Phase Equilibria and Phase Transformation
Phase Equilibria and Phase Transformation
Phase Equilibria and Phase Transformation
5.1
5.2
5.3
What can you explain about the map shown in the above figure?
Showing the region of sea (liquid phase) and land (solid phase)
Showing boundaries lines between sea and land; and between countries (such
as Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia etc.)
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state do we get?
In particular, if we specify...
a composition (e.g., wt%Cu - wt%Ni), and
a temperature (T)
then...
How many phases do we get?
What is the composition of each phase?
How much of each phase do we get?
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
Example of metal alloy system phase diagram (Figure 5.1), showing the
region of liquid phase, solid phase and the mixture of the two phases.
L liquid phase
and solid phase
Figure 5.1 : Binary phase diagram
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
5.1
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
Materials Science
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
5.2
PHASE DIAGRAM
Materials Science
10
2.
3.
4.
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
11
Liquidus line
Solidus line
-rich solid ()
Solidus line
Solvus line
-rich solid ()
Solvus line
hypoeutectic
hypereutectic
Materials Science
12
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
13
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
14
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
15
Materials Science
16
QUESTIONS 1 ;
L + (Pb)
(Pb)
(Sn)
2
L+ (Sn)
3
(Pb) + (Sn)
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
17
1.
2.
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
18
3.
4.
Materials Science
19
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
20
QUESTIONS 2 ;
L + (Pb)
(Sn)
(Pb)
L+ (Sn)
(Pb) + (Sn)
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
21
1.
2.
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
22
3.
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
23
QUESTIONS 3 ;
Use the Pb-Sn diagram to determine the phases and the composition
of each phases for alloy at point 1.
L + (Pb)
(Sn)
(Pb)
L+ (Sn)
1
(Pb) + (Sn)
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
24
Materials Science
25
L + (Pb)
(Sn)
1
(Pb)
L+ (Sn)
(Pb) + (Sn)
17
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
30
47
Materials Science
26
QUESTIONS 4 ;
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
27
2.
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
28
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
29
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
30
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
31
Problems
Consider the Pb-Sn diagram, make a phase analysis for the
plumbum alloy equilibrium solidification for each composition
below ;
(i) Point d with 40% Sn at 183C + T.
(ii) Point e with 40% Sn at 183C - T.
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
32
(i)
Phase
liquid (L)
Proeutectic-
Phase
composition
61.9% Sn in liquid
19.2% Sn in proeutectic-
Amount of
phase
61.9 40 (100%)=51%.
61.9 19.2
Total
Beta(
)
Phase
composition
19.2% Sn in
97.5% Sn in
Amount of
phase
(ii) Phase
Materials Science
33
TTT Diagram
Means Time-Temperature-Transformation
Also known as an Isothermal Transformation
Diagram
Microstructure and property changes in Fe-C
alloys is an example of a real application of phase
transformation knowledge.
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
34
Materials Science
35
Isothermal
transformation
microstructure
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
36
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
37
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
38
Austenite Transformation
Materials Science
39
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
40
Properties of phases
Properties of pearlite
Fairly tough
Fairly ductile
Depends on size of lamellae
Properties of bainite
Tough
Structure between pearlite
and martensite ( + Fe3C)
Properties of martensite
Very hard HRC 45-55
Brittle
bc tetragonal structure
Supersaturated solution of C in Fe
High residual stresses
Metastable
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
41
Pearlite microstructure
Alternate
plates of
carbide and
ferrite.
Normally the
structure
cannot be
resolved.
Particularly slow
cooling has been
used.
Coarse Pearlite
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Fine Pearlite
Materials Science
42
Bainite Microstructure
Upper Bainite
Formed from 350oC to 550oC
Cementite in form of rod
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
43
Lower Bainite
Formed from 250oC to 350oC
Low diffusion rate produced iron carbide
precipitate within ferrite plates predominantly
along single orientation (55o to longitudinal axis of
ferrite)
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
44
Formation of martensite
High cooling rates - quenching
Rapid cooling with water or oil
Diffusion of carbon inhibited
Neither ferrite nor pearlite have sufficient
time to form
Shear transformation
Body centred tetragonal structure
Carbon evenly distributed
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
45
Microstructure of martensite
Martensite is created
when austenite transforms
by a shear mechanism
instead of by nucleation
and growth.
The shear transformation
products are acicular.
In this case, because of
high carbon (1.2%) there is
retained austenite.
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
46
Heat treatment
Definition of heat treatment is a controlled
heating and cooling cycles intended to adjust the
microstructure and mechanical properties of a
material for a specific purpose.
Examples: annealing, normalizing, quenching and
tempering
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
47
Annealing
Material exposed to elevated temperature for
extended period of time, and then slowly cooled.
Used to relieve stresses, increase softness,
ductility and toughness, or to
produce specific microstructure
Full annealing : Transformation to austenite, then
furnace cooled to coarse pearlite (relatively soft
and ductile material)
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
48
Normalizing
Used to refine grains and produce more uniform
distribution in steels which have been plastically
deformed (e.g. rolling) resulting in tougher steel.
Complete transformation to austenite, then air
cooled to a fine pearlite
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
49
Materials Science
50
Tempering
Heating martensite to between 100 & 600C
Softens & toughens martensite
Effects dependent on temperature and include
Stress relief
Epsilon carbide precipitates from martensite
Cementite precipitates from martensite
Epsilon carbide converts to cementite
Retained austenite transforms to bainite
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
51
Effect of tempering
Increases ductility and toughness
Reduces hardness and strength
Solid solution elements have little effect on
tempering
Ni, Si, Al, Mn
Strong carbide formers raise tempering
temperature for equivalent hardness
Cr, Mo, V
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
52
Martempering (Marquenching)
Modified quench to minimize distortion of heat treated steel:
1) austenitize steel
2) quench in hot oil or molten salt just above martensite
start temperature
3) hold in quenching medium until uniform temperature in
steel (but before austenite to bainite transformation
begins)
4) cool at moderate rate to prevent thermal gradients
====> usually, parts are later tempered to toughen steel
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
53
Martempering (Marquenching)
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
54
Austempering
1) Austenitize steel
2) Quench in hot salt
bath just above
martensitic
temperature
3) Isothermal hold
4) Cooled to room
temperature in air
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
55
Austempering
Isothermal heat treatment process to produce Bainite
Alternative to quenching and tempering
Improved ductility and impact strength for particular
hardness
Decreased cracking and distortion quenching
Particularly advantageous for thin sections (<3/8")
{thicker sections have non-uniform properties due to
different cooling rates}
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
56
SUMMARY
Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:
--the number and types of phases,
--the wt% of each phase,
--and the composition of each phase
for a given T and composition of the system.
Alloying to produce a solid solution usually
--increases the tensile strength (TS)
--decreases the ductility.
Binary eutectics and binary eutectoids allow for
a range of microstructures.
har/jkbr/fkmp/2013
Materials Science
57