DLM 1 - Unit 4 Rational Algebraic Expressions
DLM 1 - Unit 4 Rational Algebraic Expressions
DLM 1 - Unit 4 Rational Algebraic Expressions
U
N
I
T
The Quirino Bridge in Santa, Ilocos Sur is composed of metal
members, strategically and equally placed to hold the weight and stabilize
the whole bridge.
Thus, to be able to put up this architectural design, mathematical
skills in solving the exact distance and location of each structural member
3wl
wl 2
and
are necessary. Rational algebraic expressions such as
, where w
8
8
is width and l is length are considered in the construction of this bridge.
I
V
a + b 8 x 3 3x 2 + 2 x + 6
1
,
and 5 .
2
a b
4 x + 5x
k
You can simplify rational algebraic
expressions by dividing both numerator and
denominator by their greatest common
factor (GCF). The GCF of two numbers is
the product of their common prime factors.
Examples:
1. The GCF of 24 and 72.
The factors are shown below.
24 = 2 2 2 3
72 = 2 2 2 3
The GCF is 24
2. The GCF of 34x2 and 42x5.
The factors are shown below.
34x2 = 2 17 x2
42x5 = 2 3 7 x2 x3
The GCF is 2x2
3. The GCF of 2x2 + 8x and x2 + x -12
2x2 + 8x = 2(x + 4)
x2 + x 12 = (x +4)(x -3)
The GCF is x +4
Activity 1:
Find the GCF of the following.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
16 and 8
48 and 12
42y and 18xy
m + 5 and 2m + 10
y2 + 4y + 4 and 3y2 + 5y 2
24
(2 2 2) 3
=
72 (2 2 2) 3 3
GCF is 24
24 1
= is the lowest terms
72 3
2. Reduce
34 x 2
in its lowest terms.
42 x 5
Test 1:
Find the GCF of the following.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
21 and 35
6xy and 15y3
x2 2x + 1 and x2 - 1
x2 25 and 6x2 + 29x - 5
5x 10 and x2 6x + 8
Instructions:
42x5 = 2 3 7 x2 x3
The GCF is 2x2
Divide the numerator and denominator by
the GCF, 2x2
34 x 2
42 x 5
17
is the lowest term
21x 3
3x 12
in lowest terms.
5 x 20
3. Write
24
in lowest term or simplest
72
3x 12
3
3( x 4)
=
=
5( x 4)
5 x 20
5
Divide numerator and denominator by x 4.
3x 12
5 x 20
4. Write
3
is in lowest terms
5
x 2 + 2x 8
in lowest terms.
2x 2 x 6
2n 6
5n 15
12 x 2 y 5
2.
48 x 2 y 2
1.
x2 + 2x 8 = (x + 4)(x 2)
2x2 x 6 = (2x + 3)(x 2)
x2 4
3. 2
x + 4x + 4
x2 x 6
4. 2
x + x 12
a 2 + 3a 4
5.
a2 1
( x + 4)( x 2)
x 2 + 2x 8
=
2
(2 x + 3)( x 2)
2x x 6
x+4
x 2 + 2x 8
is in lowest
=
2
2x + 3
2x x 6
terms.
5. Express
a2 + b2
does not
B. Explain why
( a + b) 2
simplify to 1.
8a 2 + 6a 9
in lowest terms
16a 2 9
Test 2:
A.
a 2 4a
4a a 2
2.
4a 2 20a
a 2 4a 5
3.
4x
12 x 2
4.
x+5
x + 3x 10
5.
y 2 + 8 y 20
y2 4
6. Write
(k + p )(k 2 kp + p 2 )
k 3 + p3
=
(k p )(k + p )
k 2 p2
Instructions:
* After answering the test, check your
answers with those on the answer key.
9x2y2 = 3 . x x
yy3
LCD = 3 2 x x x x x y y 3
= 18x5y2
7
9
and
.
6w 12
9w 18
6w 12 = 6(w 2)
9w 18 = 9(w 2)
3. The LCD of
a2 9 = (a + 3)(a 3)
3a2 + 3a + 8 = 3(a2 + a 6)
= 3(a + 3)(a 2)
a2 4a + 4 = (a 2)(a 2)
= (a 2)2
2
8
and
15k
4k
2.
5
2
and
3
5y
15 y 5
3.
7
1
and
5 y 30
6 y 36
8x
15
x
5
4x
15
1
9
and
4. 2
2
k + 4k 12
k + k 90
5.
8
10
and
2
2d 11d + 14
2d d 21
2
Test 3:
A. Find the LCD of the following pairs
of rational expressions.
6
1
1.
and
18
36
3
5
2.
and
2
6ab
4ab
1
3
3.
and
4a 8b
3a 6b
b
3b
and
4.
2
2
2b b 3
3b + 5b + 2
5.
2x
1
and 2
x 2x 8
x 6x + 8
2
Instructions:
* After answering the test, check your
answers with those on the answer key.
* If your score is 3 or higher, you may
proceed to the next topic; otherwise, read
the lesson once more and do the Test again.
Before you proceed to the next concept
TAKE A BREAK and do the magic
square below.
x
15
x
3
3x
5
2x
5
7x
15
2x
15
x
x
x
2x
5x
4x
p
r
and
are rational expressions,
q
q
p r
p+r
then + =
.
q q
q
If
1.
7 3
+
12 12
3y
4y
and
y 5
y 5
1
2
+
12 15
2. Find:
5+8
60
13
60
2
3
+
2x 6x
6
3
+
6x 6x
6+3
6x
9
33
=
6x
3 2 x
3
2x
x
x
+
x +1
x 1
3. Find:
2 x( x 1)
+
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 1)
( x + 1)( x + 2)
( x + 3)( x 1)( x + 2)
Now that the two rational expressions
have the same denominator, simplify the
numerator.
x
x( x 1)
+
( x + 1)( x 1)
( x + 1)( x 1)
2 x( x 1) + ( x + 1)( x + 2)
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 1)
2 x 2 2 x + x 2 + 3x + 2
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 1)
x + x( x 1)
( x + 1)( x 1)
Simplify the numerator
x+x x
( x + 1)( x 1)
2
3x 2 + x + 2
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 1)
.
Activity 4:
x2
( x + 1)( x 1)
4. Add
2x
x +1
and 2
x + 5x + 6
x + 2x 3
2.
3.
4.
5.
3
2
+
s
s
x
2x
+
p 5
p 5
2n + 3
n4
+ 2
2
n 4n + 4
n +n6
3
2
+ 2
2
a 5a + 6
a a2
r +1
r 1
+ 2
2
r 3r 10
r + r 30
1.
3a
5a
+
9a 8 9a 8
2.
2x
1
+
2
2x + 7x + 3
2x + 7x + 3
3.
3x
2x
+
x+ y
2x + 2 y
4.
5
4
+
t 6
t+6
5.
3a
4a 1
+ 2
2
a + ab 2b
a b2
Examples:
1. When a number is subtracted from
the numerator and added to the
17
5
denominator of , the result is .
22
8
What is the number?
x 2 5x 9
x6
x2 6
x6
Instructions:
* After answering the test, check your
answers with those on the answer key.
* If your score is 3 or higher, you may
proceed to the next topic; otherwise, read
the lesson once more and do the Test again.
Try more:
Solve the following problems:
1. Johnny, a farm caretaker, was asked
to fence the farm he is working. The
y+4
farm has a length of
m and
5
y2
m. Find the
width of
5
perimeter of the farm.
(Use formula: P = 2l + 2w).
2. The perimeter of the figure is (2x + 5)cm.
Solution:
Let x = the number to be added and
subtracted.
Original fraction
17
22
New fraction
17 x
22 + x
Equation:
17 x
5
=
22 + x 8
x x
+ =1
2 4
LCD = 4
4(
LCD = 8(22 + x)
8(22 + x)
x
x
) + 4( ) = 4(1)
2
4
17 x
5
= 8(22 + x)
22 + x 8
2x + x = 4
3x = 4
8(17- x) = (22 + x) 5
x= 1
136 8x = 110 + 5x
136 -110 = 8x + 5x
26 = 13x
2=x
or x = 2
Check:
1
3
hours.
Activity 5:
Solve the following problems.
17 2
5
=
22 + 2 8
15
5
=
24
8
1
hrs.
3
Instructions:
3. Find:
11 7
12 15
LCD = 2 2 3 5 = 60
1. Find :
11 7
11(5)
7 ( 4)
=
12 15 12(5) 15(4)
55 28
=
60 60
Since the fractions are now similar, you
have to subtract the numerators and copy
the denominator. Write the result in
lowest terms.
55 28
60
27
39
=
=
60
3 20
9
=
20
=
10 x
5x
- 2
x 12 x 12
2
10 x 5 x
x 2 12
Simplifying
5x
= 2
x 12
4. Find :
2
2
3b 7b
2
2
2(7)
2(3)
=
3b 7b
3b(7) 7b(3)
14
6
=
21b 21b
Since the fractions are now similar,
subtract the numerator, copy the same
denominator and write the difference in
lowest terms.
14 6
=
21b
8
=
21b
3
9
from
5. Subtract
x
x2
6. Find :
9( x)
3x 6
x( x 2) x( x 2)
9 x 3x + 6
x( x 2)
6x + 6
x( x 2)
1
1
p 1 p +1
p + 1 ( p 1)
( p 1)( p + 1)
p +1 p +1
( p 1)( p + 1)
2
( p 1)( p + 1)
7. Perform the indicated operation.
=
3
x
2
x 4 x 5 2 x 13x + 15
2
x
3
( x 5)( x + 1) ( x 5)(2 x 3)
x(2 x 3)
( x 5)( x + 1)(2 x 3)
3( x + 1)
( x 5)(2 x 3)( x + 1)
=
2 x 2 3x
( x 5)( x + 1)(2 x 3)
3x + 3
( x 5)(2 x 3)( x + 1)
2 x 2 3x 3x 3
( x 5)( x + 1)(2 x 3)
6.
Test 6
1
1
- 2
b 1 b + 3b + 2
2.
8
2
3 7y 7y 3
5.
2y +1
2
1
+
2
y 3 y +3
9 y
1
3
- 2
2
m + mn 2m
m 3mn + 2n 2
4m 3n
4m n
2
2
2
16m n
16m + 8mn + n 2
2x
3x
x + y 2x + 2 y
4m + 5 m + 2
3
6
1
a
3.
a b 4a 4b
2.
6x 3x
3
3
x 3
5.
3 x
4.
3 2
p
p
2.
x
2x
k 5 k 5
3.
15
3
2
k +2
4k
4..
m
3
- 2
m + 3m 18 m + 3m 18
5.
x
3x
- 2
2
x + xy 2 y
x 3xy + 2 y 2
6 x
3( x + 3)( x 3)
7.
Activity 6:
4.
1
15 + 30 12k 2
1
S
4k 2 (k + 2)
x 2 9 3x + 9
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1 2 3 4 5 2 6 7
2x 2 6x 3
=
( x 5)( x + 1)(2 x 3)
3. -
15
3
2
k+2
4k
Instructions:
* After answering the test, check your
answers with those on the answer key.
O x
( x 3)( x + 3)
3x
7m + 8
E
6
x
2( x + y )
H 4(a- b)
=
q s
qs
The same rule applies to multiplication of
rational expressions.
Examples:
Find:
1.
2.
3 4
3 4 12
=
=
7 5
75
35
2x 9
2 x9
18 x
3x
=
=
or
3y 8y
3 y.8 y
24 y
4y
4m 3 (m 5)
m(m 5)12
2x + 1
x2 4
2
x 5x + 6 6 x + 3
3( x + 1)
( x 5( x + 3)
4m 3
m5
3. Multiply:
2
12
m 5m
factor m2 5m
3x + 3
x 2 3 x 18
2
2
x x2
x 2 x 15
Activity 7:
A. Multiply as indicated and express
each product in simplest form.
1.
3 12
8 15
2.
2ab
c
2
2
3c
a
3.
9 x2
x
x +3 3 x
4.
a 2 + 5a a 2 4a
a 2 16 a 2 25
5.
6x 3y
2x + y
2
2
4 x + 4 xy + y 4 x 4 xy + y 2
2
Take a break:
Solve this problem.
7 54
4a 2 8b 2 c
2.
3bc 6a 2
1.
3.
t +1
t 2 + 5t
2
5 + t t 25
x + 8 x + 16 x 3
x+4
x2 9
2
4.
5.
x 2 6x + 5 x 1
x 1
x5
Instructions:
* After answering the test, check your
answers with those on the answer key.
* If your score is 3 or higher, you may
proceed to the next topic; otherwise, read
the lesson once more and do the Test again
5
4
by
9
15
5
by the multiplicative
9
4
15
which is
.
inverse or reciprocal of
15
4
5 15
=
9 4
Multiply
=
9 4
3 3 2 2 12
2. Find:
5y
15 y 3
9 xz 2 18 x 2 z 2
Multiplying
5y
by the reciprocal of
9 xz 2
15 y 3
18 x 2 z 2
, we get
which
is
18 x 2 z 2
15 y 3
5y
18 x 2 z 2
9 xz 2
15 y 3
Factor the numerators and denominators
and cancel common factors.
5y
9 2x 2 z 2
=
9 xz 2
5 3y3
2x
3y 2
3. Find:
Multiply
x
x2
2
2
x+5
x 25x
x2
by the reciprocal of
x 2 25x 2
x
x+5
which is
x+5
x
=
4 x2
2
2x
5
4 x2
4 x2 2 x
2
as
Rewrite
2x
2
5
5
By definition of division of fractions, we
proceed as follows:
x+5
x2
2
2
x
x 25x
( x + 5 x)( x 5 x)
x
x
=
x5
(2 x)(2 + x)
5
2
2 x
5(2 + x)
=
2
Activity 8:
A. State the multiplicative inverse or
reciprocal of each expression
below..
Examples:
1.
2
1 1
3
a
+
2a 3
x ; m n :
2
2
8
5
+
2a 1
2
3m 3n
2a 3
x
5
4 x2
2
2 x
3
8
1
x y
7x
3.
9y
x+ y
4.
2
18x
5.
7
2.
7 14
2.
7 14
a a2
3.
5
10
m3 m3
3x 21
3x
2
4. 2
x 49 x + 7 x
x2 y2
2
5.
x y
4
Test: 8
Perform each indicated division and
write the answer in simplest form.
Instructions:
* After answering the test, check your
answers with those on the answer key.
* If your score is 3 or higher, you may
proceed to the next topic; otherwise, read
the lesson once more and do the Test again
Summary:
1.
3d c
6dc
- 5
4
a
a
a2 b2
a+b
2. 2
2
x+ y
x y
3.
x y 5x 2 5 y 2
x+ y
3x 3 y
5a 2 5ab 5a 2 + 5b 2
4.
b
ab + b 2
3x
y
5
5y2
2x3
p
p
and
are rational expressions
q
q
p
r
p+r
then,
+ =
and
q
q
q
p r
pr
=
q q
q
If
p
r
and are rational expressions,
q
s
p r
pr
=
then,
q s
qs
b.
If
q
q r
s
4. The difference of
1.
c. mn
m
d.
n
b. n
3. When simplified,
7
a.
x+2
5y
15
and
?
10
10
5y
10
y+2
d.
5
c.
7 x 21
is equal to
x2 x 6
7
c.
x2
7
x2
d.
3
7
- 2
is
x x x 1
2
a.
4x 7
x( x 1)( x + 1)
c.
4x + 7
x( x 1)( x + 1)
c.
4x 7
( x 1)( x + 1)
d.
4x 7
x( x 1)
If
CHAPTER TEST:
7
x+2
a. 24xy
b. 24x3y2
c. 4x
d. 24x2
4
5
3
+
2
2 xy 3 y 2
x
is equal to
18 y 2 + 15 xy 8 x 2
a.
6x 2 y 2
18 y + 15 xy 8 x 2
b.
6x 2 y 2
c.
d.
18 y 2 + 15 xy 8 x
6x 2 y 2
18 y 2 + 15 xy + 8 x 2
6x 2 y 2
a.
c.
2a + b
2ab
ab
2ab
b.
d.
d.
a 2 ab a b
3a
15b 2
17.
x 1
x 2 2x + 1
2
y 5
y 25
18.
c 2 + 3c
c
+
2
c +1
c + 2c 3
19.
a 2 49
3a 21
+
2
2a + 14
( a + 7)
20.
a2 b2
a b
2
2
x+ y
x y
21.
8
2
3 7y 7y 3
22.
p+q
q p
2
2
3 p + 2 pq q
6 p 5 pq + q 2
23.
mn
m+n
- 2
2
m + 2mn + n
m mn 2n 2
24.
1
1
- 2
b 1 b + 3b + 2
25.
2t 1 2t + 1
t +1
t 1
a+b 3
is
ab
2a
2a b
2ab
2a b
ab
6a 2 b
3ac
is
5c
5b
c.
16.
2a 2 b
c2
ab
c2
9c
91a 2 b
12.
x2 y2 a + b
a2 b2 x y
y + 6 4y2
13.
2y
y+6
14.
a 2 3a
x 2 2x + 1
2
y 5
a + a 12
15.
a 1 a +1
a + 2 a 1
5.
Answer Key
Activity 1
Find the (GCF) of the following numbers.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
16 and 8
GCF = 8
48 and 12
GCF = 12
42y and 18xy
GCF = 6y
n+5 and 2m + 10
GCF = m +5
2
2
y +4y + 4 and 3 + 5y -2
GCF = (y + 2)
Test: 1
2.
y3
=
4
2
( x 2)( x + 2)
x 4
=
3. 2
( x + 2)( x + 2)
x + 4x + 4
( x 2)
=
( x + 2)
4.
( x 3)( x + 2)
x2 x 6
=
2
( x 3)( x + 4)
x + x 12
( x + 2)
=
( x + 4)
a 2 + 3a 4 (a + 4)(a 1)
=
(a + 1)(a 1)
a2 1
(a + 4)
=
(a + 1)
B. Explain why
a2 + b2
does not simplify
( a + b) 2
to 1.
This expression will not be equal to 1.
Because see the solution:
a2 + b2
since (a + b)2 is same
(a + b)(a + b)
as (a + b)(a + b)
2
2
a +b
the result is not equal to 1
2
a + 2ab + b 2
Test 2:
Simplify the following rational expressions
and express your answer in lowest terms.
a 2 4a
a(a 4)
a4
1.
=
=
2
a(4 a)
4a
4a a
= -
(4 a)
= -1
(4 a)
4a 2 20a
4a(a 5)
=
2
(a 5)(a + 1)
a 4a 5
4a
=
a +1
4x
1
3.
=
3x
12 x 2
2.
x+5
x+5
=
( x + 5)( x 2)
x + 3x 10
1
=
x2
2
y + 8 y 20
( y + 10)( y 2)
=
5.
2
( y + 2)( y 2)
y 4
4.
y + 10
y+2
Activity 3
Find the LCD of the following rational
expressions.
2
8
1.
;
LCD =60k
15k 4k
5
2
2.
;
LCD = 15y5
3
5
5y
15 y
7
1
;
LCD= 30(y - 6)
3.
5 y 30 6 y 36
1
9
; 2
4. 2
k + 4k 12 k + k 90
k2 + 4k 12 = (k + 6)(k - 2)
k2 + k 90 = (k + 10)(k - 9)
LCD = (k + 6)(k - 2)(k + 10)(k - 9)
5.
6ab = 2 3 a b
LCD = 2 3 2 a b b = 12ab2
1
3
;
3.
(4a 8b) (3a 6b)
4a 8b = 4(a 2b)
3a 6b = 3(a 2b)
LCD = 12(a 2b)
4.
8
10
;
2
2d 11d 14 2d d 21
2
b
3b
; 2
2b b 3 3b + 5b + 2
2
5
3
;
2
6ab
4ab
4ab2 = 2 2 a b b
Activity 4
A. Find the sum and express your answer
in lowest terms.
3
2
5
1. + =
s
s
s
x
2x
3x
+
=
p 5
p 5
p 5
2n + 3
n4
+ 2
3. 2
n 4n + 4
n +n6
2.
n2 4n + 4 = (n - 2)(n - 2)
n2 + n 6 = (n + 3)(n - 2)
LCD = (n - 2)(n - 2)(n + 3)
= 3n2 + 9n 6n +17
(n - 2)(n + 3)(n - 2)
3n 2 + 3n + 17
=
(n 2)(n + 3)(n 2)
4.
Test 4
Add and express your answer in lowest
terms if necessary.
3a
5a
8a
1.
+
=
9a 8 9a 8 9a 8
2.
2
3
+ 2
a 5a + 6
a a2
2
a2 5a + 6 = (a - 3)(a - 2)
a2 a 2 = (a + 1)(a - 2)
3.
5.
a+9
(a 2)(a 3)(a + 1)
2x + 1
2x + 1
or
(2 x + 1)( x + 3)
2x + 7x + 3
2
2x
3x
+
x+ y
2x + 2 y
x+y=x+y
2x + 2y = 2(x + y)
3(a + 1) + (2)(a 3)
(a 2)(a 3)(a + 1)
LCD = 2(x + y)
3a + 3 2a + 6
=
(a 2)(a 3)(a + 1)
=
2x
1
+
2
2x + 7 x + 3
2x + 7x + 3
2
2 r 2 + 8r + 4
(r 5)(r + 2)(r + 6)
4.
r +1
r 1
+ 2
r 3r 10
r + r 30
2 x(2)
3x
4 x + 3x
+
=
2( x + y )
2( x + y )
2( x + y )
5
4
+
t 6
t+6
LCD = (t - 6)(t + 6)
r2 3r 10 = (r - 5)(r + 2)
r2 + r 30 = (r - 5)(r + 6)
5(t + 6)
4(t 6)
+
(t 6)(t + 6)
(t 6)(t + 6)
5t + 30 + 4t 24
(t 6)(t + 6)
9t + 6
(t 6)(t + 6)
r 2 + 6r + r + 6 + r 2 + 2r r 2
=
(r 5)(r + 2)(r + 6)
5.
3a
4a 1
+ 2
2
a + ab 2b
a b2
2
3a
4a 1
+
(a + 2b)(a b) (a b)(a + b)
=
3a(a + b)
+
(a + 2b)(a + b)(a b)
(4a 1)(a + 2b)
(a + 2b)(a + b)(a b)
3a 2 + 3ab + 4a 2 + 8ab a 2b
(a + 2b)(a + b)(a b)
7a 2 + 11ab 2b a
(a + 2b)(a + b)(a b)
Activity 5:
1. Let x = the number to be added to
both numerator and denominator .
Original fraction New fraction
5
5 x
+
8
8 x
Equation:
5 x
3
+ =
8 x
4
LCD = 4(8 + x)
5 x
3
4(8 + x)( + ) = 4(8 + x) (
8 x
4
20 + 4x = 24 + 3x
4x 3x = 24 20
x=4
Check:
5 4
3
+ =
8 4
4
9
3
=
12
4
Therefore, the required number is 4.
Test 5:
1. Let x = the number to be subtracted from
both numerator and denominator.
Original fraction New fraction
7
7 x
12
12 x
Equation:
7 x
1
- =
12 x
2
LCD = 2(12 x)
1
7x
2( 12-x)
= 2( 12-x)
2
12 x
2(7 x) = 12 x
1(b 1)
(b + 2)(b + 1)(b 1)
14 2x = 12 x
14 12 = 2x x
(b + 2) (b 1)
(b + 1)(b 1)(b + 2)
3
(b + 1)(b 1)(b + 2)
2 = x or x = 2
Therefore, the required number is 2.
2. Let x = number of hours for both to work
together.
2.
x
= part of the job Ken can finish
4
in 1 hour.
x
= part of the job Nikki can
5
finish in 1 hour.
Equation:
Activity 6::
Perform the indicated operation and express
the answer in the lowest terms.
1
1
1. 2
- 2
b 1 b + 3b + 2
8
2
3 7y 7y 3
8
2
(3 7 y ) 7 y 3
8 (2)
=
(7 y 3)
10
=
(7 y 3)
10
=
3 7y
x
x
+
=1
4
5
LCD = 20
x
x
20( ) + 20( ) = 1(20)
4
5
5x + 4x = 20
9x = 20
2
x=2
9
Thus, Ken and Nikki can finish it in
2
2 hrs
9
1(b + 2)
(b + 1)(b 1)(b + 2)
3.
2y +1
2
1
+
2
y 3 y +3
9 y
2
1
2y +1
+
2
y 3 y +3
9 y
2y +1
2
1
+
=
(3 y )(3 + y )
y 3 y +3
2y +1
2
1
+
=
( y + 3)( y 3)
y 3 y +3
2y +1
2
y+3
+
=
( y + 3)( y 3) y 3 y + 3
1
y 3
y +3 y 3
(2 y + 1) + 2( y + 3) 1( y 3)
=
( y + 3)( y 3)
2y 1+ 2y + 6 y + 3
( y + 3)( y 3)
8 y
=
( y + 3)( y 3)
Test 6:
1.
3 2
1
=
p p
p
1
3
- 2
2
2
m + mn 2n
m 3mn + 2n 2
2.
x
2x
x 2x
x
=
=
x5 x5
x5
x5
1
3
=
(m + 2n)(m n) (m 2n)(m n)
15
15(k + 2) 3(4k 2 )
3
=
3.
4k 2 k + 2
4k 2 (k + 2)
4.
5.
m + 2n 3m 6n
(m + 2n)(m n)(m 2n)
4m 4n
(m + 2n)(m n)
4m 3n
4m n
2
2
2
16m n
16m + 8mn + n 2
=
4m 3n
(4m + n)(4m n)
4m n
(4m + n)(4m + n)
4n 2
(4m + n)(4m n)(4m + n)
Activity B:
BE HONEST
4.
m
3
- 2
m + 3m 18 m + 3m 18
2
m3
m + 3m 18
5.
15k + 30 12k 2
4k 2 (k + 2)
x
3x
- 2
2
x + xy 2 y
x 3xy + 2 y 2
2
x
3x
( x + 2 y )( x y ) ( x 2 y )( x y )
x( x 2 y ) 3 x( x + 2 y )
=
( x + 2 y )( x y )( x 2 y )
x 2 2 xy 3 x 2 6 xy
=
( x + 2 y )( x y )( x 2 y )
2 x 2 8 xy
( x + 2 y )( x y )( x 2 y )
Activity 7
Multiply as indicated and express each
product in simplest form.
3 12
36
3
1.
=
=
8 15 120 10
2.
2ab
c
2abc
2b
2 = 2 2 =
2
3ca
3c
a
3c a
3.
9 x2
x
x +3 3 x
=
(3 x)(3 + x) x
( x + 3)(3 x)
=x
4.
2.
3.
a 2 + 5a a 2 4a
a 2 16 a 2 25
=
a(a + 5) a(a 4)
(a 4)(a + 4)(a 5)(a + 5)
a2
=
(a + 4)(a 5)
5.
a2
a 2 a 20
6x 3 y
2x + y
2
2
4 x + 4 xy + y
4 x 4 xy + y 2
3(2 x y ) 2 x + y
(2 x + y )(2 x + y )(2 x y )(2 x y )
3
(2 x + y )(2 x y )
3
4x y 2
2
Test 7
Multiply and express each product in
simplest form.
12 21 2
=
1.
7 54
3
22a a 222bbc
3b c 3 2 a a
16b
9
t 2 + 5t
t +1
2
5+t
t 25
=
t (t + 5) (t + 1)
(5 + t )(t 5)(t + 5)
t (t + 1)
(t + 5)(t 5)
t2 +1
t 2 25
x 2 + 8 x + 16 x 3
4.
x+4
x2 9
4a 2 8b 2 c
3bc 6a 2
5.
( x + 4)( x + 4) ( x 3)
( x 3)( x + 3) ( x + 4)
x+4
x+3
x 2 6x + 5 x 1
x 1
x5
=
( x 5)( x 1)
x5
=x1
Activity 8
A. State the multiplicative inverse or
reciprocal of each expression below.
1.
3
8
reciprocal is
1
x y
7x
3.
9y
x+ y
4.
2
18 x
5.
7
2.
8
3
reciprocal is x y
reciprocal is
9y
7x
Test 8
Perform the indicated division and write the
answer in simplest form.
3d 2 c 6dc
1.
a4
a5
2
reciprocal is
x+ y
7
reciprocal is
18 x
3 d d c a4 a
=
3 2 d c a4
= 14
7 14
7
3
7 14
7 a2
a
2. 2 =
=
a a
a 14
2
2.
3x 21 x 2 + 7 x
= 2
3x
x 49
3x
=1
=
3x
x2 y2
x2 y2
4
2
=
5.
x y
2
x y
4
( x y )( x + y ) 2 2
2
x y
= 2(x + y)
a+b
a2 b2
2
2
x+ y
x y
a2 b2 x + y
x2 y2 a + b
(a b)(a + b) x + y
=
( x y )( x + y ) a + b
m3 1
5
10
5
=
m3 m3
m3
10
2
3x 21
3x
2
4. 2
x 49 x + 7 x
x ( x + 7)
3( x 7)
( x + 7)( x 7)
3x
dca
2c
3.
a5
3d 2 c
6dc
a4
3.
ab
x y
x y 5x 2 5 y 2
x+ y
3x 3 y
x y
3x 3 y
x + y 5x 2 5 y 2
x y
3( x y )
x + y 5( x 2 y 2 )
3( x y )( x y )
5( x 2 y 2 )( x + y )
3( x y )
5( x + y ) 2
4.
5a 2 5ab 5a 2 5b 2
b
ab + b 2
=
5a 2 5ab
b
2
2
ab + b
5a 5b 2
5a (a b)
b
2
b(a + b) 5(a b 2 )
5a(a b)(b)
5b(a + b)(a b)(a + b)
a
( a + b) 2
3x
6x 3
3x 2 x 2
y
=
=
5.
y 5y2
5y2
5y3
2x 2
11.
7ab 81c 2
9c
=
2
9c
91a b 13a
12.
x2 y2 a + b
a2 b2 x y
( x + y )( x y ) (a + b)
(a + b)(a b)( x y )
x+ y
=
a b
y + 6 4y2
= 2y
13.
2y
y+6
=
14.
a 2 3a
a2 9
a 2 + a 12
a2
a (a 3)
(a 3)(a + 3)
a
(a + 4)(a 3)
(a 3)(a + 3)
=
a(a + 4)
Chapter Test
1. b
2. a
a 1 a +1
a + 2 a 1
15. .
a +1
a+2
3. a
4. c
5. .b
6. c
7. a
16.
a 2 ab 15b 2
=
3a
ab
8. a
9. b
10. c
a 2 ab a b
3a
15b 2
a(a b) 15b 2
3a
a b
= 5b2
17.
x 2 2x + 1
x 1
2
y 5
y 25
x 2 2 x + 1 y 2 25
y 5
x 1
( x 1)( x 1) ( y 5)( y + 5)
y 5
x 1
= (x - 1)(y + 5)
c 2 + 3c
c
18. 2
c + 2c 3 c + 1
c 2 + 3c
c +1
= 2
c
c + 2c 3
c(c + 3)
c +1
=
(c 1)(c + 3)
c
c +1
=
c 1
a 2 49 3a 21
19. .
(a + 7) 2 2a + 14
a 49 2a + 14
(a + 7) 2 3a 21
2
a+b
x+ y
8
2
3 7y 7y 3
8
2
=
(7 y 3) 7 y 3
8 (2)
=
(7 y 3)
21.
10
(7 y 3)
p+q
q p
2
2
3 p + 2 pq q
6 p 5qp + q 2
22.
p+q
q p
(3 p q)( p + q) (3 p q)(2 p q)
( p + q)(2 p q) (q p)( p + q)
(3 p q )( p + q)(2 p q)
2 p 2 + pq q 2 (q 2 p 2 )
=
(3 p q )( p + q )(2 p q )
(a + 7)(a 7) 2(a + 7)
=
(a + 7)(a + 7) 3(a 7)
2 p 2 + pq q 2 q 2 + p 2
(3 p q )( p + q )(2 p q )
2(a + 7)
2
=
=
3(a + 7)
3
3 p 2 + pq 2q 2
(3 p q )( p + q )(2 p q )
ab
a2 b2
20. 2
2
x y
x y
x y
a b
2
2
ab
x y
2
(a b)(a + b) x y
( x y )( x + y ) a b
23.
mn
m+n
- 2
2
m + 2mn + n
m mn 2n 2
2
mn
m+n
(m + n)(m + n) (m 2n)(m + n)
m 2 3mn + 2n 2 (m 2 + 2mn + n 2 )
(m + n)(m + n)(m 2n)
m 2 3mn + 2n 2 m 2 2mn n 2
(m + n)(m + n)(m 2n)
5mn + n 2
=
(m + n)(m + n)(m 2n)
24.
1
1
- 2
b 1 b + 3b + 2
2
1
1
(b + 1)(b 1) (b + 2)(b 1)
(b + 2) (b 1)
(b + 1)(b 1)(b + 2)
b + 2 b +1
(b + 1)(b 1)(b + 2)
3
(b + 1)(b 1)(b + 2)
25.
2t 1 2t + 1
t +1
t 1
(2t 2 3t + 1) (2t 2 + 3t + 1)
(t + 1)(t 1)
2t 2 3t + 1 2t 2 3t 1
(t + 1)(t 1)
6t
(t + 1)(t 1)
5y
15
?
and
10
10
20 y
or 2y
10
This answer is wrong because 5y and 15
cannot be added since they are dissimilar
fractions.
Students answer:
2. Find
11x 7 x
.
15 12
4x
3
This answer is wrong. Notice that their
denominators are different. Thus, we
find the LCD and the LCD is 60.
Rewrite the rational expression as
fraction with 60 as the denominator.
Students answer:
11 7
11(4) 7(5)
=
15 12 15(4) 12(5)
=
44 35
60 60
9
3
or
60
20
Students answer:
( x + 3)
.
( x + 3) + 2
1
3