and total internal
reection
Prisms: denition, notation of prisms, uses in ophthalmology,
types of prism
Genetics
Clinical genetics: chromosomal abnormalities, patterns of
inheritance, genetic basis of eye diseases, genetic counselling,
population genetics
Molecular genetics: the genome, DNA analysis, gene therapy
Suggested Reading
The following is a list of textbooks that are suitable reading
material for the examination. Some of the books require
detailed reading, whereas in others only certain sections are
directly relevant to the examination. Reference should be made
to the examination syllabus in this regard. Titles in bold are of
particular importance although questions in the examination
will arise from all sections of the syllabus.
ANSWER: a
Regarding treponema pallidum, which of the following is true?
a. Survives for long periods outside the host
b. Is readily visualized by microscopy and gram staining
c. The VDRL test returns to normal after successful treatment
of syphilis
d. The FTA-ABS is a screening test for syphilis and when
positive a specic test should be performed to conrm
infection
e. Is resistant to treatment with penicillin
The Eye: Basic Sciences and Practice. Forrester JV, Dick AD,
McMenamin P, Lee WR. WB Saunders 2003. ISBN: 0702025410.
American Academy of Ophthalmologists. Basic and Clinical
Science Course. ISBN: 1-56055-570-X
Volume 1: Update on general medicine
Volume 2. Fundamentals and principles of ophthalmology
Volume 3. Optics, refraction and contact lenses
ANSWER: c
Adlers Physiology of the Eye. Ed. Hart WM. Mosby 2003. ISBN:
0323011365.
Clinical optics. Elkington AR, Frank HJ and Greaney MJ. Blackwell
Science. ISBN: 0632049898.
MCQ companion to the Eye. Basic Sciences in Practice. Galloway PH,
Forrester JV, Dick AD, Lee WR. WB Saunders 2001. ISBN: 0702025666.
ANSWER: a
Pathology for Surgeons in Training: An A-Z revision text. Gardner DL
and Tweedle DEF. Arnold 2002. ISBN: 0340759046.
Medical Microbiology. Greenwood D, Slack R, Peutherer J. Churchill
Livingstone 2002. ISBN 0443070776.
Medical pharmacology at a glance. Neal MJ. Blackwell Publishing
2002. ISBN: 0632052449.
Clinical Ocular Pharmacology. Jaanus SD, Barlett JD. ButterworthHeinemann 2001. ISBN: 0750670398.
Genetics for Ophthalmologists: The molecular genetic basis of
ophthalmic disorders. Black GCM. Remedica Publishing 2002.
ISBN: 190134620X.
Biochemistry of the eye. Whikehart R. Butterworth-Heinemann
2003. ISBN: 0750671521.
Immunology at a glance. Playfair JHL, 7th Ed. Blackwell Science.
2009. ISBN 9781405180528.
Limit on attempts
Recommendations
Candidates should prepare for the Part 2 MRCSI using the
recommended reading list or similar texts and by reading the
current medical literature to keep up to date with clinically
relevant developments in ophthalmology. Clinical experience
in suitable training posts is needed to achieve the standard set
in this examination. It is recommended that candidates make
every eort to avail of learning opportunities that present
themselves whilst performing day to day clinical activities.
There is a particular emphasis on clinical knowledge, clinical
data analysis and problem-solving in the Part 2 MRCSI written
examination.
Examination content
This is an examination of clinical ophthalmology, clinical optics
and refraction, and ophthalmic pathology. General basic
science questions that have relevance to the practice of
ophthalmology will also be asked. See below for a detailed
examination syllabus.
Syllabus
The examination syllabus is designed to complement the
curriculum of Basic Specialist Training (BST) of the Irish College of
Ophthalmologists. Further details of this curriculum can be found
at http://www.eyedoctors.ie/trainees/bst.asp. It is recommended
that candidates familiarise themselves with the requirements for
completion of BST as described on the ICO website.
Main subjects:
Generic competencies and professionalism
Clinical history taking and examination in ophthalmology
Investigations in ophthalmology
Principles of ophthalmic surgery
Clinical optics
Clinical ophthalmology
Cornea & external diseases
Cataract & Refractive surgery
Oculoplastics, lacrimal and orbital disease
Glaucoma
Medical Retinal disease
Vitreoretinal surgery
Uveitis
Ocular oncology
Standard setting
The pass mark is determined in advance of each examination
by the Examinations Committee using the Ango method of
standard setting for the MCQ paper and the data OSE.
Overall result
Candidates will receive a pass or fail based on their
performance against the pass mark determined by the
standard setting examination committee. Both the MCQ and
data OSE papers must be passed. Candidates who fail either the
MCQ or the data OSE will be required to repeat both parts at
their next attempt.
Neurophthalmology
Paediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus
General medicine relevant to ophthalmology
Ophthalmic pathology
Goldmann perimetry
Hess charts
DEXA scans
Urinalysis
Serum biochemistry, haematology, immunology, relevant
endocrine blood tests
Investigation of patients with suspected TB, syphilis and other
relevant infectious diseases
Clinical optics
Notation of lenses: spectacle prescribing, simple transposition,
toric transposition
Identication of unknown lenses: neutralisation, focimeter,
Geneva lens measure
Aberrations of lenses: correction of aberrations relevant to the
eye, Duochrome test
Optics of the eye: transmittance of light by the optic media,
schematic and reduced eye, Stiles-Crawford eect, visual
acuity, contrast sensitivity, catoptric images, emmetropia,
accommodation, Purkinje shift, pinhole
Ametropia: myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, anisometropia, aniseikonia, aphakia
Accommodative problems: insuciency, excess, AC/A ratio
Refractive errors: prevalence, inheritance, changes with age,
surgically induced
Correction of ametropia: spectacle lenses, contact lenses,
intraocular lenses, principles of refractive surgery
Problems of spectacles in aphakia: eect of spectacles and
contact lens correction on accommodation and convergence, eective power of lenses, back vertex distance,
spectacle magnication, calculation of intraocular lens
power, presbyopia
Low visual aids: high reading addition, magnifying lenses,
telescopic aids - Galilean telescope
Clinical refraction; near and distance vision correction, tests of
binocularity
Prescribing prisms
Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopes
Retinoscope
Focimeter
Simple magnifying glass (Loupe)
Lensmeter
Automated refractor
Slit-lamp microscope
Applanation tonometry
Keratometer
Specular microscope
Operating microscope
Zoom lens principle
Corneal pachymeter
Lenses used for slit lamp biomicroscopy (panfunduscope,
gonioscope Goldmann lens, 90D lens, etc.)
Fundus camera
Lasers
Retinal and optic nerve imaging devices (OCT, SLO, GDx)
Investigations in ophthalmology
Keratometry
Corneal topography
Pachymetry
Optical coherence tomography of anterior segment
Specular microscopy
Confocal microscopy
Wavefront analysis
Microbiological investigations
Diagnostic corneal scrape
Conjunctival swabs
Intra-ocular samples; vitreous biopsy, anterior chamber tap
Schirmers test
Retinal photography
Optical coherence tomography of posterior segment
Fluorescein angiography
Indocyanine green angiography
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Scanning laser polarimetry
A and B scans
Ultrasound biomicroscopy
Doppler ultrasound
Dacryocystography
Plain skull and chest X ray
CT thorax
Orbital and neuro-CT scans
Orbital and neuro-MRI scans
Neuro-angiography
Electroretinography
Electrooculography
Visually evoked potentials
Humphrey and other automated perimeters
Clinical ophthalmology
Cornea and external eye disease
Clinical anatomy
Clinical anatomy
Eyelid malpositions including ectropion, entropion, ptosis,
lagophthalmos, lid retraction
Lash abnormalities; trichiasis, distichiasis
Congenital abnormities of the lids
Abnormal lid swellings and benign and malignant lid lesions
Blepharospasm
Dermatochalasis
Lid trauma
Facial nerve palsy
Principles of oculoplastic surgical technique
Glaucoma
Relevant clinical anatomy and physiology
Epidemiology and screening
Mechanisms of glaucoma
Optic nerve head assessment
Visual eld analysis in glaucoma
Tonometry
Gonioscopy
Paediatric glaucoma
Open angle glaucomas
Ocular hypertension
Angle closure glaucomas
Medical management
Laser therapies
Surgical management including complications
Neurophthalmology
Clinical anatomy
Clinical assessment of ocular motility, diplopia, nystagmus,
abnormal eyelid and facial movements, pupils, ptosis,
proptosis, cranial nerve function and visual elds
Ocular motility disorders
Cranial nerve palsies
Visual eld abnormalities
Pupil abnormalities
Nystagmus
Optic disc abnormalities
Optic neuropathies
Visually evoked cortical potentials
Pituitary and chiasmal disorders
Intracranial tumours
Headache and facial pain
Migraine
Benign intracranial hypertension
Cerebrovascular disease
Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Parkinsons disease
Psychosomatic disorders and visual function
Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
Periocular Botulinum toxin injection technique
Vitreoretinal surgery
Clinical anatomy
Peripheral retinal lesions
Retinal breaks
Retinal detachment
Rhegmatogenous
Serous retinal
Tractional
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy
Macular hole
Epiretinal membrane
Vitreous haemorrhage
Endophthalmitis
Trauma and IOFB
Retinoschisis
Uveitis
Clinical anatomy of the uveal tract
Congenital abnormalities
Infectious uveitis
Non-infectious immune-mediated uveitis
Uveitis masquerade syndromes
Systemic disease associated uveitis
Investigation of the patient with uveitis
Principles of uveitis management
Management of cataract and glaucoma in uveitis
Ocular oncology
Malignant intraocular tumours
Retinoblastoma
Uveal melanoma
Uveal metastases
Lymphoma and leukaemia
Benign intraocular tumours
Choroidal naevus
Choroidal haemangioma
Choroidal osteoma
Retinal hamartomas
Retinal vascular tumours
Investigation and management of intraocular tumours
9
Leukocoria
Lebers congenital amaurosis
Albinism
Phakomatoses
Aniridia
Ophthalmic Pathology
Suggested reading
The following is a list of textbooks that are suitable reading
material for the examination. Close reference should be made
to the examination syllabus when preparing for examination.
This list is not exhaustive and there are many other textbooks
which are also suitable for exam preparation. In addition,
candidates should be aware of the main ndings of key clinical
trials in ophthalmology that form the evidence base for our
clinical practice.
Clinical Ophthalmology: A systematic Approach. Kanski JJ, Bowling
B. Butterworth Heinemann 2011. 8th Ed.
American Academy of Ophthalmologists. Basic and Clinical Science
Course Complete Set 2010-11. ISBN: 1-56055-570-X.
Clinical optics. Elkington AR, Frank HJ and Greaney MJ. Blackwell
Science. ISBN: 0632049898.
10
QUESTION 1
1. Transpose the following prescriptions: (2 marks)
a. -6.50/+2.50 X 75
b. +2.50/-1.00 X 120
a. -4.00/-2.50 X 165 (1 mark)
b. +1.50/+1.00 X 30 (1 mark)
QUESTION 2
a. +2.00 D
b. +4.25 D
LEFT EYE
+6.00
+5.50
+7.00
90
LEFT EYE
-4.00
-5.00
35
45
-5.50
-6.00
FIGURE 1
11
Examination content
This is an examination of clinical ophthalmology, clinical optics
and refraction, and ophthalmic pathology. General basic
science questions that have relevance to the practice of
ophthalmology will also be asked. A detailed examination
syllabus is provided below.
50
Clinical component
12
40
Overall result
Both the clinical component and refraction component must
be passed to achieve an overall pass in the part 2 clinical
examination. Candidates failing either the clinical component
or the clinical refraction will be required to re-sit that
component alone at subsequent attempts.
Limit on attempts
There are no limits to the number of attempts at Part 2 MRCSI
clinical examination.
Further guidance
Refraction component
13
Glaucoma
Medical Retinal disease
Vitreoretinal surgery
Uveitis
Ocular oncology
Neurophthalmology
Paediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus
General medicine relevant to ophthalmology
Ophthalmic pathology
Investigations in ophthalmology
Keratometry
Corneal topography
Pachymetry
Optical coherence tomography of anterior segment
Specular microscopy
Confocal microscopy
Wavefront analysis
Microbiological investigations
Diagnostic corneal scrape
Conjunctival swabs
Intra-ocular samples; vitreous biopsy, anterior chamber tap
Schirmers test
Retinal photography
Optical coherence tomography of posterior segment
Fluorescein angiography
Indocyanine green angiography
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Scanning laser polarimetry
A and B scans
Ultrasound biomicroscopy
Doppler ultrasound
Dacryocystography
Plain skull and chest X ray
CT thorax
Orbital and neuro-CT scans
Orbital and neuro-MRI scans
Syllabus
Main subjects:
Generic competencies and professionalism
Clinical history taking and examination in ophthalmology
Investigations in ophthalmology
Principles of ophthalmic surgery
Clinical optics
Clinical ophthalmology
Cornea & external diseases
Cataract & Refractive surgery
Oculoplastics, lacrimal and orbital disease
14
Neuro-angiography
Electroretinography
Electrooculography
Visually evoked potentials
Humphrey and other automated perimeters
Goldmann perimetry
Hess charts
DEXA scans
Urinalysis
Serum biochemistry, haematology, immunology, relevant
endocrine blood tests
Investigation of patients with suspected TB, syphilis and other
relevant infectious diseases
Clinical ophthalmology
Cornea and external eye disease
Clinical anatomy
Sterilisation
Surgical instrumentation
Sutures and their uses
Common ophthalmic surgical procedures
Management of trauma to the eye and adnexae
Clinical optics
Vitreoretinal surgery
Clinical anatomy
Peripheral retinal lesions
Retinal breaks
Retinal detachment
Rhegmatogenous
Serous retinal
Tractional
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy
Macular hole
Epiretinal membrane
Vitreous haemorrhage
Endophthalmitis
Trauma and IOFB
Retinoschisis
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital inammation including thyroid eye disease
Orbital tumours
Orbital trauma
Congenital abnormalities of the orbit
Vascular lesions of the orbit
Evisceration, enucleation and exenteration
Glaucoma
Relevant clinical anatomy and physiology
Epidemiology and screening
Mechanisms of glaucoma
Optic nerve head assessment
Visual eld analysis in glaucoma
Tonometry
Gonioscopy
Paediatric glaucoma
Open angle glaucomas
Ocular hypertension
Angle closure glaucomas
Medical management
Laser therapies
Surgical management including complications
Uveitis
Clinical anatomy of the uveal tract
Congenital abnormalities
Infectious uveitis
Non-infectious immune-mediated uveitis
Uveitis masquerade syndromes
Systemic disease associated uveitis
Investigation of the patient with uveitis
Principles of uveitis management
Management of cataract and glaucoma in uveitis
Ocular oncology
Choroidal naevus
Choroidal haemangioma
Choroidal osteoma
Retinal hamartomas
Retinal vascular tumours
Investigation and management of intraocular tumours
Neurophthalmology
Clinical anatomy
Clinical assessment of ocular motility, diplopia, nystagmus,
abnormal eyelid and facial movements, pupils, ptosis,
proptosis, cranial nerve function and visual elds
Ocular motility disorders
Cranial nerve palsies
Visual eld abnormalities
Pupil abnormalities
Nystagmus
Optic disc abnormalities
Optic neuropathies
Visually evoked cortical potentials
Pituitary and chiasmal disorders
Intracranial tumours
Headache and facial pain
Migraine
Benign intracranial hypertension
Cerebrovascular disease
Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Parkinsons disease
Psychosomatic disorders and visual function
Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
Periocular Botulinum toxin injection technique
17
Syllabus
Main subjects:
Examination format
The examination will take the form of a one-hour viva
examination with set questions that cover the breadth of
clinical ophthalmology and ophthalmic surgery. A minimum of
three examiners will conduct the examination. The examiners
will take turns asking the questions and recording the answers.
The expected answers to the set questions will be approved by
the FRCSI (Ophth) examinations committee. More information
regarding the fellowship examination format and standard
setting will follow, including sample questions.
Recommendations
It is most eective to prepare for the FRCSI through experiencebased learning, regular reading of the literature and up to date
textbooks, and attendance at post-graduate training courses
and meetings over the entire duration of higher specialist training.
It is recommended that higher specialist trainees aim to achieve
the required standard to pass this examination at the end of
each subspecialty attachment in the areas covered during that
subspecialty attachment. Therefore continually preparing for
this examination throughout HST cannot be recommended
highly enough.
Overall result
Candidates will receive a pass or a fail in this examination.
Limit on attempts
Investigations in ophthalmology
Keratometry
Corneal topography
Pachymetry
Optical coherence tomography of anterior segment
Specular microscopy
Confocal microscopy
Wavefront analysis
Microbiological investigations
Diagnostic corneal scrape
Conjunctival swabs
Intra-ocular samples; vitreous biopsy, anterior chamber tap
Schirmers test
Retinal photography
Optical coherence tomography of posterior segment
Fluorescein angiography
Indocyanine green angiography
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Scanning laser polarimetry
A and B scans
Ultrasound biomicroscopy
Doppler ultrasound
Dacryocystography
Plain skull and chest X ray
CT thorax
Orbital and neuro-CT scans
Orbital and neuro-MRI scans
Neuro-angiography
Electroretinography
Electrooculography
Visually evoked potentials
Humphrey and other automated perimeters
Goldmann perimetry
Hess charts
DEXA scans
Urinalysis
Serum biochemistry, haematology, immunology, relevant
endocrine blood tests
Investigation of patients with suspected TB, syphilis and other
relevant infectious diseases
Clinical ophthalmology
Cornea and external eye disease
Clinical anatomy
Infections of the conjunctiva
Cicatricial conjunctival disease: Stevens-Johnson syndrome,
mucous membrane pemphigoid; other causes
Allergic conjunctival disease; vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic
keratoconjunctivitis, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, giant
papillary conjunctivitis
Conjunctival malignancies: ocular surface squamous neoplasia,
melanocytic neoplasms
Pterygium
Benign lesions of the conjunctiva
Clinical optics
Gonioscopy
Paediatric glaucoma
Open angle glaucomas
Ocular hypertension
Angle closure glaucomas
Medical management
Laser therapies
Surgical management including complications
Vitreoretinal surgery
Clinical anatomy
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital inammation including thyroid eye disease
Orbital tumours
Orbital trauma
Congenital abnormalities of the orbit
Vascular lesions of the orbit
Evisceration, enucleation and exenteration
Glaucoma
Relevant clinical anatomy and physiology
Epidemiology and screening
Mechanisms of glaucoma
Optic nerve head assessment
Visual eld analysis in glaucoma
Tonometry
Uveitis
Clinical anatomy of the uveal tract
Congenital abnormalities
20
Infectious uveitis
Non-infectious immune-mediated uveitis
Uveitis masquerade syndromes
Systemic disease associated uveitis
Investigation of the patient with uveitis
Principles of uveitis management
Management of cataract and glaucoma in uveitis
Acquired esotropia
Intermittent exotropia
Congenital superior oblique weakness
Duanes syndrome
Browns syndrome
Adult
Forced duction test technique
Tests to predict postoperative diplopia
Concomitant strabismus in adults
Third, fourth and sixth cranial nerve palsy
Supranuclear causes of eye movement decits
Strabismus due to Myasthenia, thyroid eye disease and
orbital trauma
Principles of strabismus surgery
Principles of adjustable surgery techniques
Botulinum toxin, role in the management of strabismus
Paediatric refractive errors
Vision testing in children
Amblyopia
Retinopathy of prematurity
Visual loss secondary to neurological disease in infants and
children
Leukocoria
Lebers congenital amaurosis
Albinism
Phakomatoses
Aniridia
Ocular oncology
Malignant intraocular tumours
Retinoblastoma
Uveal melanoma
Uveal metastases
Lymphoma and leukaemia
Benign intraocular tumours
Choroidal naevus
Choroidal haemangioma
Choroidal osteoma
Retinal hamartomas
Retinal vascular tumours
Investigation and management of intraocular tumours
Neurophthalmology
Clinical anatomy
Clinical assessment of ocular motility, diplopia, nystagmus,
abnormal eyelid and facial movements, pupils, ptosis,
proptosis, cranial nerve function and visual elds
Ocular motility disorders
Cranial nerve palsies
Visual eld abnormalities
Pupil abnormalities
Nystagmus
Optic disc abnormalities
Optic neuropathies
Visually evoked cortical potentials
Pituitary and chiasmal disorders
Intracranial tumours
Headache and facial pain
Migraine
Benign intracranial hypertension
Cerebrovascular disease
Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Parkinsons disease
Psychosomatic disorders and visual function
Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
Periocular Botulinum toxin injection technique
Ophthalmic Pathology
21