The document discusses requirements for Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and Area Navigation (RNAV), including certification and operational requirements. It describes different navigation systems that can be used to meet RNP requirements and outlines general operational limitations and contingencies for RNAV equipment.
The document discusses requirements for Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and Area Navigation (RNAV), including certification and operational requirements. It describes different navigation systems that can be used to meet RNP requirements and outlines general operational limitations and contingencies for RNAV equipment.
The document discusses requirements for Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and Area Navigation (RNAV), including certification and operational requirements. It describes different navigation systems that can be used to meet RNP requirements and outlines general operational limitations and contingencies for RNAV equipment.
The document discusses requirements for Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and Area Navigation (RNAV), including certification and operational requirements. It describes different navigation systems that can be used to meet RNP requirements and outlines general operational limitations and contingencies for RNAV equipment.
REQUIRED NAVIGATIONAL PERFORMANCE (RNP) AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)
B-RNAV CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS In order to comply with RNAV operational requirements, aircraft must be certified for B-RNAV operation in order to file an IFR flight plan in the B-RNAV FIR/UIR in the ECAC airspace. See Minimum Equipment List (MEL) requirements and applicable aircraft procedures related to navigation performance. The JAA has published Guidance Material On Airworthiness Approval And Operational Criteria For The Use Of Navigation Systems In European Airspace Designated For Basic RNAV Operations. The complete P-RNAV aircraft and operator approval requirements are set out in JAA TGL-10.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION RNP Many different types of equipment are currently available to meet requirements for one or more RNP types. For example, a VOR/DME navigation system in combination with a simple RNAV computer accepting VOR/DME input is the least sophisticated equipment.
RNAV Area Navigation Equipment determines aircraft position by processing data from one or more sensors. Determination of aircraft position is dependent on such factors as sensor availability and accuracy, signal parameters (signal source strength, transmitted signal degradation). Position determination may employ such inputs as : distance measurements from two or more Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) ground stations (DME-DME); Very High Frequency Omnidirectional radio Range with DME (VOR/DME); Inertial systems (INS, with radio updating or limited 2 hour use after last on ground update) LORAN C (with limitations) Global Navigation Satellite System (with limitations).
GENERAL OPERATIONAL LIMITATIONS Due to the availability and integrity of the various sensor systems, and effects of from outside sources, certain operational limitations must be imposed on the use of some types of RNAV equipment as follows: Operational Areas operators shall define the area(s) in which operations are intended and ensure that equipment usage is capable of performance within the defined standard. Operational Equipment INS Without an automatic radio update, INS function is limited in usage for a 2 hour period from the last on ground position update. This can result in a degradation of accuracy with elapsed time. As a requirement, a linear decay value of 1.5 to 2 NM per hour must be considered.
GNSS During the pre-flight planning phase, if 24
satellites (23 if baro aiding is incorporated into the GPS installation) are projected to be operational for the flight, then the aircraft can depart without further action. If 23 satellites or less (22 or less if baro aiding is incorporated), are projected to be operational, then the availability of GPS integrity (RAIM) should be confirmed for the intended flight (route and time).
SYSTEM AVAILABILITY Navigation systems must demonstrate an acceptably reliable continuity of function prior to approval. National authorities may choose to rely on redundancy of systems in order to obtain an average airborne system availability of 99.99% of flight time for B-RNAV. Navigation function availability may be assured by the use of the multi sensor area navigation systems which incorporate various position fixing sensors, each of which is individually usable for airborne area navigation. Some RNAV systems permit the use of combinations of systems or pilot selection of one system in preference to another, depending on factors such as reception and weather conditions. Recommendations As long as VOR/DME facilities are available, and aircraft are equipped with VOR/DME instrumentation, the carriage of a single B-RNAV system will provide equivalent safety to the average systems availability requirements. It is anticipated that the withdrawal of VOR facilities will result in a requirement to carry redundant B-RNAV systems in order to meet the average system availability requirement.
CONTINGENCY Flight Crew Inputs Procedures shall enable erroneous flight crew inputs to be detected before the aircraft position accuracy can be degraded. It is the crews responsibility to ensure that the navigation accuracy is maintained. In particular, the following common mistakes must be avoided: Insertion errors Coordinates are inserted incorrectly into the system. (Particular care must be taken in case of a new ATC clearance). De-coupling If the pilot allows the autopilot to become de-coupled from the equipment which he thinks is providing steering output. Using faulty equipment The pilot might continue to use a navigation system which has become inaccurate.
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS Navigation equipment should be capable of enabling aircraft to be navigated within the constraints of the air traffic service to the accuracy required in a promulgated RNP type of airspace. The carriage of RNAV equipment may be required in some regions or States and therefore the reason why frequent reference is made to the use of RNAV equipment.
