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    5 1 Classical Conditioning2

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    The learning approach focuses on how individuals are shaped by their environment through learning. There are three key assumptions: 1) behavior is determined by learning experiences, 2) the approach focuses on observable behaviors, and 3) there are three learning mechanisms - conditioning, reinforcement, and social learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a response to a stimulus through repeated pairing. For example, in Pavlov's experiment dogs were conditioned to salivate in response to a bell by pairing the bell with food presentation. A conditioned response can become extinct but may spontaneously recover later.

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    5 1 Classical Conditioning2

    Uploaded by

    temi
    45 views2 pages
    The learning approach focuses on how individuals are shaped by their environment through learning. There are three key assumptions: 1) behavior is determined by learning experiences, 2) the approach focuses on observable behaviors, and 3) there are three learning mechanisms - conditioning, reinforcement, and social learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a response to a stimulus through repeated pairing. For example, in Pavlov's experiment dogs were conditioned to salivate in response to a bell by pairing the bell with food presentation. A conditioned response can become extinct but may spontaneously recover later.

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    The learning approach focuses on how individuals are shaped by their environment through learning. There are three key assumptions: 1) behavior is determined by learning experiences, 2) the approach focuses on observable behaviors, and 3) there are three learning mechanisms - conditioning, reinforcement, and social learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a response to a stimulus through repeated pairing. For example, in Pavlov's experiment dogs were conditioned to salivate in response to a bell by pairing the bell with food presentation. A conditioned response can become extinct but may spontaneously recover later.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views2 pages

    5 1 Classical Conditioning2

    Uploaded by

    temi
    The learning approach focuses on how individuals are shaped by their environment through learning. There are three key assumptions: 1) behavior is determined by learning experiences, 2) the approach focuses on observable behaviors, and 3) there are three learning mechanisms - conditioning, reinforcement, and social learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a response to a stimulus through repeated pairing. For example, in Pavlov's experiment dogs were conditioned to salivate in response to a bell by pairing the bell with food presentation. A conditioned response can become extinct but may spontaneously recover later.

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    An introduction to the learning approach and classical conditioning

    An introduction to the approach


    The Learning Approach is, if you like, the counterargument to the Biological Approach. It focuses on that which is
    learned from interaction with the environment. The approach studies how nurture shapes and develops an individual
    (see 4.3 The Nature-Nurture Debate)

    Key assumptions of the learning approach


    There are three key assumptions of this approach:
    1. Behaviour is determined by learning experiences
    2. The focus of the approach is on observable behaviours, investigation of mental processes and unconscious
    forces is seen as unscientific and untestable
    3. There are three learning mechanisms: conditioning, reinforcement and social learning
    You will meet each of the three mechanisms over the approach, where they are covered in more detail

    Research methods used in the approach


    The approach uses laboratory experiments on humans and animals in order to investigate behaviour. These
    experiments are used in because only lab experiments have the strong controls necessary to draw the cause-and-effect
    conclusions which have to be made to observe behaviour. For strengths and weaknesses of using animal experiments,
    see M8 Animal Experiments, and for strengths and weaknesses of lab experiments see M5 Experimental Design
    The term classical conditioning refers to the association of a response to its stimulus. Research into classical
    conditioning started with Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning works by building up an association between two stimuli,
    one which produces a certain response, and another which initially does not cause a response. Pavlov investigated
    classical conditioning in his dogs, when he noticed that they would salivate even when they just heard his footsteps,
    even though at the time he would not be carrying food, it was the association of him coming and him coming and
    carrying food that caused the salivating. The storyboard below outlines the steps involved in this conditioning:
    The dog is presented with some food, so the dog salivates
    At this stage, the food is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which provokes the dog
    to salivate this is an unconditioned response (UCR)

    A bell is rung, which causes no response from the dog


    The bell is a neutral stimulus (NS) it has not been condition with another stimulus,
    and therefore causes no response within the dog

    The bell is rung, and the dog is presented with some food
    This causes the dog to salivate, because he is being presented with some food. The
    bell is still an NS, the food still a UCS and the salivation a UCR

    The bell keeps ringing each time food is presented. Eventually, even when the food
    is not there, the dog will still salivate at the sound of the bell: the bell has become a
    conditioned stimulus (CS) and the salivation a conditioned response (CR)

    www.aspsychology101.wordpress.com

    In the final stage there, classical conditioning has been achieved: an association between the ringing of the bell and the
    presentation of the food was made, so the dog would salivate each time at the ringing of the bell, even if there was no
    food presented to him.

    Neutral stimulus -

    Unconditioned stimulus -

    Unconditioned response -

    a stimulus which has not been


    linked to another stimulus which
    causes a response, and therefore
    does not trigger a response

    a stimulus which causes a natural


    response, usually a reflex action,
    such as blinking or salivation,
    which has not been conditioned

    a triggered response which is caused


    by an unconditioned stimulus, that
    has not been linked to a conditioned
    stimulus

    Conditioned stimulus -

    Conditioned response -

    Spontaneous recovery -

    a trigger for a behaviour which


    produces a response only after
    being repeatedly paired to
    another stimulus

    a response which appears as


    provoked by a certain trigger with
    which it has been repeatedly
    paired with

    the reappearance of a previously lost


    conditioned response when the
    conditioned stimulus is later
    introduced after a period of time

    Sometimes, the association between the conditioned stimulus and the condition response might be lost. This process is
    called extinction. However, the conditioned response may reappear again in the future if it is recovered by the
    reintroduction of the conditioned stimulus: this is known as spontaneous recovery. An example of this using Pavlovs
    dogs would be that eventually, the bell ring along would not cause the dogs to salivate. However, bringing back the bell
    ring alongside the food being presented would cause the conditioned response to be recovered.

    www.aspsychology101.wordpress.com

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