Failure Theories
Failure Theories
Failure Theories
A Pressure Vessel
A Clever Solution to Contain the Pressure Lots of Weight to Hold Down the Lid
Calculate the Stresses in the Pressure Vessel Make Sure that the Stresses Are Safe!!!
Needless to say.....
Uniaxial Test
At this point the material begins to At this point the material begins to
behave differently. Planes of maximum behave differently. Planes of maximum
shear exist in the material at 45°, and the shear exist in the material at 45°, and the
material begins to slide along these planes.... material begins to slide along these planes....
At this point the material begins to The sliding between relative planes of
behave differently. Planes of maximum material allow the specimen to deform
shear exist in the material at 45°, and the noticeably without any increase in stress.
material begins to slide along these planes.... We call this a yield of the material.
Now let's look at how a brittle material The brittle material also behaves in a
behaves at the molecular level. linear fashion as we begin to load it.
Notice that for the ductile material, show on the left, larger strains occur
before ultimate failure. In reality this means that (a) the material has a chance
Recall the failure of our mild steel specimen in a simple
to change its shape in order to redistribute loads, and ( b) if redistributing the
tension test. Let's take a closer look at the surface of the
loads does not prevent failure, there is often adequate visual warning (sagging
specimen where the failure occurred.
beams, etc.) before failure occurs. For these reasons, ductile failure is
preferable to brittle failure.
The maximum shear stress is calculated as the The condition for yield is that the difference
diameter of the circle divided by two (Ah ha! the between the smallest and largest principal stresses
radius of the circle). equals or exceeds the yield stress.
Recall the expression for the distortional strain energy. Note that
it is a function of the deviatoric portion of the normal stresses, s, and
the shear stresses, τ.
We need to express the distortional strain energy in terms of
principal stresses, so lets give ourselves some space...
Now that we have expressed the distortional strain For a simple tension test the distortional strain
energy in terms of principal stresses (for 2-D stress) we are energy at yield is σys^2/6G.
ready to develop the maximum distortional energy failure
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