IAB 252r3 16 February 2016 Personnel Responsibility Welding Coordination

IIW Guideline for
International Welding Engineers, Technologists,

Specialists and Practitioners
PERSONNEL WITH QUALIFICATION FOR WELDING COORDINATION
Minimum Requirements for the Education, Examination and Qualification
IAB-252r3-16
Copyright European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF)
IAB INTERNATIONAL AUTHORISATION BOARD

IAB-252r3-16
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EDUCATION,

TRAINING, EXAMINATION, AND QUALIFICATION
PERSONNEL WITH QUALIFICATION FOR WELDING

COORDINATION
(as described in ISO 14731 and other International and National Standards)
International Welding Engineer (IWE)

International Welding Technologist (IWT)
International Welding Specialist (IWS)
International Welding Practitioner (IWP)
Prepared and issued by the IAB-International Authorisation Board
Under the authority of the IIW-International Institute of Welding
Published by:
EWF-IAB/IIW Secretariat
Av. Prof. Dr. Cavaco Silva, 33
Taguspark Apartado 012
P-2741-901 Porto Salvo
Portugal
Copyright EWF
Tel:
Fax:
E-mail:
+351.21 4211351
+351.21 4228122
[email protected]
www.iiwelding.org
www.ewf.be
International Welding Engineers, Technologists, Specialists and Practitioners

Approved: February 2016 - Copyright EWF
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IAB-252r3-16
Table of Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 5
1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 6
Task Descriptions: Knowledge, skills and competence levels achieved for each qualification level and their
correlation with ISO 14731 ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Routes to Qualification ................................................................................................... 9

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
The Standard Route ....................................................................................................................................... 9

The Alternative Route ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Distance Learning Route ................................................................................................................................ 9
The experiential Route or The Career Development Route ........................................................................ 9
The Transition Route ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Teaching hours ............................................................................................................................................... 9
General Access Conditions .......................................................................................... 10

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
International Welding Engineer IWE ............................................................................................................ 10

International Welding Technologist IWT....................................................................................................... 11
International Welding Specialist IWS ........................................................................................................... 12
International Welding Practitioner IWP......................................................................................................... 13
Special Requirements ................................................................................................... 14

4.1 Standard Route ............................................................................................................................................ 14
4.2 Alternative Route .......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.1 International Welding Engineer IWE ....................................................................................................... 15
4.2.2 International Welding Technologist IWT ................................................................................................. 16
4.2.3 International Welding Specialist IWS ...................................................................................................... 17
4.2.4 International Welding Practitioner IWP.................................................................................................... 18
Section I: Theoretical and Practical Education Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3, Syllabus and
Performance Objectives ............................................................................................... 19
I.1.
Theoretical Education - Part 1 and Part 3 ................................................................... 19
Module 1: Welding processes and equipment ...................................................................................................... 19

Module 2: Materials and their behaviour during welding ...................................................................................... 39
Module 3: Construction and design ....................................................................................................................... 64
Module 4: Fabrication, applications engineering .................................................................................................. 75
I.2 Theoretical Education - IWS 0 ........................................................................................... 88

0.1 Basic Metrology applicable to Welding (4 hours) .......................................................................................... 88
0.2 Technical Calculation (8 hours) ..................................................................................................................... 89
0.3 Technical Drawings (8 hours) ........................................................................................................................ 89
0.4 Basics of Electro-technology (2 hours).......................................................................................................... 90
0.5 Basics of Chemistry (2 hours) ....................................................................................................................... 90
0.6 Basics of Materials (2 hours) ......................................................................................................................... 91
0.7 Metal products (2 hours) ............................................................................................................................... 91
0.8 Machining of Materials (2 hours) ................................................................................................................... 91
0.9 Technical Mechanics (4 hours) ..................................................................................................................... 92
0.10 Joining elements (2 hours) .......................................................................................................................... 92
0.11 Calculation of Strength (4 hours) ................................................................................................................. 92
I.3.
Practical Education Part 2 ......................................................................................... 93
I.3.1 For the IWE; IWT, and IWS ........................................................................................................................ 93

I.3.2 For the IWP ................................................................................................................................................ 93
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Section II: Examination and Qualification ............................................................................ 95

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 95
2. Approval of Training Courses ........................................................................................................................ 95
3. Examination Board......................................................................................................................................... 95
4. Admission to the Examination ....................................................................................................................... 95
5. Examination procedures ................................................................................................................................ 95
5.1 Written examination ...................................................................................................................................... 96
5.2 Oral Examination .......................................................................................................................................... 96
5.3 Practical examination ................................................................................................................................... 96
5.4 Intermediate examination ............................................................................................................................. 97
5.5 Resources to be used in examinations except harmonised examinations .................................................. 97
6. Evaluation of Performance ............................................................................................................................ 97
7. Re-examination ............................................................................................................................................. 97
8. Appeals Procedure ........................................................................................................................................ 98
9. International Welding Diplomas .................................................................................................................... 98
10. Transition Arrangements ............................................................................................................................. 98
Appendix I: Requirements for equipment, facilities and specimens for the International
Welding Engineer (IWE), Technologist (IWT), Specialist (IWS) and Practitioner
(IWP) course leading to the award of IIW qualification .............................................. 99
Appendix II: Abbreviations for Processes ........................................................................... 100
Appendix III: Requirements for ANB Detailed Assessment used in Alternatives Routes 102
Appendix IV: List of Referenced Standards ........................................................................ 109
Appendix V: EQF-level classification ................................................................................... 111

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IAB-252r3-16
Preface
This document is based upon the European Welding Engineer/ Technologist/ Specialist/ Practitioner Guidelines as
developed by the European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF), through an Agreement first signed
19 July, 1997, at the Annual Meeting of the International Institute of Welding (IIW) in San Francisco, California,
USA and which has been renewed and further developed since then. It has been established in that Agreement
that the International Welding Engineer/ Technologist/ Specialist/ Practitioner Diploma is equivalent to the European Welding Engineer/ Technologist/ Specialist/ Practitioner Diploma.
The International Institute of Welding IIW has delegated the responsibility for the management of the qualification
and certification systems to the International Authorisation Board (IAB).
This guideline for the international education, training, examination and qualification of welding personnel has been
prepared, evaluated and formulated by Group A Education, Training and Qualification of the IAB.
Any EWF Authorised National Body ANB is permitted to issue EWF diplomas equivalent to IIW ones that have
been issued by the same ANB (Automatic Route).
Copies of this document are available from the EWF/IAB Secretariat or the national ANBs.
Figure 1: Organisation of the IAB

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IAB-252r3-16
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EDUCATION, TRAINING, EXAMINATION

AND QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL
1
Introduction
Section I of the guideline covers the minimum requirements for education and training, which have been agreed
upon by all IAB - ANBs, in terms of objectives, scope, Learning Outcomes and the teaching hours to be devoted to
achieving them. It will be revised periodically by IAB Group A to take into account changes to reflect the "state of
the art". Students successfully completing a course of education and examinations will be expected to be capable
of applying the welding technology at a level consistent with the qualification diploma.
Section II of the guideline covers the rules for examination and qualification.
The modular course contents are given in the following structure (overview):
IWE
MT
P1
Teaching hours*
IWT
IWS
MT
P1
MT
P1
IWP
MT P1
1. Welding processes and equipment
95
46
86
46
53
20
32
19
2. Materials and their behaviour during welding
115
33
96
31
56
16
23
10
3. Construction and design
62
14
44
14
24
4. Fabrication, applications engineering
116
83
56
29
388
93
309
91
189
40
90
29
Modules of theoretical education and fundamental

practical skills
Sub-total
Fundamental practical skills (Part 2)
Total
60
60
60
60
448
369
249
150
* Teaching hours are the minimum for the Standard Route, see 2.6;
MT = Module Total (Part 1 + Part 3);
P1 = Part 1;
Figures under P1 are given for the Standard Route (see 4.1).
It is to be noted that the overall structure of the syllabus for all levels (IWE, IWT, IWS, and IWP) is similar, but some
topics are not considered in all levels of qualification. These topics are indicated by 0 hours in this guideline. The
depth to which a topic is dealt with is indicated by the number of hours allocated to it in the guideline. This will be
reflected in the scope and depth of the examination.
The objectives of the education, training and examinations in terms of learning outcomes are described in two
ways: generically for each level as mentioned in Appendix V; and more specifically and in more detail under the
heading of Expected Results in each section of the Syllabus.
Additionally Appendix V shows a classification for each level of learning outcome (general) into an EQF-level
(EQF= European Qualification Framework).
The text on the following page is the IIW view of the relevant Task Descriptions and should be considered only as
guidance to explain the level of knowledge, competence and skills, for each qualification level under this guideline.

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Task Descriptions: Knowledge, skills and competence levels achieved for each qualification level and their correlation with ISO 14731
IWE Knowledge, Competence and Management
A candidate completing the IWE training under this program is expected to acquire advanced knowledge and critical understanding of welding technology application.
He / she shall have advanced competence and skills at a level that is required in the field of welding technology
which demonstrate:
technology mastery and required innovation
being able to solve high-level complex and unpredictable problems
the ability to manage high complex technical and professional activities or projects related to welding applications
taking responsibility for decision making in unpredictable work or study context
taking responsibility for managing professional development of individuals and groups
IWT Knowledge, Competence and Management

A candidate completing the IWT training under this program is expected to acquire an overall knowledge and understanding of welding technology application.
He / she shall have competence and skills at a level that is required in the field of welding technology which
demonstrate:
being able to solve low-level complex problems
the ability to manage in detail the welding applications and related professional activities or projects
taking responsibility for decision making in low-level complex work or study context
taking responsibility to define the tasks of welding or related personnel
being able to manage professional development of individuals and groups
IWS Knowledge, Competence and Management

A candidate completing the IWS training under this program is expected to acquire a specialized and factual
knowledge in the field of welding technology.
demonstrate:
being able to develop solutions on common/regular problems
being able to manage and supervise common or standard welding applications and related professional activities
taking responsibility for decision making in common or standard work
taking responsibility to supervise the tasks of welding and related personnel.
IWP Knowledge, Competence and Management

A candidate completing the IWP training under this program is expected to acquire a basic knowledge in the field of
welding technology.
demonstrate:
being able to develop solutions on basic and specific problems
being able to supervise basic welding applications and related professional activities
taking responsibility for decision making in basic work
taking responsibility to supervise the tasks of welding and related personnel
In correlation with essential coordination tasks as detailed in EN ISO 14731, the previous mentioned competences
and skills will enable the candidate to effectively perform the following tasks:

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IWE
Type of Construction concerned
Any
type
IWT
IWS
With a low level Regular and

of complexity
common
IWP
Basic specific works
Welding construction contract requirements
able to review
not able to perform
Technical review of the welding construction
able to perform the task
not able to perform
Subcontracting activities
able to specify requirements and assessment protocol, to supervise implementation and monitor
Welding personnel and related personnel needs and competences/

skills;
able to specify, supervise and manage
able to supervise implementation and monitor

able to supervise the
welding personnel and
monitor
Equipment and means needed for

the construction;
able to specify, validate and manage the

equipment, including the calibration if
needed
able to understand and

supervise the proper
use
Manufacturing plan;
able to specify, develop, validate and

manage
able to monitor and

implement
Welding procedures needed for the

construction;
able to specify, develop, evaluate, validate and manage
able to understand,
implement
Working instructions;
able to specify, develop, evaluate and

manage
able to understand,
implement
Base materials and welding consumables;
able to specify, validate and manage
able to monitor and

supervise the proper
use
Inspection Testing Plan;
able to specify, review, develop, evaluate, validate and manage
able to understand,
implement and monitor
Heat treatments;
able to specify, develop, evaluate, validate and manage
able to understand,
implement, supervise
and monitor
Corrective actions to solve welded

construction non-conformances;
able to specify, review, develop, evaluate, validate and manage
able to implement,
monitor and control
Identification and traceability used in

welding manufacturing;
able to specify, develop, evaluate, validate and manage processes
able to understand,
control and supervise
Construction quality records.
able to specify, develop, evaluate, validate and manage processes related to

monitor and control
able to collect, control,

perform and supervise

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IAB-252r3-16
Routes to Qualification
Three distinct routes to gaining the qualifications described in this document have been agreed.
1. The Standard Route
2. The Alternative Route
3. Distance Learning Route
4. The Experiential Route
5. Transition Route
2.1
The Standard Route
The Standard Route requires successful completion of IAB approved courses which are designed to meet all the
requirements in this Guideline. This is the route (Path 1 in diagrams 1, 2, 3, and 4) recommended by IAB as offering the fastest, most comprehensive manner in which the syllabus may be covered.
The Standard Route also allows a limited amount of prior learning (Part 1 of each qualification course, see Section
I) to be taken into account, for example during University or College courses or by blended learning (Path 2 in diagrams 1, 2, 3, and 4). This prior learning shall be approved by the ANB.
2.2
The Alternative Route
The Alternative Route is aimed at individuals who may already have experience of the job function at a particular
level without holding the appropriate qualification diploma. These individuals will have already gained full or part
knowledge of the syllabus defined in this guideline and can demonstrate their capability to proceed to examination
either directly without compulsory attendance at an ANB approved training course or by attending only part of such
a course.
2.3
Distance Learning Route
The Part 1 theory module may be taught in Blended Learning Programs under control of the ANB.
When the Part 1 and Part 3 theory modules are combined or the Part 3 theory module is taught separately the requirements of the latest edition of the Distance Learning Guideline IAB 195 shall be followed.
2.4
The experiential Route or The Career Development Route
The Experiential Route allows considering whether professional experiential learning can be recognised for career
progression either from IWP diploma holders to IWS or IWS diploma holders to IWT courses who do not satisfy the
relevant general access conditions. By this route it is possible to run a career path from the welder through the IWP
and IWS up to the IWT, more detailed information is given on items 3.2 and 3.3.
2.5
The Transition Route
The Transition Route is described in Section II, item 10.

2.6
Teaching hours
The meaning of the teaching hours is the following:

Standard Route:
Alternative Route:
Distance Learning:
Part 1 (P1):
Part 3 (P3):
minimum number of hours devoted to the subject

recommended number of hours devoted to the subject
recommended number of hours devoted to the subject
maximum number of hours devoted to the subject in Part 1
minimum or recommended number of hours devoted to the subject in Part 3
A "teaching hour" shall contain at least 50 minutes of direct teaching time.

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General Access Conditions
In a separate document (Directory of Access Conditions, Doc. IAB-020-see latest edition) the defined access conditions approved by Group B Implementation and Authorisation of the IAB are given in detail for all countries participating in the IAB system. Applicants not fulfilling the access conditions may follow the course as guests, but entry
to the related examination is not permitted.
The following general conditions shall be applied to all courses:
1. Students who have successfully passed the intermediate examination (Part 1) of the course are al-lowed to
attend Part 2 and Part 3 of the course;
2. The implementation of the access conditions is the responsibility of the ANB.
In following parts of chapter 3 and in Special Requirements in chapter 4 of the guideline, diagrams are
used for schematic illustration of the text. It should be noted that it is the text which is binding
3.1
International Welding Engineer IWE
It is agreed that entry to the program should be on a postgraduate level. Participants should have a primary degree
in an engineering discipline or its equivalent recognised by the national government and assessed by the ANB.
Therefore, it would be expected that participants should have at least a Bachelor degree at university level with a
minimum study of 3 years, e.g.:
a relevant qualification from an accredited program in accordance with the Washington Accord for professional qualification of engineers, or
a First Cycle Bologna Framework engineering qualification, or
an engineering qualification at EQF Level 6,
or equivalent.
In case of co-operation arrangements, e.g. with universities, according to which the IWE Part 1 (IWE 1) of the syllabus with scope, objectives, and learning outcomes (see Section I) is presented under careful control of the ANB,
the participant is allowed to enter the IWE course through the Path 2 (see item 2.1 and the diagram 1 below).
The following additional conditions shall be observed for the different routes through the IWE course:
1. Students who have authenticated evidence that they have passed the examinations in all subjects of their
Bachelor engineering degree studies but still have to complete a thesis are allowed to attend Part 2 (IWE
2) and Part 3 (IWE 3) of the IWE course and the corresponding written parts of the final examination;
2. Students shall present their degree diploma to the Board of Examiners before being allowed to take the final oral examination for IWE.
Diagram 1: IWE-route
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3.2
International Welding Technologist IWT
It is agreed that entry to the program via Path 1 and 2 should be on the basis of a higher technical education below
that required for the International Welding Engineer. Participants should have a primary degree in an engineering
discipline, e.g.:
a relevant qualification from an accredited program in accordance with the Sydney Accord for professional
qualification of engineering technologists, or
a Short Cycle Bologna Framework engineering qualification, or
or equivalent.
In case of co-operation arrangements, e.g. with technical colleges, according to which the IWT Part 1 of the curriculum structure (see Section I) is presented under careful control of the ANB, the participant is allowed to enter the
IWT course through Path 2 (see item 2.1 and the diagram 2 below).
Diagram 2: IWT-Route
Applicants who have gained relevant industrial experience may take the Experiential Route to meet the General
Access Conditions for IWT:
1. CIWS with a minimum of two years experience, post certification, as responsible for welding coordination
for a welded product manufacturer working in full compliance with the Standard Quality Requirements of
ISO 3834-3 or above
or
2. Six years of experience working at Technologist level, after gaining the IWS diploma and within the preceding eight years.
All Experiential Route applicants will be required to attend the IWT Part 3 taught course and pass all Technologist
level examinations to gain the IWT diploma

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3.3
International Welding Specialist IWS
It is agreed that entry to the program through Path 1 and 2 should be on the basis of a specific technical education
below that required for the International Welding Technologist but higher than a professional worker, e.g. a relevant
qualification from an accredited program:
in accordance with the Dublin Accord for the professional qualification of engineering technicians, or
or equivalent.
In case of co-operation arrangements, e.g. with technical colleges, according to which the IWS Part 1 of the curriculum structure (see Section I) is presented under careful control of the ANB, the participant is allowed to enter
the IWS course through Path 2 (see item 2.1 and the diagram 3 below).
Diagram 3: IWS-Route
The following additional conditions shall be observed for the different routes through the IWS course:
1. Path 1 and 2: a minimum of 2 years job related experience is required;
2. Path 3: For the access to the module IWS Part 0 the minimum requirements are:
International Welding Practitioner (IWP) and minimum 2 years experience (see on above diagram option 1)
OR
Qualification of a professional worker (with diploma after examination) in metalworking professions at EQF
Level 3, or equivalent and minimum 3 years experience in welding related activities,
The education National definitions for a professional worker are given in the Directory of Access Conditions
(see on above diagram 3, option 1).
3a. A qualified professional worker (as stated above) not fulfilling the IWS National Access Requirements should
be allowed to go directly to the IWS Part 0 examination if they can prove that they have achieved the
knowledge prescribed by the IWS Part 0 (see on above diagram 3, option 2).
3b. An IWP Diploma holder not fulfilling the IWS National Access Requirements should be allowed to go directly to
the IWS Part 0 examination if they can prove that they have achieved the knowledge prescribed by the IWS
Part 0 (see on above diagram option 2), if the applicant has success on this exam, he/she may skip the IWS
Part 1 and only perform the IWS Part 1 intermediate exam. At the discretion of the ANB a partial or full exemption from Part 2 may be granted. (see diagram 3, option 2 and 4)
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IAB-252r3-16
4. If the IWP Diploma holder fulfils the IWS National Access Requirements, he may skip the entry test (IWS Part 0
examination) and IWS Part 1 and only perform the IWS Part 1 intermediate exam (see on above diagram 3 option 3). At the discretion of the ANB a partial or full exemption from Part 2 may be granted.
3.4
International Welding Practitioner IWP
In order to enter the International Welding Practitioner course, participants are required to be skilled in practical
welding and to have had experience as a welder in industry.
The course is intended to build theoretical knowledge and practical welding skills.
In case of co-operation arrangements, e.g. with technical colleges, according to which the IWP Part 1 of the curriculum structure (see Section I) is presented under careful control of the ANB, the participant is allowed to enter
the IWP course through the Route 2 (see item 2.1 and the diagram 4 below).
The following standard access conditions are applicable to the IWP course. Applicants are required to
1. Hold a valid welder qualification certificate ISO 9606 H-L045 ss nb in one of the welding processes listed in
5.1 of ISO 9606, or equivalent.
or hold a valid welder qualification as a plate welder for the following conditions: PE ss nb or PC and PF ss
nb, according to ISO 9606 at least in one process, and/or other national equivalent in the IIW member
country.
2. A minimum of 3 years job related experience as a plate or tube welder is required.
Diagram 4: IWP-Route

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4
4.1
Special Requirements
Standard Route
Applicants (excluding guests) shall satisfy the ANB access conditions. If the ANB decides that the access conditions are adequately met, the applicants are then required to attend a training course conducted by an Approved
Training Body (ATB) giving as a minimum the hours of instruction detailed in this Guideline as teaching hours.
There will be written and oral examinations (where applicable) for the award of the applicable IIW Diploma.
The maximum amount of hours of the lectures, which can be included in Part 1 are given in the table included in
Chapter 1 above. The definition of the elements of the syllabus which are included in Part 1 is the responsibility of
the ANB.
It is not obligatory to follow exactly the order of the topics given in this guideline and choice in the arrangement of
the syllabus is permitted, with the exception that training must conclude with Module 4 Fabrication, applications engineering in Part 3.
The depth to which each topic is dealt with is indicated by the number of hours allocated to it in the guideline. This
will be reflected in the scope and depth of the examination.
The objectives of the education, training and examinations in terms of learning outcomes are described in two
ways: generically for each level (see Introduction) ; and more specifically and in more detail under the heading of
Expected Result in each section of the Syllabus.
The rules for the conduct of the final examination by the ANB are prescribed under Examination and Qualification in
this guideline (Section II).
4.2
Alternative Route
Applicants shall submit an application form to the ANB together with the appropriate documents indicated in the
subclauses 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3 or 4.2.4 for a paper assessment.
The ANB shall check the documentation submitted to ensure the applicant meets the national Access Conditions
(see doc IAB-020- latest edition). In addition the ANB check should evaluate and verify the applicants experience,
training, education and practice of the job function in welding at the relevant qualification level. The result of this
assessment shall determine if the applicant is suitable for further detailed assessment (Appendix III).

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4.2.1
International Welding Engineer IWE
The applicant shall submit:

An application form
A copy of a diploma showing graduation in an engineering subject complying with the Access Conditions.
A curriculum vitae (CV) - resume containing professional information:
evidence of at least 4 years job function in welding at the level of an engineer (in a period of 6
years before application);
justification of candidates experience, training, and education to become IWE (may include other
test results).
Applicants who satisfy the Access Conditions AND already hold an IWT diploma should be considered under the
Alternative Route
Diagram 5: Alternative versus Standard Routes for IWE qualification

(see also Appendix III: Requirements for ANB Detailed Assessment)

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4.2.2
International Welding Technologist IWT

An application form
A copy of a diploma showing graduation as technologist complying with the Access Conditions.
evidence of at least 4 years job function in welding at the level of a technologist (in a period of 6 years
before application);
justification of candidates experience, training, and education to become IWT (may include other test
results).
Applicants who satisfy the Access Conditions AND already hold an IWS diploma should be considered under the
Alternative Route.
Applicants who satisfy the Access Conditions AND hold an IWI-C diploma should be considered under the Alternative Route.
Diagram 6: Alternative versus Standard Routes for IWT qualification


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4.2.3
International Welding Specialist IWS

An application form
A copy of documentary proof showing compliance with the Access Conditions for IWS.
evidence of at least 3 years job function in welding at a level equivalent to that of a specialist (in a period of 6 years before application);
justification of candidates experience, training, and education to become IWS (may include other test
results).
Applicants who satisfy the Access Conditions AND hold an IWI-S diploma should be considered under the Alternative Route.
Applicants who do not satisfy the Access Conditions but who have a minimum of six years of experience in welding
coordination and demonstrate to the ANB that their combination of education, training and experience in welding
technology has provided a level of knowledge equivalent to the current IIW requirements should be considered
under the Alternative Route.
Diagram 7: Alternative versus Standard Routes for IWS qualification


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4.2.4
International Welding Practitioner IWP
The applicant shall submit

An application form
A copy of a valid welder qualification certificate according with chapter 3.4 of the standard route.
min. 3 years job function in welding as a certified plate or tube welder in a period of 5 years before application plus
min. 1 year job function in welding practitioner level in a period of 3 years before application;
justification of candidates experience, training, and education to become IWP (may include other test
results).
Diagram 8: Alternative versus Standard Routes for IWP qualification


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Section I:
Theoretical and Practical Education Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3, Syllabus and
Performance Objectives
(Figures are teaching hours. Those after P1= are maximum teaching hours which can be included in Part 1)
I.1.
Theoretical Education - Part 1 and Part 3
Module 1: Welding processes and equipment

1.1 General introduction to welding technology
Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the developments in welding processes including accepted terminology, standards and abbreviations.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the different welding processes including terminology, standards and abbreviations.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
History ....
General applications for welding ....
Schematic presentation of welding processes .
Brief description with characteristics .....
Applicability of the most common welding processes ....
Abbreviations used for welding processes ...
Hints in use for welding processes ....
Welding positions and Terminology (ISO 6947, ISO 17659) .......................
Symbolic representation of joints (overview).
Classification of welding processes (ISO, CEN and national standards).
IWE
3
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
3
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
1
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
1
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Learning Outcomes for IWE/IWT:

1. Detail the differences between each major type of welding process, e.g. arc, resistance, flame, forge,
etc.
2. Differentiate between processes with reference to standards.
3. Recognise a welding process by the common abbreviation.
4. Explain the range of application of most common welding processes.
Learning Outcomes for IWS/IWP:
1. Outline the major differences between each main type of welding process, e.g. fusion arc, resistance,
flame, forge, etc.
2. Describe the different processes with reference to standards.
3. Identify a welding process by the common abbreviation.

page 19 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.2 Oxy-gas Welding and related processes

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the fundamentals of oxy-gas combustion, characteristics of the different fuel gases, equipment, safety and typical applications.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the fundamentals of oxy-gas combustion, characteristics of different gases, equipment, safety and typical applications.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Process principles .
Range of Application
Types of Flames ...
Characteristics of fuel gases, (acetylene, propane, etc.) ...
Combustion reactions...
Temperature distribution effects .
Equipment ..
Methods of welding techniques, rightward, leftward ...
Standards for filler materials (at least for non-alloy steels).......................
Welding applications, typical problems and imperfections..
Health and safety issues specific to the process .
IWE
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
1
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
1
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the characteristics of the three flame types and reasons for application of each.
2. Detail the characteristics of flames produced by different fuel gases.
3. Define the potential hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
4. Explain the purpose and working principle of each component of the equipment.
5. Interpret appropriate standards.
6. Define the range of application for this process and potential problems to overcome.
1. Outline the characteristics of the three flame types and typical applications for each type.
2. Recognise the characteristics of flames produced by different fuel gases.
3. Identify the potential hazards and methods of safe handling, storage and working practices.
4. Outline the purpose and working principle of each component of the equipment.
5. Demonstrate how to use appropriate standards.
6. Identify the limitations and the range of application of the process and recognise how to overcome the
potential problems associated with this process.

page 20 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.3 Electrotechnics, a review

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the basics of electricity in relation to the requirements
of welding technology and appreciate the key electronic components used in welding power sources.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the basics of electricity and the characteristics of
the most important electrical components used in electrical welding power sources.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Basics of electricity and electronics (define current, voltage and resistance)..............
Ohm's Law .
Parallel and serial circuits ...
Direct current (DC), polarity, alternating current (AC) ....
Magnetism in welding ..
Capacity, condenser, Inductance, inductors
Transformer, and rectifying bridge (half wave and full wave rectification)...
Transistor, thyristor, .....
Hazard
Health and safety ..
IWE
1
P1
IWT
1
P1
IWS
2
P1
IWP
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Define and explain the effect of current, voltage and electrical resistance in welding.
2. Detail the functions of the most important components of welding power sources.
3. Discuss competently the differences between DC and AC current.
4. Interpret and apply knowledge of electricity and electronics to welding applications.
1. Outline the relation between current, voltage and electrical resistance, and also define each electrical
parameter.
2. Outline the major functions of the most important components of welding power sources.
3. Describe the major differences between DC and AC current and give examples of their individual
application to different welding processes.
4. Demonstrate and apply knowledge related to electricity and electronics in welding applications.

page 21 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.4 The arc

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the fundamentals of an electric arc, its characteristics,
limitations and application in welding, including arc stability problems.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of an electric arc, its characteristics, limitations and
application in welding.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Arc physics (producing an electric arc, the main arc areas, stability of the
arc, gas ionization, ionization potentials, arc forces)
Voltage distribution across the arc .....
Heat generation at the cathode and anode...
Polarity and arc characteristics in AC and DC and its control for the key
welding processes.....
Influence on the welding process ...
Temperature distribution in the arc and effects............
Influence of the magnetic fields on the arc (why, how to solve).....
Limits of application ......
IWE
3
P1
IWT
3
P1
IWS
1
P3
IWP
1
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the fundamental physics of an electrical arc, including the main parameters influencing
arc stability.
2. Detail the generation of heat in the arc and the arc voltage distribution.
3. Explain fully the influence of magnetic fields on the electric arc.
4. Predict how to solve magnetic deflection problems.
5. Detail the arc characteristics for DC and AC including control and limitations.
1. Describe an electrical arc; its main areas and their importance to welding and arc stability.
2. Outline the generation of heat in the arc..
3. Give examples of the influence of magnetic fields on the electric arc.
4. Outline appropriate solutions to solve magnetic deflection problems.
5. Describe arc characteristics for DC and AC.

page 22 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.5 Power sources for arc welding

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the characteristics and main components of arc welding power sources.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of components of arc welding power sources.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
4
4
4
3
Scope:
P1
P1
P3
P3
Power source classification, types and characteristics
X
X
X
X
(static and generators, and each sub-group)
X
X
X
X
Power source electrical characteristics (static and dynamic).....
X
X
X
X
Relationship between static characteristic and welding process ..
X
X
Control of the electrical static characteristic (flat and drooping)....
X
X
X
X
Arc stability for the main processes (MMA, TIG, MIG/MAG, SAW, PAW)...
X
X
X
X
The operation working point ....
X
X
X
Inverter technology (overview, in terms of the most important blocks).
X
X
X
Power sources controlled by a CPU ..
X
X
X
Stability of processes in AC and DC ..
X
X
X
X
AC (sine wave and square wave) and DC power sources .
X
X
X
Open circuit voltage, short circuit current, power factor of transformers .
Duty cycle of a power source and typical values for the most common arc
X
X
X
X
welding processes ....
Voltage losses, relationship between welding current value and cable
secX
X
X
X
tion....
X
X
Current and voltage setting (electromagnetic and electronic devices) .
X
X
Standards related with welding power sources and their requirements
1. Explain fully each type of arc welding power source for both AC and DC including the most common
devices used.
2. Detail for each type of welding power source the static and dynamic electrical characteristics, operation point and control of arc stability.
3. Explain fully the meaning of open circuit voltage, short circuit current, duty cycle of a power source,
voltage losses, and welding current to cable cross section relationship.
4. Differentiate between the above characteristics for each type of power source and welding process.
Interpret the various functions and switches on different power sources and their effects.
Learning Outcomes for IWS:
1. Outline how each type of welding power source works (AC and DC) including the most common devices used.
2. Describe for each type of arc welding power source the static characteristic, operation point and control of arc stability.
3. Outline the meaning of open circuit voltage, arc voltage short circuit current, duty cycle of a power
source, voltage losses, and current to cable section relationship.
4. Identify the appropriate power sources for a given welding process
5. Recognise the various settings and switches on different power sources and their effects on the welding process.
Learning Outcomes for IWP:
1. Outline how each type of welding power source works (AC and DC) including the most common devices used.
2. Describe for each type of arc welding power source the static characteristic, operation point and control of arc stability.
3. Outline the meaning of open circuit voltage, arc voltage short circuit current, duty cycle of a power
source, voltage losses, and current to cable section relationship.
4. Be able to select the appropriate power sources for a given welding process
5. Recognise the various settings and switches on different power sources and their effects.

page 23 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.6 Introduction to gas shielded arc welding

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the principles and physical phenomena of gas shielded
welding processes.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge about the principles of gas shielded welding processes.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
2
2
1
1
Scope:
P1
P1
P1
P1
Physical phenomena ....
X
X
X
X
Shielding gases (inert, active) and their effect on arc characteristics ..
X
X
X
X
Handling and storage of gases (overview)....
X
X
X
X
Influence of the welding parameters on the weld bead morphology.....
X
X
X
X
Standards (ISO, CEN and National) for shielding gases........
X
X
X
X
1. Explain fully the characteristics and operating principles of TIG, MIG/MAG and Flux-cored welding.
2. Interpret arc characteristics associated with each type of shielding gas used for each process.
3. Detail the methods for safe handling and storage of shielding gases.
4. Interpretation and use of standards for shielding gases and filler materials.
1. Describe the characteristics and operating principles of TIG, MIG/MAG and Flux-cored welding.
2. Outline arc characteristics associated with each type of shielding gas used for each process.
3. Identify the methods for safe handling and storage of shielding gases.
4. Demonstrate the use of standards for shielding gases and filler materials.

page 24 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.7 TIG Welding
Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail TIG welding fundamentals, including equipment, applications, main variables, safety and specific problems.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the TIG welding fundamentals, equipment, applications,
main variables, safety and specific problems.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the TIG welding fundamentals, equipment,
applications, main variables, safety and specific problems.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
5
5
3
2
Scope:
P1
P1
P1
P1
X
X
X
X
Power source characteristics ......
X
X
X
X
Methods for arc ignition and necessary equipment ..........................
Equipment and accessories: torches, gas lens, control panel, up and
X
X
X
X
down slope, ......
X
X
Effect of current type and polarity: DC(+), DC(-) and AC....
X
X
X
Specific requirements for different materials, e.g. Al...
X
X
X
X
Consumables: shielding gases, filler materials, electrodes ...
X
X
X
X
Welding parameters: current, voltage, travel speed, gas flow rate
X
X
X
X
Joint preparation: typical joint design for welding, fit-up, cleaning.
Special techniques: pulsed arc, spot-welding, key-hole, hot-wire, orbital
welding, tube to tube and tube to sheet, narrow gap and othX
X
X
ers.......
X
X
X
X
Standards for filler materials, and electrodes (at least for non-alloy steels).
X
X
X
X
Welding applications, typical problems and how to solve them ....
X
X
X
X
Health and safety issues specific to the process .....
1. Explain in detail the principles of TIG welding including arc ignition methods and their applications.
2. Explain the selection of the appropriate type of current, polarity, shielding gas and electrode type
according to application.
3. Detail the range of application, appropriate joint preparations and potential problems to be overcome.
4. Deduce appropriate welding parameters for particular applications.
5. Explain the purpose and functions of each component of the equipment and accessories.
7. Define potential hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
8. Recognise the various settings and switches on different TIG power sources and their effects on the
welding process.
1. Describe the principles of TIG welding including arc ignition methods and their applications.
2. Demonstrate the selection of appropriate type of current, polarity, shielding gas and electrode type
according to the application.
3. Identify the range of application, appropriate joint preparations and potential problems to be overcome.
4. Identify an appropriate range of welding parameters for particular applications.
5. Recognise the purpose and functions of each component of the equipment and accessories.
6. Demonstrate the use of appropriate standards.
7. Identify potential hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
1. Outline TIG welding including arc ignition methods and their most common applications.
2. Give examples of the most common applications for each type of current, polarity and electrode
Type.
3. Give examples of the most important applications and select the appropriate values for welding parameters.
4. Demonstrate the use of and care for the equipment and accessories.
5. Recognise given standards for consumables.
6. Give examples of TIG applications, joint preparation and potential problems to overcome.
7. Outline potential hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
page 25 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.8.1 MIG/MAG
Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail MIG/MAG welding fundamentals, including equipment,
applications, main variables, and common problems.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the MIG/MAG fundamentals, including equipment,
applications, main variables, safety and common problems.
Qualification
Teaching hours
IWE
8
P1
IWT
8
P1
IWS
6
P1
IWP
6
P1
Scope:
Power source characteristics for conventional process and CPU conX
X
X
X
trolled power sources....
X
X
Effect of current type and polarity.......
Equipment and accessories: torches, wire feeders, hose assembly, conX
X
X
X
trol panel..
Metal transfer modes (dip, globular, spray, pulsed and rotating), controlled
X
X
X
X
transfer mode and their application...........
Welding parameters and settings: current, voltage, travel speed, gas flow
X
X
X
X
rate, etc..................
Consumables: shielding gases, filler materials (solid wires), and their
X
X
X
X
combinations.............
X
X
X
X
Joint preparation: fit-up, cleaning....
Special techniques: electro-gas welding, high efficiency processes, spot
welding, single wire and multiple wire techniques, flat wire, brazing, elecX
X
X
tronic stability control (arc and wire feed), etc...............................
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Welding applications, typical problems and how to solve them............
X
X
X
X
Health and safety specific to the process.................
X
1. Explain fully the principles of MIG/MAG welding including metal transfer modes and their applications.
2. Explain fully the selection of appropriate type of current, polarity and electrode according to application.
4. Detail the influence of the welding parameters on the weld bead and be able to deduce welding parameters for particular applications.
6. Explain fully the purpose and functions of each component of the equipment and accessories.
7. Interpret appropriate standards for consumables
8. Explain selection of consumables.
9. Interpret the various settings and switches on different MIG/MAG power sources and their effects on
the welding process.
1. Describe the principles of MIG/MAG welding including metal transfer modes and their applications.
2. Identify the most common applications for each type of current, polarity and electrode.
3. Outline the range of application, appropriate joint preparations and potential problems to be overcome.
4. Recognise the influence of the welding parameters on the weld bead and be able to outline the welding parameters for particular applications.
5. Identify potential hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
6. Outline the various functions of the main components of the equipment and accessories.
7. Demonstrate the use of appropriate standards for consumables
8. Give examples on how consumables should be selected.
9. Demonstrate how to use and care for the equipment and accessories.

page 26 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.8.2 Flux Cored Arc Welding

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail FCAW fundamentals, including equipment, applications,
main variables and common problems
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the FCAW fundamentals, including equipment, applications, main variables, safety and common problems.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Power source characteristics for conventional process and CPU controlled
power sources (only the specific aspects for FCAW).......
Effect of current type and polarity........
Equipment and accessories: torches, wire feeders......
Relation between the consumables and the type of Metal transfer mode,
and their applications..
Welding parameters and settings: current, voltage, travel speed, gas flow
rate, etc...................
Consumables: shielding gases, filler materials (flux cored wires), and their
combinations..............
Joint preparation: fit-up, cleaning.....
Standards for filler materials (at least for non-alloy steels)........................
Welding applications, typical problems and how to solve them..........
Health and safety specific to the process..................
IWE
2
P1
IWT
2
P1
IWS
2
P1
IWP
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the principles of Flux Cored Arc Welding including its applications.
2. Explain fully the selection of appropriate type of current, polarity and electrode according to application.
4. Detail the influence of the welding parameters on the weld bead and be able to deduce welding parameters for particular applications.
6. Explain the purpose and functions of each component of the equipment and accessories.
7. Interpret appropriate standards for consumables
8. Explain selection of consumables.
9. Interpret the various settings and switches on different Flux Cored Arc Welding power sources and
their effects on the welding process.
1. Describe the principles of Flux Cored Arc Welding including their applications.
2. Identify the most common applications for each type of current, polarity and electrode.
4. Identify the influence of the appropriate welding parameters on the weld bead and be able to outline
welding parameters for particular applications.
5. Describe potential hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
6. Outline the various functions of the main components of the equipment and accessories.
7. Demonstrate the use of appropriate standards for consumables
8. Give examples on how consumables should be selected.
9. Know how to use and care for the equipment and accessories.

page 27 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.9 MMA Welding

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail MMA welding fundamentals, including equipment, applications, main variables, safety and common problems
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the MMA fundamentals, including equipment, applications, safety and common problems.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Process principles and arc characteristics ..................
Effect of current type and polarity.........................
Power source characteristics applicable to MMA (open circuit voltage,
static and dynamic characteristics, types of current, arc striking methods).
Equipment and accessories...................
Process application range, typical problems and how to solve them...........
Covered electrodes (functions of the coating and rod, types of electrodes,
slag-metal and gas-metal covered reactions) ........................
Production of electrodes (how, typical defects) .....................
Handling and storage of electrodes (storage environment, redrying).......
Selection of covered electrodes for their applications ......................
Welding parameters: current, voltage, run out length, etc.............
Joint preparation: fit-up, cleaning, welding position..
Relationship between electrode diameter and current range, rod material,
electrode length and welding position ..................
Special techniques (gravity welding, etc.).............
Health and safety specific to the MMA process....................................
IWE
6
P1
X
X
IWT
6
P1
X
X
IWS
4
P1
X
X
IWP
4
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the principles of MMA welding including special techniques, arc striking methods and
their applications.
2. Explain fully the selection of the appropriate type of current, polarity and electrode according to application.
5. Predict potential hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
6. Interpret the purpose and functions of each component of the equipment and accessories.
7. Explain fully the handling and storage requirements of the various types of electrodes.
9. Explain fully the influence of electrode coating on droplet transfer and weld metal properties.
10. Interpret the various functions and switches on different MMA power sources and their effects on the
welding process.
1. Describe the principles of MMA welding
2. Demonstrate how to select the appropriate type of current, polarity and electrode according to application.
4. Identify an appropriate range of welding parameters for particular applications.
5. Recognise potential hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
6. Outline the purpose and functions of each component of the equipment and accessories.
7. Describe the appropriate methods of handling, control and storage of the various types of electrodes.
8. Demonstrate the use of appropriate standards.
9. Outline the influence of electrode coating on droplet transfer and weld metal properties.

page 28 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.10 Submerged-Arc Welding

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the SAW fundamentals, including equipment, applications, main variables, safety and common problems.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the SAW fundamentals, including equipment, applications, main variables, safety and common problems.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
SAW process principles and arc characteristics .............
Effect of current type and polarity..................
Power source characteristics applicable to SAW (open circuit voltage,
static and dynamic characteristics, types of current, arc striking methods)
Equipment and accessories ..................
Process application range, typical problems and how to solve them.......
Consumables (functions of the flux and wire -solid or flux cored-, types of
flux and wire, wire-flux combination, slag-metal and gas-metal reactions)..
Production of consumables (how, typical defects) ..
Handling and storage of consumables (storage environment, re-drying).
Standards for filler materials wires and fluxes (at least for non-alloy
steels)......
Welding parameters: current, voltage, travel speed, type of flux and particle size, stick-out, etc ..............................................
Joint preparation: fit-up, cleaning .............................................................
Relationship between the wire-flux combination and the characteristics of
deposited material..............................
One side welding including backing methods...
Single-wire and multi -wire techniques.................
Special techniques (strip-cladding, iron-powder addition, cold and hot wire
addition).........................................................................................
Health and safety specific to SAW process.................
IWE
6
P1
X
X
IWT
6
P1
X
X
IWS
4
P3
X
-
IWP
4
P3
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the principles of SAW process including arc striking methods, special techniques and
their applications.
2. Explain fully the selection of appropriate type of current, polarity and consumable according to application.
6. Explain fully slag-metal and gas-metal reactions and their influences on weld metal properties
7. Interpret appropriate standards and welding procedures.
9. Explain fully formation and control of back wide bead
1. Outline the principle of the SAW process including arc striking methods and their applications.
2. Recognise the criteria for evaluating the applicable welding parameters.
3. Identify the application range, joint edge preparation and potential problems to overcome.
4. Demonstrate the procedures for the set-up of power sources.
5. Recognise the criteria for the selection of flux-wire combinations.
6. Demonstrate use of appropriate standards and welding procedures.
7. Identify welding instructions for welders and operators.

page 29 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.11 Resistance Welding

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail resistance welding fundamentals, including equipments, applications, main variables, safety, common problems and their solution.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of resistance welding fundamentals, including equipment, applications, main variables, safety and common problems.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Process principles and overview on types of processes (spot, projection,
butt, seam, and flash)....
Joule effect and temperature distribution......
Equipment and accessories ...........
Process application range and typical problems (welding thin to thick material, welding of coated/ painted materials, welding dissimilar materials,
mass effect, shunt effect, Peltier effect, resistance brazing)...
Electrodes (functions, types, shapes, material)....
Electrode classification (ISO, CEN and National standards)......
Welding parameters: current, pressure, time, type of current, pulse, etc
Joint preparation: typical joint design for welding, fit-up, cleaning ...........
Relationship between welding parameters and the characteristics of the
weld nugget ..............
Monitoring systems, process control, measuring .
Specific testing...
Health and safety specific to the resistance welding process.
IWE
6
P3
IWT
6
P3
IWS
3
P3
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the principles of resistance welding and the application of the various sub-processes.
2. Explain fully the selection of appropriate parameters to give sound welds.
3. Detail the range of application, appropriate material preparation and potential problems to be overcome.
8. Interpret the various settings and their effects on the welding process.
1. Outline the principle of the resistance welding process and the application of the various subprocesses.
2. Demonstrate the selection of appropriate parameters to give sound welds
3. Recognise the criteria for the selection of the correct pressure and current cycles.
4. Describe the influence of the surface characteristics on the final quality of the joints. Identify the
causes of the common discontinuities and their prevention.
5. Demonstrate correct use of appropriate standards and welding procedures.
6. Identify welding instructions for welders and operators.
Not Applicable

page 30 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.12.1 Laser; Electron Beam; Plasma
Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the principles and the fields of application of plasma; electron
beam; Laser welding and the fundamentals of each process, including equipment, applications, main
variables, safety and common problems.
Objective for IWT: Understand the principles and the fields of application of plasma; electron beam;
Laser welding and the fundamentals of each process, including equipment, applications, main variables,
safety and common problems.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of Plasma; Electron Beam; Laser, their application, main variables and most common problems.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of Plasma; Electron Beam; Laser, their application, main variables and most common problems.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
8
5
2
1
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
Basic principle of plasma and plasma-MIG welding process and equipX
X
X
ment ......................
X
X
X
Basic principle of electron beam welding process and equipment)..
X
X
X
Basic principle of laser welding process and equipment.....
X
X
Basic principle of laser- hybrid welding process and equipment ..
X
X
X
X
Heat generation for each type of process .....
X
X
X
Typical process applications and problems ..
X
X
X
X
Consumables..
X
X
X
Welding parameters for each process ...
X
X
Joint preparation: typical joint design for welding, fit-up, cleaning .......
X
X
Relationship between welding parameters and joint configuration ...
X
X
X
X
Comparison between high energy processes ..
X
X
X
X
Health and safety specific to the processes .....
X
X
X
Appropriate standards (ISO, CEN and National) for each process.......
Plasma Weldingfor IWE 2 hours
Plasma Weldingfor IWT 1 hour
Learning Outcomes for IWE:
1. Explain fully the principles of the processes mentioned in the objective and their application.
2. Deduce appropriate applications for each type of process, and the precautions necessary to achieve
a sound weld.
3. Detail the welding parameters, appropriate joint preparations and potential problems to be overcome
for each process for a given application.
4. Explain fully the purpose and functions of each major component of the equipment and accessories.
7. Explain fully the purpose and merit of hybrid welding from both sides of laser welding and arc welding
Learning Outcomes for IWT:
1. Explain the principles of the processes mentioned in the objective and their application.
2. Select appropriate applications for each type of process, and the precautions necessary to achieve a
sound weld.
3. Explain the welding parameters, appropriate joint preparations and potential problems to be overcome for each process for a given application.
4. Explain the purpose and functions of each major component of the equipment and accessories.
5. Select appropriate standards.
7. Explain the purpose and merit of hybrid welding from consideration of the characteristics of both laser
welding and arc welding
1. Outline the principles of the processes mentioned in the objective and their application.
2. Identify the common applications of the processes in the different industrial fields.
3. Identify, for each process, the suitable welding parameters.
1. Give examples of typical applications of different types of process.
2. Be able to use and care for the equipment and accessories for different processes.
page 31 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.12.2 Other Welding Processes,

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the fundamentals and the field of application of electro-slag,
friction; friction stir, magnetically impelled arc butt (MIAB); magnetic pulse welding, ultrasonic; explosive;
diffusion; aluminothermic; high-frequency; stud, cold-pressure welding, etc. including equipment, main
variables and common problems.
Objective for IWT: Understand the fundamentals and the field of application of electro-slag, friction; friction stir, magnetically impelled arc butt (MIAB); magnetic pulse welding, ultrasonic; explosive; diffusion;
aluminothermic; high-frequency; stud, cold-pressure welding, etc. including equipment, main variables
and common problems.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the fundamentals and the field of application of
electro-slag, friction; explosive; diffusion; aluminothermic; high-frequency; cold-pressure welding. Including equipment, main variables and most common problems.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
6
4
2
2
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
Basic principles for the processes given in the relevant objective.
X
X
X
X
Heat generation for each type of process .....
X
X
Equipment and accessories for each type of process ....
X
X
X
X
Typical process applications and problems ..
X
X
X
X
Consumables..
X
X
X
Welding parameters for each process ...
X
X
X
Joint preparation: typical joint design for welding, fit-up, cleaning .......
X
X
Relationship between welding parameters and joint configuration ...
X
X
Health and safety specific to the processes .....
X
X
X
Appropriate standards (ISO, CEN and National) for each process..............
X
X
X
X
1. Explain fully the principles of the processes listed in the objective and their application.
2. Deduce appropriate applications for each type of process, and the precautions necessary to achieve
a sound weld.
3. Predict the welding parameters, appropriate joint preparations and potential problems to be overcome
4. Explain fully the purpose and functions of each major component of the equipment and accessories.
1. Explain the principles of the processes mentioned in the objective and their application.
2. Select appropriate applications for each type of process, and the precautions necessary to achieve a
sound weld.
3. Select the welding parameters, appropriate joint preparations and potential problems to be overcome
4. Explain the purpose and functions of each major component of the equipment and accessories.
1. Outline the principles of the processes mentioned in the objective and their application.
2. Identify common applications of the processes in the different industrial fields.
4. Demonstrate use of and care for the equipment and accessories for different processes

page 32 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.13 Cutting, Drilling and other edge preparation processes

Objective for IWE, IWT: Understand in detail the basic principles and the fields of application of the most
common cutting and edge preparation processes used in weld construction, including equipment, main
variables, safety and common problems.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the basic principles and the fields of application of
the most common cutting and edge preparation processes used in weld construction, including equipment,
main variables, safety and common problems.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
4
4
2
2
Scope:
P1
P1
P3
P3
X
X
X
X
Survey of edge preparation processes......
X
X
X
X
Mechanical cutting
Principles of flame and flame powder cutting, equipment, applications and
X
X
X
X
auxiliaries........
X
X
X
X
Flame cutting parameters, edge quality, oxygen purity grades..
X
X
X
Materials suitable for flame cutting.....
X
Basic principles of the various arc cutting processes (air arc, carbon and
metal-arc, oxy-arc cutting, gauging with carbon electrode) equipment and
X
X
X
auxiliaries....
X
Materials suitable for arc-cutting, applications, cutting parameters for each
X
X
X
process....
X
X
X
X
Fundamentals of plasma cutting, equipment and auxiliaries..
X
Materials suitable for plasma cutting, applications, cutting parameters,
X
X
X
cutting gases...
X
Plasma cutting special applications (under water cutting, cutting with waX
X
ter vortex)....
X
X
X
Plasma gouging.....
X
Fundamentals of electron beam and laser drilling and cutting, equipment,
X
X
parameters, applications...
X
X
X
Fundamentals of water jet cutting, equipment, parameters, applications ...
X
Fundamentals of arc gouging and flame gouging, parameters and appliX
X
X
cations..
X
X
X
Appropriate standards (ISO, CEN and National) for each process...
X
X
X
Health and safety...
X
1. Explain fully the principles of: mechanical, flame, arc, plasma, electron beam, laser, and water jet cutting.
2. Explain fully the influence of each parameter for the above mentioned processes on the edge surface
quality.
3. Detail the range of applications for: flame, arc, plasma, electron beam, and water jet cutting.
4. Predict potential risks, hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
1. Outline the principles of: mechanical, flame, arc, plasma, electron beam, and water jet cutting.
2. Identify the characteristic parameters for the above mentioned processes
3. Classify different edge preparation processes, considering technical and economic aspects.
4. Recognise potential risks and hazards related to edge preparation processes.

page 33 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.14 Surfacing and Spraying

Objective for IWE, IWT: Understand in detail the principles and fields of application of the most common
surfacing techniques and their working principles, including equipment, main variables, safety and common problems.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the principles and fields of application of the most common
surfacing techniques and their working principles, including equipment, main variables, safety and common problems.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Working principles and applications for cladding techniques (rolling, explosive, strip, plasma-MIG, electroslag, laser, etc)...
Basic phenomena (metallurgical and stress) in interface region ...
Consumables for surfacing (cladding).
Working principles and applications of the spraying techniques (flame
spraying with powder, flame spraying with wire, arc spraying with powder,
arc spraying with wire, plasma spraying with powder, HVOF spraying, cold
gas)...
Equipment and parameters for each technique....
Surface preparation of the base material...
Spraying materials......
Sprayed layer structure, and substrate structure......
"Cold " and "fusion spraying techniques..................
Applications and special problems..
Standards for surface treatment and processes for spraying of materials
Health and safety..........................................................................................
IWE
2
P3
IWT
2
P3
IWS
1
P3
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the principles and characteristics of the most common cladding techniques.
2. Explain fully the principles and characteristics of the most common spraying techniques.
3. Predict the quality of a surfacing layer with respect to the base material preparation.
4. Detail the application range of "cold" and "fusion" spraying techniques.
5. Explain fully the most common spraying techniques and their industrial applications.
1. Outline the characteristics of the most common cladding and spraying techniques.
2. Describe the influence of surface preparation on spraying procedures.
3. Identify the most common spraying techniques and their industrial applications.
4. Recognise risks, hazards related with the above mentioned techniques.
Not Applicable

page 34 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.15 Fully mechanised processes and robotics

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the principles and industrial applications of welding mechanisation and the use of robotics in welding, including applications and systems.
Objective for IWT: Understand the principles and industrial applications of welding mechanisation and
the use of robotics in welding, including applications and systems.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the principles and industrial applications of welding mechanisation and the use of robotics in welding, including applications and systems.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
8
6
4
0
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
X
X
X
Survey of welding mechanisation for higher productivity ...
Robotics, mechanisation, and automation: differences, advantages disadX
X
X
vantages and applications.......
Robotics (on-line and off-line programming, simulation, flexible manufacX
X
X
turing systems) ......
X
X
CAD/CAM systems....
X
X
Virtual factory (factory simulation)...
X
X
Seam tracking, types and typical applications..
X
X
X
Gas nozzle sensor, arc sensing, magnetic induction, vision system ...
X
X
X
Narrow gap welding (SAW, MIG/MAG, TIG) ..............
X
X
Orbital welding (MIG/MAG, TIG) .............
X
X
Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
X
X
X
Typical robot type depending upon application field
X
X
X
Application, typical problems and how to solve them.............
X
X
Health and safety...
1. Deduce the best solution for higher productivity in welding using robotics, automation and mechanisation.
2. Explain fully the differences between off-line and on-line programming.
3. Explain fully the principle, benefits and applications of each type of seam tracking system.
4. Explain fully the principle, benefits and applications of narrow gap and orbital welding.
5. Detail the different applications for each welding process when applied to narrow gap or orbital welding.
7. Explain fully robot type concerning application field
1. Select solutions for higher productivity in welding using robotics, automation and mechanisation.
2. Explain the differences between off-line and on-line programming.
3. Explain the principle and applications of each type of seam tracking system.
4. Explain the principle and applications of narrow gap and orbital welding.
5. Compare the different applications for each welding process when applied to narrow gap and orbital
welding.
6. Define potential risks, hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
7. Explain robot type concerning application field
1. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of robotics, automation and mechanisation of welding
processes.
2. Describe the techniques used for seam tracking and their differences.
3. Identify the features of the most common industrial applications (e.g. narrow gap and orbital welding).
4. Recognise potential risks, hazards and methods of safe handling and working related with automatic,
mechanised and robotics in welding processes.
Not Applicable

page 35 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.16 Brazing and soldering

Objective for IWE, IWT: Understand in detail the fundamentals and the field of application of brazing and
soldering, main variables, safety, equipment, applications, and common problems.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the fundamentals and the field of application of brazing and
soldering, main variables, safety, equipment, applications, and common problems.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
4
4
2
0
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
Fundamentals of brazing and soldering (bonding mechanisms, surface
X
X
X
tension, wetting, capillary action)
Survey of brazing and soldering techniques, equipment, range of applicaX
X
X
tions ....
Consumables and fluxes for brazing and soldering, types, applications,
X
X
X
and main functions of the fluxes .
X
X
X
Materials suitable for brazing, brazing requisites ....
X
X
X
High vacuum brazing, brazing under controlled atmosphere ...............
X
X
X
Braze welding (Arc and laser brazing)...........................................
X
X
X
Survey of soldering techniques (dip, wave flow, vapour phase)....
X
X
X
Brazing and soldering advantages and disadvantages ..
X
X
X
Applications and special problems .
X
X
X
Overview on standards.....
X
X
X
1. Explain fully each brazing and soldering technique.
2. Compare in detail each type of brazing and soldering technique with fusion welding.
3. Detail the precautions to obtain a sound joint using brazing or soldering techniques.
4. Deduce the different applications for each brazing and soldering techniques.
5. Explain fully the types and characteristics of consumable and flux used in a certain applications.
1. Outline the different techniques for brazing and soldering.
2. Recognise the characteristics of each type of brazing and soldering technique in comparison with
fusion welding.
3. Identify the standard operating procedures for brazing and soldering techniques.
4. Outline the most relevant applications for each brazing and soldering techniques.
5. Recognise the influence of surface preparation on brazing and soldering techniques.
6. Outline the types and characteristics of consumables and fluxes employed.
7. Recognise risks, hazards and methods of safe handling and working.
Not Applicable

page 36 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.17 Joining processes for plastics
Objective for IWE, IWT: Understand in detail the principles involved in joining plastics, including the
common techniques, equipment, applications, main variables, safety and common problems.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the principles involved in joining plastics, including the
common techniques, equipment, applications, main variables, safety and common problems.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
General information on materials and joining processes ...
Study the operating principle for each type of process ...
Hot plate welding, butt fusion, hot gas welding, extrusion welding, induction welding, resistance welding, implant welding, high frequency, friction,
electro-fusion welding, ultrasonic welding, vibration welding, adhesive
bonding ...
Control of welding parameters, types of equipment, joint design .
Advantages and disadvantages .
Applications and typical problems and how to solve them .
IWE
4
P3
X
X
IWT
4
P3
X
X
IWS
2
P3
X
X
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the fundamentals of each joining process.
2. Detail the precautions necessary to obtain a sound joint for each process.
3. Detail the different applications for each joining process.
1. Outline the basic characteristics and the range of application for each joining process.
2. Recognise, where possible, the characteristics of plastic joining processes in comparison with fusion
welding processes for metallic materials in the same industrial field (e.g. polyethylene / plain carbon
steel pipes)
3. Outline the operating principle of the most common joining processes.
4. Identify the state of the art of the industrial applications for each joining process.
5. Recognise risks and hazards related with plastics joining.
Not Applicable
1.18 Joining processes for ceramics and composites
Objective for IWE, and IWT: Outline the general principles of joining ceramics and composites, including
the common techniques (diffusion bonding, brazing and soldering, ultrasonic, adhesive bonding, etc.),
applications, and common problems.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
General information on ceramics and composites and typical joining processes....
General study of the operating principles for each process....
Advantages and disadvantages..
Applications and special problems..
IWE
1
P3
IWT
1
P3
IWS
0
-
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the fundamentals of joining ceramics and composites.
2. Detail the precautions to be taken to obtain a sound joint
Learning Outcomes for IWS and IWP:
Not Applicable
page 37 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1.19 Welding laboratory

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the effect of parameters on weld bead shape and cut surface
quality.
Objective for IWT: Understand the effect of parameters on weld bead shape and cut surface quality.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the effect of parameters on weld bead shape and cut surface quality.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Practical exercises showing the effect of each main welding parameter on
the weld bead shape.....
Discussion of results to help future evaluation and diagnosis....
Exercises should cover: MMA, TIG, MIG/MAG, Flux Cored wires, SAW,
Oxy-gas...
Practical exercises showing the effect of each main cutting parameter on
the cut surface....
IWE
10
P3
IWT
8
P3
IWS
6
P3
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
Exercises should cover: Oxy-cutting, Arc-Air, Plasma, Arc-Cutting

Welding simulation can be used as replacement
1. Predict weld bead shape and morphology (internal and external), according to the welding parameters used.
2. Explain fully the factors that can change the weld bead profile, and why.
3. Predict the morphology of cut surfaces, according to the cutting parameters used.
4. Explain fully the factors that can change the cut surface quality, and why.
5. Interpret weld beads and cut surfaces to deduce process problems..
1. Define weld bead shape and morphology (internal and external), according to the welding parameters
used.
2. Explain the factors that can change the weld bead profile, and why.
3. Define the morphology of cut surfaces, according to the cutting parameters used.
4. Explain the factors that can change the cut surface quality, and why.
5. Compare weld beads and cut surfaces to explain process parameter problems.
1. Outline weld bead shape and morphology as a function of the welding parameters used.
2. Recognise the welding parameters involved, their set-up, effect and how to check them during welding, in accordance with the applicable procedures.
3. Describe likely welding discontinuities and faults, considering the chosen welding process and the
applied parameters.
Not Applicable
Module 1 - Welding processes and equipment

IWE
Module 1
MT
P1 *
Teaching Hours
95
46
IWT
MT
86
IWS
P1 *
46
MT
53
IWP
P1 *
20
MT
32
P1 *
19
* P1 = Part 1, Figures under P1 are given for the Standard Route (see 4.1)

page 38 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
Module 2: Materials and their behaviour during welding

2.1 Structure and properties of metals
Objective for IWE, IWT: Understand in detail the structure and properties of metallic materials
Objective for IWS : Gain basic knowledge of structure and properties of metallic materials
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
IWE
4
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
4
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Crystalline structures....................................................................................
Crystal lattice structure types and imperfections......
Deformation (Elastic/plastic).........................................................................
Cold and hot deformation.............................................................................
Work hardening and strain ageing ...........................................................
Recrystallization...........................................................................................
Properties (influence of temperature, loading speed, environment)..
1. Explain fully the structure of metallic materials
2. Detail the properties of metals as structural materials
3. Explain fully the structure changes in cold deformation and recrystallization
4. Explain fully the effect of loading conditions on the properties of metallic materials
1. Describe the structures of pure metals and alloys
2. Identify the basic mechanical properties of metals
3. Outline the effect of loading conditions on the properties of metallic materials
IWS
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
0
-

Not applicable

page 39 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.2 Phase Diagrams and Alloys

Objective for IWE, IWT: Understand in detail the principles of alloying, the structures of alloys, phase diagrams, compounds in diagrams.
Objective for IWS, and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the principles of alloying, the structures of alloys,
phase diagrams, compounds in diagrams.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Pure metals and alloys........
Alloying elements ........
Binary diagrams (basic types, non-, fully- and partly soluble components)...........................................................................................................
Ternary diagrams......
Solidification, segregation and coring .............
Structure of alloys .................................
Structure of castings............
Solutions (solid, interstitial,)...................
Intermetallic compounds.............
Solid state transformations........................
Equilibrium and non equilibrium transformations........
Strengthening mechanisms (solid solution, precipitation, grain size)..........
Ageing..........................................................................................................
Mechanical properties versus microstructure .........
IWE
4
P1
X
X
IWT
4
P1
X
X
IWS
2
P1
X
X
IWP
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Detail crystalline lattice distortion due to alloying elements and subsequent structural changes.
2. Explain fully solidification structure and segregation with relevant examples.
3. Detail mechanisms of precipitation, types of precipitates and their location within the microstructure.
4. Explain fully the principles of transformation and conditions under which it occurs.
5. Detail the principles of strengthening mechanisms with appropriate examples.
6. Detail the relationship between microstructure, phase diagrams and mechanical properties.
7. Explain fully the principles of phase diagrams, their construction and use.
8. Detail basic types of alloy systems
1. Identify solidification structure and segregation on relevant examples..
2. Outline the principles of strengthening mechanisms with appropriate examples.
3. Describe the relationship between microstructure and phase diagrams.
4. Describe alloys and phase diagrams

page 40 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.3 Iron carbon alloys

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the metallurgical processes occurring in welding of iron
carbon alloys.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge on the metallurgical processes occurring in welding of
iron carbon alloys.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline concerning the metallurgical processes occurring in welding of iron
carbon alloys.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Iron solidification and changes in solid state..............................................
Fe-C equilibrium diagram...........................................................................
Microstructure of Fe-C alloys (pearlite, ledeburite, etc.)....
Influence of alloying elements on the Fe-C equilibrium diagram.....
Carbide forming elements .....
Iron-alloys with closed gamma-loop, with broadened gamma-area....
Influence of cooling rate, hardenability.......................................................
TTT and CCT diagrams..............................................................................
Influence of alloying elements on TTT diagrams.............................
Grain growth effect.....................................................................................
Classification of heat treatment..................................................................
IWE
5
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
5
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
3
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
1
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain the Fe-C system
2. Detail the influences of alloying elements and cooling rate on microstructure
3. Define structures occurring in rapid cooling
4. Explain the application of CCT diagrams
5. Explain grain growth and its consequences
6. Detail the classification of heat treatment
Learning Outcomes for IWS: knowledge of
1. Identify Fe-C alloys
2. Describe the influence of cooling rate, hardenability
3. Describe prevention of coarse structure
4. Classify heat treatment
Learning Outcomes for IWP: knowledge of
1. Recognise special items of the Fe-C diagram (types of Fe-C alloys)
2. Outline the influence of cooling rate, hardenability
3. Be able to read TTT and CCT diagrams
4. Recognise classification of heat treatment

page 41 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.4 Manufacture and classification of steels

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the fundamentals of steels, production, their properties
and composition, classification and standardization, steel semi-products.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge on the fundamentals of steels, production, their properties and composition, classification and standardization, steel semi-products.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
4
4
2
2
Scope:
P1
P1
P1
P1
X
X
Introduction to metallurgy of steels.....
X
X
Steel making processes (furnaces, convertors, deoxidation, etc.).
X
X
X
X
Processing of steel products (hot, cold rolling, casting, etc.)..
X
X
X
X
Chemical composition and impurities.....
X
X
X
X
Properties of steels .....................
X
X
X
X
Discontinuities and defects in steel
X
X
X
X
Classification of steel (purpose of use, ISO/TR 15608)........................
X
X
X
X
Designation of steels (National, EN Standards, Wr. No.) ...
X
X
X
X
Steel products (plates, tubes, profiles).......................................
X
X
X
X
Inspection Certificate (i.e. EN 10204)..............................
1. Detail the basic technology of steel production
2. Explain the influence of impurities, chemical composition and basic mechanical properties
3. Explain how steel is processed by rolling and casting
4. Define properties of steel semi-products
5. Detail types of steel, particularly structural steels
6. Interpret standards for steel designation and standards on rolling products
7. Select ways of acceptance and types of inspection documents
1. Outline how steel is processed by rolling and casting
2. Recognise properties of steel semi-products
3. Identify types of steel, particularly structural steels
4. Use standards for steel designation and standards on rolling products
5. Recognise types of inspection documents

page 42 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.5 Behaviour of structural steels in fusion welding

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the metallurgical fundamentals of welding of all types of
structural steels.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge on the metallurgical fundamentals of welding of all
types of structural steels.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Thermal field .........
Heat input and efficiency of heat input.......
Peak temperature .
Cooling rate and thermal cycle, t 8/5..
Heat flow......................................................................................................
Heat-affected zone (grain growth and grain refinement, CCT diagrams).....
Properties of HAZ.........................................................................................
Carbon equivalent........................................................................................
Weld pool, weld shape.................................................................................
Dilution .......
Structure of weld metal.................................................................................
Effect of multi-pass welding.........................................................................
Equations for the heat distribution...
Weld metal structure (weld protection, consumables, etc.)....
Solidification of weld pool.
Relationship grain size toughness...
Transition temperature..
IWE
4
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
4
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain the temperature distribution in welds and the microstructure formed as a result of welding.
2. Deduce the effects of heat input, cooling rate and multi- pass operation on weld metal solidification and
the microstructure formed for a single-pass weld versus a multi-pass weld.
3. Explain the effects of the weld protection, the type of consumables on the microstructure of the weld
metal and on its properties for a single-pass weld versus a multi-pass weld.
4. Define areas of HAZ, the reasons for grain, size and microstructure changes and their effects on properties for a single-pass weld versus a multi-pass weld.
5. Explain the various aspects of weldability.
1. Outline the temperature distribution in welds and the microstructure formed as a result for a single pass
weld versus a multi-pass weld.
2. Recognise the effects of heat input, cooling rate and multi -pass operation on weld metal solidification
and the micro structure formed for a single pass weld versus a multi-pass weld.
3. Describe the effects of the weld protection, the type of consumables on the microstructure of the weld
metal and on it properties for a single pass weld versus a multi -pass weld.
4. Recognise areas of HAZ, the reasons for grain size and microstructure changes and their effects on
properties for a single pass weld versus a multi-pass weld.
5. Outline the various aspects of weldability.

page 43 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.6 Cracking phenomena in welded joints

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the fundamentals of various cracking mechanisms in welded
joints, the way in which welding variables affect the incidence of cracking, and methods of avoidance.
Objective for IWT: Understand the fundamentals of various cracking mechanisms in welded joints, the
way in which welding variables affect the incidence of cracking, and methods of avoidance.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge on the fundamentals of various cracking mechanisms in welded joints, the way in which welding variables affect the incidence of cracking, and methods of avoidance.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline concerning the fundamentals of various cracking mechanisms in
welded joints, the way in which welding variables affect the incidence of cracking, and methods of avoidance.
Qualification IWE
IWT
IWS
IWP
Teaching hours
8
6
4
2
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
For unalloyed, heat resistant and stainless steels as appropriate:
Cold cracking:
X
X
X
Cracking mechanisms in weld metal and HAZ, causes and avoidance
X
X
X
X
Effect of hydrogen...............................................................
X
X
X
X
Source and diffusion of hydrogen ......................................
X
X
X
X
Control of hydrogen ......................................
X
X
X
X
Effect of microstructure................................................................................
X
X
X
X
Susceptible microstructure and its control ...............
X
X
X
X
Influence of alloying elements on susceptibility .........................
X
X
X
X
Effect of stresses..........................................................................................
X
X
X
X
Influence of restraint .
X
X
X
X
Influence of preheat ..................................
X
X
X
X
Influence of austenitic weld metal ........................
X
X
Testing of cold cracking susceptibility.................................
X
Determination of preheat and interpass temperature (diagrams) ISO/TR
X
17671-2 and ISO 13916 ......
X
Hot cracking:
Cracking mechanisms in particular in weld metal and in HAZ (solidification
cracking, liquation cracking, etc.); causes and avoidance ................
Effect of alloy elements, heat input, bead shape, nugget shape..............
Liquation phases....
Avoidance of hot cracking, ISO/TR 17671-2.
Testing for hot cracking susceptibility ....................................
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
Reheat cracking:
Cracking mechanisms in weld metal and HAZ; causes and avoidance...
Type of steels sensitive to reheat cracking .............
Effect of alloy elements, thermal cycles, stress..................
Cracking during heat treatment and multi -pass welding ..................
Avoidance of reheat cracking............................
Testing for reheat cracking susceptibility ......................................
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Lamellar tearing:
Cracking mechanism; causes and avoidance ....................
Effects of inclusions, joint configuration, stress .........................
Control of lamellar tearing by material choice and joint configuration
ISO/TR 17671-2.
Testing for susceptibility (through-thickness properties).........
Steels with increased resistance to lamellar tearing.........................
General:
parametric equations for cracking sensitivity evaluation ....
morphology of individual crack types ....
Standards for crack sensitivity testing ...
page 44 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1. Explain fully the metallurgical mechanisms for each of the major types of cracking.
2. Predict the effects of chemical and physical variables for each of the major types of cracking.
3. Deduce the susceptibility to cracking by reference to the key parameters and suggest appropriate
precautions to avoid cracking.
4. Detail the type of cracking and the reason for its occurrence from study of fractured material and its
history.
5. Predict suitable tests that will assist in finding the solution of cracking problems.
6. Detail alternatives that will reduce or eliminate the occurrence of lamellar tearing in welded construction/fabrication.
7. Interpret the effects of inclusions, joint configuration, stress and fatigue on the control of cracking of
welds.
1. Compare the metallurgical mechanisms for each of the major types of cracking.
2. Define the effects of chemical and physical variables for each of the major types of cracking.
3. Compare the susceptibility to cracking by reference to the key parameters and suggest appropriate
precautions to avoid cracking.
4. Define the type of cracking and the reason for its occurrence from study of fractured material and its
history.
5. Nominate suitable tests that will assist in finding the solution of cracking problems.
6. Select alternatives that will reduce or eliminate the occurrence of lamellar tearing in welded construction/fabrication.
7. Explain the effects of inclusions, joint configuration, stress and fatigue in the control of cracking of
welds.
1. Identify the metallurgical mechanisms for each of the major types of cracking.
2. Describe the effects of chemical and physical variables for each of the major types of cracking.
3. Classify the susceptibility to cracking and suggest appropriate precautions to avoid cracking.
4. Recognise the type of cracking and the reason for its occurrence from study of fractured material and
its history.
5. IWS does not study any of the syllabus items on testing - delete Learning Outcomes
6. Recognise alternatives that will reduce or eliminate the occurrence of lamellar tearing in welded construction/fabrication.
1. Outline the metallurgical mechanisms for each of the major types of cracking.
2. Recognise the susceptibility to cracking and suggest appropriate precautions to avoid cracking.
3. Recognise the type of cracking and the reason for its occurrence.
4. Select alternatives that will reduce or eliminate the occurrence of lamellar tearing in welded construction/fabrication.

page 45 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.7 Fractures and different kinds of fractures

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the metallurgical mechanisms of different kinds of fractures in
base materials and weldments.
Objective for IWT: Understand the metallurgical mechanisms of different kinds of fractures in base materials and weldments.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge on the metallurgical mechanisms of different kinds of fractures
in base materials and weldments.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
4
2
1
0
Scope:
P1
P1
P1
Fractures because of mechanical overload (mechanism and avoidance)
X
X
X
Fatigue fractures (mechanism and avoidance).
X
X
X
Creep fractures (mechanism and avoidance)
X
X
X
Brittle fractures, ductile fractures.
X
X
X
Samples for cases of damage.
X
X
1. Explain fully the differences between cracks and fractures
2. Explain fully the differences between ductile and brittle fractures
3. Detail the differences in formation mechanisms between different types of fractures
4. Deduce the fracture type from fracture surface information
1. Outline the differences between cracks and fractures
2. Outline the differences between ductile and brittle fractures
3. Compare formation mechanisms of different types of fractures
4. Differentiate between fracture types given fracture surface information
1. Recognise the differences between cracks and fractures
2. Recognise the differences between ductile and brittle fractures
3. Recognise the differences between different types of fractures
Not Applicable

page 46 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.8 Heat treatment of base materials and welded joints

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the metallurgical transformations of materials during
different heat treatment.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge on the metallurgical transformations of materials during different heat treatment.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline concerning the metallurgical transformations of materials during different heat treatment.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
4
4
2
1
Scope:
P1
P1
P1
P1
Heat treatment of base materials
X
X
X
X
Normalising........
X
X
X
Hardening....
X
X
X
X
Quenching and Tempering...
X
X
X
Solution annealing.....
X
X
X
X
Homogenisation...........................................................................................
X
X
X
X
Recrystallisation annealing......
X
X
X
Precipitation hardening.................................................................................
Heat treatment of welded joints and work pieces
Post Weld Heat Treatment (Stress relieving, normalizing, hardening).........
Technical guidelines for heat treatment

Heat treatment procedures..........
Introduction to heat treatment equipment....
Regulations/guidelines (codes and technical reports) ISO/TR 17663......
Introduction to temperature measurement and recording ISO 13916...
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully each of the major heat treatments and their objectives.
2. Explain fully the mechanisms of structural changes which take place when a material is heat treated.
3. Interpret the effects of temperature and time on transformations including the effect of temperature
change rate.
4. Explain fully the code requirements for heat treatment and why they are stipulated.
5. Predict the necessity to perform heat treatment after welding depending of the type and thickness of
steel, the application and the code.
1. Outline the major heat treatments and their objectives.
2. Describe code requirements for heat treatment.
3. Recognise the necessity to perform heat treatment after welding depending of the type and thickness
of steel, the application and the code.
1. Outline the major heat treatments and their objectives
2. Recognise the necessity to perform heat treatment after welding depending of the type and thickness
of steel, the application and the product standards and/or construction codes and the code.

page 47 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.9 Structural (unalloyed) steels

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the structural unalloyed steels and the effects of welding
processes on the weld joint.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge on structural unalloyed steels and the effects of welding processes on the weld joint.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Steels group 1 according to ISO/TR 15608...
Chemical composition...
Grades of unalloyed steels ..
Carbon equivalent CE ..
Relationship CE hardenability ...................
Welding processes.......................................................................................
Filer materials, choice, standards.................................................................
HAZ microstructure and properties (hardness, toughness)..........................
Effects of weld heat treatment......................................................................
Applications..................................................................................................
Standards, (ISO, CEN and National)......
IWE
4
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
4
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
2
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Detail the structural properties of unalloyed steels
2. Deduce the choice of welding process and filler material given unalloyed steel grade and relevant
standards
3. Predict the effect of welding process and filler metal selection on weld properties
4. Interpret standards for filler materials
1. Outline the structural properties of unalloyed steels
2. Recognise relevant filler materials
3. Identify appropriate welding processes
4. Demonstrate correct application of standards for filler materials

page 48 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.10 High strength steels

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the effects of micro-alloying elements on structure, mechanical properties and weldability with reference to fine-grained and high strength steels.
Objective for IWT: Understand the effects of micro-alloying elements on structure, mechanical properties and
weldability with reference to fine-grained and high strength steels.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the effects of micro-alloying elements on structure, mechanical
properties and weldability with reference to fine-grained and high strength steels.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the effects of micro-alloying elements on structure,
mechanical properties and weldability with reference to fine-grained and high strength steels.
IWT IWS IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
10
8
4
1
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
X
X
X
X
Steels group 2 and 3 according to ISO/TR 15608.......................................................
Concept of grain refinement (micro-alloying elements, formation and dilution of
X
X
particles) ..
Principles of treatment (controlled rolling, accelerated cooling, direct quench, therX
X
X
X
momechanical treatment etc.) ...................
X
X
X
X
Normalised grades (Chemical composition, properties)..............................................
X
X
X
X
Quenched and tempered grades (Chemical composition, properties)..
X
X
X
X
High strength steels (Chemical composition, Mechanical properties) ..
X
X
Weldability, t 8/5 concept, preheat and interpass temperature, CE...............
X
X
Influence of welding process on HAZ (microstructure, properties).............................
X
X
Steels for automotive industries (TRIP, TWIP, dual phase, etc.)...
X
X
X
X
Applications ....
X
X
X
X
Standards global (ISO), regional (CEN) and National .
X
X
X
Choice of filler metal (mismatching, etc.)..............
1. Explain fully the different methods to obtain fine-grained steels and effects of micro alloying.
2. Explain fully the relationship between grain refinement and mechanical properties.
3. Detail appropriate applications.
4. Interpret the relationship between grade and weldability.
5. Detail applicable welding processes and potential problems.
6. Explain fully the effects of heat treatment after welding and deduce the conditions (in particular temperature)
of such treatment.
7. Deduce the appropriate filler metal for a given application
1. Explain the different methods to obtain fine-grained steels and effects of micro alloying.
2. Explain the relationship between grain refinement and mechanical properties.
3. Select appropriate applications.
4. Define the relationship between grade and weldability.
5. Compare applicable welding processes and potential problems.
6. Explain the effects of heat treatment after welding and deduce the conditions (in particular temperature) of
such treatment.
7. Select the appropriate filler metal
1. Outline the different methods to obtain fine-grained steels.
2. Describe the relationship between grain refinement and mechanical properties.
3. Outline appropriate applications.
4. Describe the relationship between grade and weldability.
5. Identify applicable welding processes and potential problems.
6. Recognise the effects of heat treatment after welding and deduce the conditions (in particular temperature) of
such treatment.
7. Identify the appropriate filler metal

page 49 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1. Give examples of the different methods to obtain fine-grained steels.
2. Outline the relationship between grain refinement and mechanical properties.
3. Recognise the relationship between grade and weldability.
4. Recognise applicable welding processes and potential problems.
5. Outline the effects of heat treatment after welding and deduce the conditions of such treatment.
2.11 Application of structural and high strength steels

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail welding problems dealing with the fundamental aspects of the
application of structural and high strength steels with particular reference to physical, chemical and mechanical
characteristics.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of welding problems dealing with the fundamental aspects of the application of structural and high strength steels with particular reference to physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of welding problems dealing with the fundamental aspects
of the application of structural and high strength steels with particular reference to physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Bridges ...
Cranes
Buildings .
Ships..
Pipeliness .
Pressure vessels ...
Automotive equipment .
Standards global (ISO), regional (CEN) and National ...
IWE
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
1
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the importance of choice of material with reference to application.
2. Explain fully the use of structural and high strength steels and their application fields
3. Interpret examples of the practical application and design of bridges, cranes, pressure vessels, automotive
equipment.
1. Recognise the importance of choice of material with reference to application.
2. Outline the use of structural and high strength steels and their application fields.
3. Identify examples of the practical application and design of bridges, cranes, pressure vessels, automotive
equipment, buildings (architectures), ships, and pipelines etc.
1. Recognise the importance of choice of material with reference to application.
2. Give examples of the use of structural and high strength steels and their application fields
3. Give examples of the practical application and design of bridges, cranes, pressure vessels, automotive equipment.

page 50 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.12 Creep and creep resistant steels

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail creep phenomena, general creep resistant steel types, their
structure and alloying elements.
Objective for IWT: Understand creep phenomena, creep resistant steel types, their structure and alloying elements.
Objective IWS: Gain basic knowledge of creep phenomena, creep resistant steel types, their structure
and alloying elements.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Creep mechanism ..........................
Creep sensitivity testing ...
Temper embrittlement, e.g. step cooling test ...
Types of creep/heat resistant steels ISO/TR 15608, groups 4, 5, and 6.....
Applicable welding processes .
Filler materials - special chemical requirements for creep resistance .
Welding problems and precautions .................
Effects of weld heat treatment.
Quality control of the welded joint ............
Standards (ISO, CEN and National)............................................................
IWE
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
3
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
0
-

1. Detail the fundamental aspects of the phenomena and phases of creep.
2. Explain fully the effects of alloying elements and steel structure on creep resistance.
3. Explain fully the weldability of Cr-Mo steels considering appropriate welding processes and types of
consumables.
4. Predict remaining life by use of the most common methods.
1. Define the fundamental aspects of the phenomena and phases of creep.
2. Explain the effects of alloying elements and steel structure on creep resistance.
3. Explain the weldability of Cr-Mo steels considering appropriate welding processes and types of consumables.
4. Define remaining life by use of the most common methods.
1. Describe the fundamental aspects of the phenomena and phases of creep.
2. Outline the effects of alloying elements and steel structure on creep resistance.
3. Outline the weldability of Cr-Mo steels considering appropriate welding processes and types of consumables.
Not applicable

page 51 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.13 Steels for cryogenic applications

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail solutions to welding applications requiring the use of the relationship between toughness and temperature, metallurgical structure and the weldability of cryogenic
steels.
Objective for IWE, IWT, and IWS: Understand solutions to welding applications requiring the use of the
relationship between toughness and temperature, metallurgical structure and the weldability of cryogenic
steels.
Objective for IWE, IWT, and IWS: Gain basic understanding of solutions to welding applications requiring the use of the relationship between toughness and temperature, metallurgical structure and the weldability of cryogenic steels.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Steels group 9 according to ISO/TR 15608..................................................
Requirements for low temperature applications...........................................
Survey/list of cryogenic steels (including 9% Ni) ..............................
Effects of nickel on low temperature properties of low alloy steels
Filler materials .......
Welding problems and precautions .................
Properties and application of various types of cryogenic steels....
Quality control of the welded joint .......................
IWE
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
3
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
0
-

1. Detail toughness testing and the parameters affecting toughness.
2. Explain fully the relationship between microstructure and toughness.
3. Detail the effect of nickel on crystallographic structure.
4. Detail the effect of nickel content on weldability.
5. Explain fully the range of applications for the various types of cryogenic steels.
6. Explain fully the weldability, considering appropriate welding processes and types of consumables
1. Define toughness testing and the parameters affecting toughness
2. Explain the effect of nickel on crystallographic structure.
3. Define the effect of nickel content on weldability.
4. Explain the range of applications for the various types of cryogenic steels.
5. Explain the weldability, considering appropriate welding processes and types of consumables
1. Recognise the effect of nickel on crystallographic structure.
2. Describe the effect of nickel content on weldability.
3. Recognise the range of applications for the various types of cryogenic steels.
4. Outline the weldability, considering appropriate welding processes and types of consumables
not applicable

page 52 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.14 Introduction to corrosion

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the fundamentals of the various types of corrosion.
Objective for IWT: Understand the fundamentals of the various types of corrosion.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the fundamentals of the various types of corrosion.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the fundamentals of the various types of corrosion.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Fundamentals of electrochemistry .
Redox potential .
Passivation .
Overall corrosion ...
Differential aeration ..
Cathodic, anodic protection .
Types of corrosion (intercrystalline, transcrystalline, knife-line attack. pitting, crevice, and stress-corrosion) ...............
Pickling and passivating...............................................................................
Corrosion testing ...
Demonstrations for IWE
Demonstrations for IWT
Demonstrations for IWS/IWP
IWE
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
3
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
1
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
- 2 hours from 4
- 1 hour from 3
- 0 hours

1. Explain fully the chemical and electrochemical phenomena involved in corrosion.
2. Detail the rules involving the mechanisms of the different types of corrosion.
3. Detail different protection methods.
1. Explain the chemical and electrochemical phenomena involved in corrosion.
2. Define the most common types of corrosion.
3. Select common protection methods.
1. Outline the chemical and electrochemical phenomena involved in corrosion.
2. Recognize and describe the most common types of corrosion.
3. Give examples of common protection methods.
1. Recognize and outline the most common types of corrosion.
2. Give examples of common protection methods.

page 53 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.15 Stainless and heat resistant steels

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the fundamentals of the various types of stainless and heat resistance steels and their weldability including the filler material choice.
Objective for IWT: Understand the fundamentals of the various types of stainless and heat resistance
steels and their weldability including the filler material choice.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the fundamentals of the various types of stainless and heat
resistance steels and their weldability including the filler material choice.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the fundamentals of the various types of stainless and heat resistance steels and their weldability including the filler material choice.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Effect of alloying elements on binary diagrams and phase composition.....
Systems Fe-Cr, Fe-Ni, Fe-Cr-Ni ........
Austenite and ferrite formers ...
Influence of nitrogen .....
Cr- and Ni-equivalent ...
Schaeffler diagram, DeLong and other constitution diagrams ..
Measuring of ferrite content (ISO 8249, ISO 17655)...
t 12/8 weldability concept........
Survey on stainless steels (fully austenitic, ferrite-containing steels, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation hardened, duplex stainless steels, chemically
resistant, creep resistant, heat resistant steels, superferritic, supermartensitic and superaustenitic stainless steel e.g. duplex and lean duplex stainless steel) ISO/TR 15608, groups 7, 8, 9 and 10..........................
Welding of stainless steels ......
Weldability and selection of consumables ....
Choice of filler materials ......
Shielding and backing gases ......
Details of joint design ..........
Heat treatment ......
Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) .....
Passivation .
Knife-line attack .
475 C-embrittlement....
Weld decay (intergranular corrosion) ....
Pitting Index .......
Mechanism of heat resistance ....
Oxidation resistance .

IWE
12
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
9
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
5
P3
X
X
X
X
X
-
IWP
2
P3
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
page 54 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1. Explain fully the structures of the various stainless steels; parent metal, HAZ and weld metal.
2. Deduce the results of a given high alloy welding situation using the Fe-Cr-Ni phase diagram.
3. Detail the rules and principles governing embrittlement phenomena.
4. Detail the rules and principles governing in detail corrosion phenomena.
5. Deduce the results of a given high alloy welding situation using the Fe-Cr-Ni phase diagram with various carbon contents.
6. Predict correctly the choice of welding process and consumables for each type of stainless steel using different diagrams.
7. Predict the necessity for treatment after welding.
8. Detail the effects of alloying elements on heat resistance.
9. Explain fully the microstructural phenomena occurring in materials at high temperature.
10. Detail the types of creep resistant and heat resistant steels.
11. Explain fully the weldability of creep and heat resistant steels.
1. Explain the structures of the various stainless steels; parent metal, HAZ and weld metal
2. Derive the results of a given high alloy welding situation using the Fe-Cr-Ni phase diagram.
3. Define the rules and principles governing embrittlement phenomena.
4. Define the rules and principles governing in detail corrosion phenomena.
5. Derive the results of a given high alloy welding situation using the Fe-Cr-Ni phase diagram with various carbon contents.
6. Select the correct welding process and consumables for each type of stainless steel using different
diagrams.
7. Select correctly treatment after welding.
8. Define the effects of alloying elements on heat resistance.
9. Explain the micro structural phenomena occurring in materials at high temperature.
10. Define the types of creep resistant and heat resistant steels.
11. Explain the weldability of creep and heat resistant steels.
1. Outline the structures of the various stainless steels and explain their behaviour during welding.
2. Recognise the rules and principles governing corrosion phenomena.
3. Identify the choice of welding process and consumables for each type of steel using different diagrams.
4. Describe the different treatments after welding.
5. Recognise the necessity of treatment after welding.
1. Outline the structures of the various stainless steels.
2. Outline welding processes and consumables for each type of steel.
3. Recognise the different treatments after welding.

page 55 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.16 Introduction to wear and protective layers

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the fundamentals wear and protective layers and the methods
and materials used.
Objective for IWT: Understand the fundamentals of wear and protective layers and the methods and
materials used.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic understanding of the fundamentals of wear and protective layers and the
methods and materials used.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Wear:
Different types of wear (hydrodynamic friction, reaction, layer wear,
adhesive wear, abrasive wear, fatigue wear, fretting, erosion, cavitation,
impact, thermal, dynamic) ...
Buttering .
Wear tests ..
Cladding:
Cladding layers and cladding processes (dilution) ................
Joining clad steels .
Joint design and welding procedures in respect to the access to the joint...
Applications ...
Standards ...
Linings:
Welding of linings ..
Joint design and welding procedures ...............
Surfacing:
Corrosion-resistant layers ...
Wear-resistant layers
Coatings:
Coated steels ...............
Galvanised steels (Si-content) ....
Painting ...
Problems of joining ...
IWE
5
P3
IWT
3
P3
IWS
2
P3
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-

1. Explain fully wear situations that involve the mechanisms of the different types of wear
2. Detail the basis and results of tests to define wear resistance
3. Explain fully the precautions and procedures designed to avoid excessive wear.
4. Detail the various techniques for applying protective layers.
5. Design weldments using protective layers, detailing the materials used and the reasons for their
choice.
6. Explain fully the problems associated with the different types of protective layer and methods to solve
them.
1. Explain wear situations that involve the mechanisms of the different types of wear.
2. Define the basis and results of tests to define wear resistance.
3. Explain the precautions and procedures designed to avoid excessive wear.
4. Define the various techniques for applying protective layers and the reasons for their choice.
5. Explain the problems associated to each method and how would you solve them.
1. Outline wear situations that involve the mechanisms of the different types of wear.
2. Recognise the basis and results of tests to define wear resistance.
3. Outline precautions and procedures designed to avoid excessive wear.
4. Recognise in general the various techniques for applying protective layers and the reasons for their
choice.
5. Outline the problems associated to each method and how would you solve them.
Not Applicable
page 56 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.17 Cast irons and steels

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the metallurgy of the different types of cast irons and
steels, their application fields and weldability.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic understanding of the metallurgy of the different types of cast irons and
steels, their application fields and weldability.
Qualification
Teaching hours
IWE
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
0
-
Scope:
Cast iron and cast steels definition and classification ISO/TR 15608.......
Survey of cast steels
Survey of cast irons ..
Weldability of cast iron and cast steels........................................................
Applicable welding processes and procedures ....
Filler materials ...
Application and special welding problems ....
Standards (ISO, CEN and National).............................................................
1. Explain fully the Fe - C phase diagram with particular attention to carbon content over 2%.
2. Detail the different types of cast irons and steels, their chemical composition and crystallographic
structures.
3. Explain fully the weldability problems and applicable welding processes and types of consumable for
the welding of cast irons.
1. Recognise the different types of cast irons and steels.
2. Describe the weldability problems and applicable welding processes and types of consumable for the
welding of cast irons.
Not Applicable

page 57 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.18 Copper and copper alloys

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the metallurgy and the range of application and weldability of copper and copper alloys.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the metallurgy and the range of application and weldability
of copper and copper alloys.
Qualification
Teaching hours
IWE
2
P3
X
X
X
IWT
2
P3
X
X
X
IWS
1
P3
X
X
X
IWP
0
-
Scope:
Classification of copper and copper alloys ISO/TR 15608...........................
Physical and mechanical properties ..
Deoxidation and weldability ....
Applicable joining processes (welding, brazing, soldering, diffusion bonding)...............................................................................................................
X
X
X
Filler materials ...
X
X
X
Shielding and backing gases ..
X
X
X
Application and special problems ...
X
X
X
Standards (ISO, CEN and National) .
X
X
X
Quality control of the welded joint ..
X
X
X
1. Explain fully the metallurgy of copper and copper alloys.
2. Detail copper and copper alloy weldability including dissimilar joints.
3. Explain fully applicable welding processes and types of consumable for copper and copper alloys.
4. Explain fully the range of application for copper and copper alloys.
1. Explain copper and copper alloy weldability
2. Define applicable welding processes and types of consumable for copper and copper alloys.
3. Select examples of copper and copper alloys applications.
Not Applicable

page 58 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.19 Nickel and nickel alloys

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the metallurgy, the range of application and the weldability of
nickel and nickel alloys.
Objective for IWT: Understand the metallurgy, the range of application and the weldability of nickel and
nickel alloys.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the metallurgy, the range of application and the weldability
of nickel and nickel alloys.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Classification of nickel and nickel alloys ISO/TR 15608..............................
Weldability of nickel and nickel alloys .....................
Applicable welding processes and filler materials ...
Welding problems (hot cracking) and prevention ....
Quality control of the welded joint ..
Application and special problems ...
Standards (ISO, CEN and National) ..
IWE
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
1
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
1
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
0
-

1. Explain fully the metallurgy of nickel and nickel alloys.
2. Detail Nickel and nickel alloy weldability.
3. Detail applicable welding processes and types of consumable for Nickel and Nickel alloys.
4. Explain fully examples of nickel and nickel alloys applications.
1. Explain nickel and nickel alloy weldability.
2. Define applicable welding processes and types of consumable for nickel and nickel alloys.
3. Explain examples of nickel and nickel alloys applications.
1. Outline nickel and nickel alloy weldability.
2. Identify applicable welding processes and types of consumable for nickel and nickel alloys.
3. Recognise examples of nickel and nickel alloys applications.
Not Applicable

page 59 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.20 Aluminium and aluminium alloys

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the metallurgy, the range of application and the weldability of
aluminium and aluminium alloys.
Objective for IWT: Understand the metallurgy, the range of application and the weldability of aluminium
and aluminium alloys.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic understanding of the metallurgy, the range of application and the
weldability of aluminium and aluminium alloys.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Classification of Al and Al-alloys (pure, cold work alloys, heat treatable)
ISO/TR 15608..............................................................................................
Weldability of Al and Al-alloys (HAZ softening, porosity and hot cracking,
cracking diagrams, distortion)......................................................................
Oxide layer cleaning (cathodic cleaning, trailing and trailing shield)
Filler materials (choice, storage and handling)
Design details ....
Joint preparation
Application and special problems (lightweight structures, cryogenic use)...
IWE
6
P3
IWT
4
P3
IWS
2
P3
IWP
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the welding metallurgy of aluminium and aluminium alloys.
2. Explain fully aluminium and aluminium alloy weldability including dissimilar joints.
3. Detail applicable welding processes and types of consumable for aluminium and aluminium alloys.
4. Detail aluminium and aluminium alloys range of application.
1. Explain aluminium and aluminium alloy weldability including dissimilar joints.
2. Define applicable welding processes and types of consumable for aluminium and aluminium alloys.
3. Define aluminium and aluminium alloys range of application.
1. Outline aluminium and aluminium alloy weldability.
2. Recognise applicable welding processes and types of consumable for aluminium and aluminium alloys.
3. Identify examples of aluminium and aluminium alloy applications.

page 60 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.21 Titanium and other metals and alloys

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the metallurgy, application fields and weldability of the specified
metals.
Objective for IWT: Understand the metallurgy, application fields and weldability of the specified metals.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the metallurgy, application fields and weldability of the
specified metals.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
3
2
1
0
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
X
X
X
Titanium, Classification according to ISO/TR 15608....................................
Magnesium. Classification according to ISO/TR 15608...............................
X
X
X
Tantalum...................................................................................................
X
Zirconium ..............
X
Applicable welding processes and filler materials ...
X
X
X
Special problems ..
X
X
1. Explain fully the welding metallurgy of the specified metals.
2. Detail the weldability of these metals.
3. Detail appropriate welding processes and applications.
1. Explain the welding metallurgy of the specified metals.
2. Define the weldability of the specified metals.
3. Define appropriate welding processes and some typical applications.
1. Outline the welding metallurgy of the specified metals.
2. Recognise the weldability of the specified metals.
3. Identify appropriate welding processes and some typical applications.
Not Applicable

page 61 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.22 Joining dissimilar materials

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the principles of joining dissimilar materials and the problems
involved.
Objective for IWT: Understand the principles of joining dissimilar materials and the problems involved.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the principles of joining dissimilar materials and the problems involved.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the principles of joining dissimilar materials
and the problems involved.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
4
3
2
1
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
X
X
X
X
Fundamentals of joining dissimilar materials..............
Use of the Schaeffler / De Long / WRC diagram for welding dissimilar
X
X
X
metals .
X
X
X
X
Choice of processes .
X
X
X
X
Effect of dilution, buttering....
X
X
X
X
Consumables .
Welding problems and measures, (formation of intermetallic compounds,
X
X
carbon migration) ........................
X
X
In service failures (thermal fatigue, disbonding) ..
Typical applications:
Joining high alloyed steel and mild steel ...
Joining stainless steel and mild steel .
Joining Austenitic stainless steel and martensitic stainless steel..
Joining Austenitic stainless steel and ferritic stainless steel...
Joining Austenitic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel .
Joining Cu-Ni-alloys with mild steel/stainless steel .
Joining Ni-alloys with mild steel ..
Joining stainless steel and copper alloys ..
Joining steel and Al / Al alloys
Joining Cu and Al / Al alloys
Joining Ni and Cu ..
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-

1. Explain fully the metallurgical and weldability aspects involved when joining dissimilar materials.
2. Interpret and use Schaeffler / De Long /WRC diagram.
3. Detail welding methods that can solve metallurgical problems.
4. Deduce the correct choice of filler material.
1. Explain metallurgical and weldability aspects involved when joining dissimilar materials.
2. Interpret and use Schaeffler / De Long / WRC diagram.
3. Select welding methods that can solve metallurgical problems.
4. Select the correct filler material.
1. Outline the weldability aspects involved when joining dissimilar materials.
2. Demonstrate correct use of Schaeffler / De Long /WRC diagrams to choose the appropriate consumables.
3. List the welding methods of typical applications which decrease metallurgical problems.
1. Outline the weldability aspects involved when joining dissimilar materials.
2. Give examples of welding methods that decrease metallurgical problems

page 62 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
2.23 Destructive testing of materials and welded joints

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the fundamental aspects of testing materials with particular reference to welded test pieces.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the fundamental aspects of testing materials with particular
reference to welded test pieces.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the fundamental aspects of testing materials
with particular reference to welded test pieces.
IWE
14
P3
IWT
14
P3
IWS
8
P3
IWP
3
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Metallographic examination of materials and their welded joint

Preparation of specimens (grinding, polishing, etching)...............................
Equipment for preparation (manual, mechanical, automatic).......................
Microscopes for examination (optical, electron)...........................................
Microscopic and macroscopic examination of welds....................................
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Standards for testing ...............
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Destructive testing
Tensile tests.........................................................................................
Bend tests .............
Impact tests ...........
Hardness tests...............................................................................
Fatigue tests ..
Fracture mechanics tests (CTOD, etc.) .
Creep tests..
Corrosion tests...
Chemical analysis........................................................................................
Determination of hydrogen content..............................................................
Laboratory exercises for IWE / IWT

- 6 hours from 14
Laboratory exercises for IWS
- 4 hours from 8
Laboratory exercises for IWP
- 1 hour from 3
1. Detail the reasons for destructive testing and the limitations of the data generated.
2. Explain fully each of the major testing methods and the parameters to be measured.
3. Predict when and detail why special testing should be specified.
4. Show competence in carrying out testing to a given schedule.
1. Identify the objectives of each destructive test and the limitations of the data generated.
2. Outline each of the major testing methods and the parameters to be measured.
3. Recognise when and why special testing should be specified.
1. Outline the reasons for destructive testing.
2. Recognise the major testing methods and the parameters to be measured.
Module 2 Materials and their behaviour during welding
IWE
IWT
Module 2
MT
P1 *
MT
P1 *
Teaching Hours
115
33
96
31
IWS
MT
56
IWP
P1 *
16
MT
23
P1 *
10

page 63 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
Module 3: Construction and design

3.1 Basic theory of structural systems
Objectives for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the effect of external loads on structures, the types of
structural systems and the relationship between external loads and internal forces.
Objectives for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the effect of external loads on structures, the types of
structural systems and the relationship between external loads and internal forces.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Structural elements (cables, bars, beams, plates, slabs, shells) ..
Theory of forces ....
Combination and resolution of forces .......
Equilibrium of forces and torques ......
Bearings, constraints and basic types of connections .......
Equilibrium of structural systems .......
Statically determinate and indeterminate systems ......
Stress in structural systems resulting from external actions ..
Relationship between external loads and internal forces ...
Calculation and determination of the internal forces and moments of simple statically determinate systems................................................................
IWE
4
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
4
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
IWP
0
-
Learning Outcomes for IWE/ IWT:

1. Explain fully the composition of forces.
2. Explain fully the resolution of forces.
3. Detail the conditions of equilibrium.
4. Explain fully the equilibrium of structural systems.
5. Explain fully bearings, constraints and the basic types of connections.
6. Explain fully the difference between a statically determinate and a statically indeterminate system.
7. Calculate the internal forces and moments of simple statically determinate systems.
8. Interpret, using sketches, the shearing force and bending moment diagram of simple statically determinate systems.
1. Outline the composition of forces.
2. Outline the resolution of forces.
3. Identify the conditions of equilibrium.
4. Outline the equilibrium of structural systems.
5. Recognise bearings, constraints and the basic types of connections.
Not Applicable

page 64 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.2 Fundamentals of the strength of materials

Objectives for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the principles governing the behaviour of metallic
structures under loading.
Objectives for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the principles governing the behaviour of metallic structures under loading.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Types of stresses (normal stress, shear stress) ......
Types of deformation (axial strain, shear strain)......
Stress-strain relationship, yielding theories...
Elastic and plastic deformation ...
Youngs modulus, shear modulus, transverse contraction coefficient .
Characteristic material properties ......
Different stresses resulting from internal forces and moments......
Different types of section properties ......
Cross section variables ....
Calculation of stresses .....
Limit states of failures: ductile, brittle, fatigue, creep. .
IWE
6
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
6
P1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
IWP
0
-
Learning Outcomes for IWE/ IWT:

1. Explain fully the different types of stresses (normal stress, shear stress).
2. Explain fully the different types of deformation (axial strain, shear strain etc.).
3. Detail the stress-strain relationships.
4. Deduce Youngs modulus; shear modulus and transverse contraction coefficient from the stressstrain relationships.
5. Explain fully the determination of characteristic material properties.
6. Detail the stresses resulting from internal forces and moments.
7. Calculate the different types of cross section variables.
8. Calculate nominal stresses in sections.
1. Outline the different types of stresses (normal stress, shear stresses).
2. Outline the different types of deformation (axial strain, shear strain etc.).
3. Outline the stress-strain relationships.
4. Identify the stresses resulting from internal forces and moments.
Not Applicable

page 65 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.3 Joint design for Welding and Brazing

Objectives for IWE and IWT: Be able to design and draw weld details related to a given material, wall
thickness, accessibility, loading, welding process, welding position, welding symbols, available equipment, tolerances.
Objectives for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the design of weld details related to a given material, wall
thickness, accessibility, loading, welding process, welding position, welding symbols, available equipment, tolerances.
Objectives for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the design of weld details related to a given
material, wall thickness, accessibility, loading, welding process, welding position, welding symbols, available equipment, tolerances.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Introduction (importance of welding joint design and groove shapes, influence on welding stresses and distortion) ..
Types of welded/brazed joints (ISO 9692, CEN, national).....
Importance of weld joint design and groove shapes, types of welded
joints, design of welded joints .
Classification of groove shapes (by material type, thickness, welding process, accessibility).......
Tolerance requirements (ISO 13920) ....
Welding symbols on drawings, symbols for groove shapes ..
Symbolic representation of welded, brazed and soldered joints according
to ISO 2553
National Standards
IWE
4
P1
IWT
4
P1
IWS
3
P3
IWP
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Detail different types of welded joints.
2. Design a weld according to the given conditions.
3. Interpret and apply appropriate weld symbols.
4. Interpret the symbolic representation of welded, brazed and soldered joints on drawings.
1. Identify different types of welded joints.
2. Demonstrate correct application of ISO 9692 according to the given conditions.
3. Identify and use appropriate weld symbols.
4. Recognise the symbolic representation of welded, brazed and soldered joints on drawings.
1. Recognise different types of welded joints.
2. Apply correctly each type of joint as a function of material, thickness and welding process
3. Recognise the symbolic representation of welded, brazed and soldered joints on drawings.

page 66 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.4 Basics of weld design

Objectives for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the relationship between external loads on structures,
internal forces and the stresses induced with especially with regard to welds.
Objectives for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the relationship between external loads on structures, internal forces and the stresses induced with especially with regard to welds.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Types of stresses in welded joints (nominal stress, hot spot stress, notch
stress) ....
Stresses in butt welds, stresses in fillet welds .
Calculation of cross section variables of welded joints ...
Determination of nominal stresses in single welded joints .
Determination of reference values of stresses due to multi-axial stressing.
Determination of design resistance of arc-welded and resistance-welded
joints ....
Worked examples of calculation of nominal stresses in welded joints .
Principal stresses, nominal/normal stress, shear stress, Mohr circle....
Stress concentration, factor-k, SCF elastic, strain concentration factor...
Constraint factor. Stress calculation by finite elements method. Experimental elasticity: strain gauges, photoelasticity, method Moir, holography
IWE
6
P3
IWT
6
P3
IWS
4
P3
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the different types of stresses in welded joints (nominal stress, hot spot stress, notch
stress)
2. Calculate in detail simple welded joints (internal forces).
3. Calculate nominal stresses in welds.
4. Calculate combined stresses in welds (superposition).
1. Outline the different types of stresses in welded joints (nominal stress, hot spot stress, notch stress).
2. Describe simple welded joints (internal forces).
3. Describe cross sections for welded joints.
Not Applicable

page 67 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.5 Behaviour of welded structures under different types of loading

Objectives for IWE: Understand in detail the different types of loading and the influence of ambient conditions on structures.
Objectives for IWT: Understand the different types of loading and the influence of ambient conditions on
structures.
Objectives for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the different types of loading and the influence of ambient
conditions on structures.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Static strength ...
Elevated temperature strength ...
Low-temperature strength ...
Creep resistance ...
Impact behaviour ..
Influence of notches and weld defects ..
Types of failure (ductile fracture, fatigue fracture, brittle fracture,
lamellar tearing) .
Selection of steel quality groups, Z-quality....
Typical data for common steels...
Use of standards and specifications ..
Collecting and processing experimental stress/strain data.
IWE
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
1
P3
X
X
X
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-

1. Explain fully the requirements according to different types of loading and temperatures.
2. Deduce materials that meet strength/temperature requirements.
3. Predict appropriate materials for use in specific applications.
4. Detail different types of failure (ductile fracture, fatigue fracture, brittle fracture, lamellar tearing).
1. Explain the requirements according to different types of loading and temperatures.
2. Select appropriate materials according to specific applications.
3. Define different types of failure (ductile fracture, fatigue fracture, brittle fracture, lamellar tearing).
4. Select groups of materials which meet strength / temperature requirements
1. Outline the requirements for the construction according to different types of loading and temperatures.
2. Identify globally groups of materials which meet strength / temperature requirements.
3. Recognise the various types of failure.
Not Applicable

page 68 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.6 Design of welded structures with predominantly static loading

Objectives for IWE: Be able to design and calculate joints and relevant details of welded metallic structures.
Objectives for IWT: Be able to design joints and relevant details of welded metallic structures.
Objectives for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of identification of joints and relevant details of welded metallic structures.
Objectives for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of identification of joints and relevant details of
welded metallic structures.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
8
5
3
2
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
Steel constructions including lightweight structures ....
X
X
X
Structural details e.g. (stiffeners, knots, columns, base- and cap-plates,
reinforced structures, supports, frame-corners, frame structures, trusses,
nodal joints, weld connections, braces / bracing, lattice work structures,
etc.) ...............................................................
X
X
X
Use of different types of welds related to joint types ...
X
X
X
X
Use of standards and specifications ..
X
X
X
X
Worked examples .
X
X
1. Explain fully the principles of design of different connection zones
2. Calculate appropriate weld geometry.
3. Calculate the relevant weld stresses.
4. Detail stresses in frames.
5. Detail the stresses in welds in frames.
6. Explain fully the advantages and disadvantages of different types of welds.
1. Explain the design of different connection zones.
2. Define the stresses in frames.
3. Nominate the stresses in welds in frames.
4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different types of welds.
1. Identify different connection zones.
2. Recognise the significance of appropriate weld geometry.
3. Identify stresses in structural details.
4. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of different types of welds.
1. Give examples showing the differences between similar profiles.
2. Recognise the advantages and disadvantages of different types of welds.

page 69 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.7 Behaviour of welded structures under cyclic loading

Objectives for IWE: Understand in detail the development of fatigue, calculation of load cycles, the influence of notches and their avoidance.
Objectives for IWT: Understand the development of fatigue, calculation of load cycles, the influence of
notches and their avoidance.
Objectives for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of fatigue and the influence of notches and their avoidance.
Objectives for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of fatigue and the influence of notches and their
avoidance.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
8
5
2
1
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
X
X
X
X
Types and variables of cyclic loading .......
X
X
Statistical stress analysis on real structures .
X
X
X
S-N diagram ...
X
X
Stress collective ........
X
X
X
X
Fatigue strength (low cycle, and others)........
X
X
Effect of mean stress including residual stresses............
X
X
Effect of stress range ...
X
X
X
X
Stress distribution .
X
X
X
X
Influence of notches .
X
X
X
X
Influence of weld imperfections ..
Fatigue improvement technique (needle peening, TIG dressing, burr
X
X
X
X
grinding, hammering, stress relieving, etc.) ..
X
X
X
X
Standards ISO, CEN and National ....
X
Palmgren-Miner rule.............
X
Classification of weld joints .
1. Draw and interpret an S-N diagram.
2. Explain fully the methods of counting load cycles.
3. Calculate the stress ratio.
4. Detail the influence of notches and weld defects.
5. Explain fully the methods for improving fatigue performance.
1. Draw and use an S-N diagram.
2. Define the influence of notches and weld defects.
3. Explain the methods applied to welds for improved fatigue performance.
1. Use an S-N diagram.
2. Describe the influence of notches and weld defects.
3. Recognise possible modifications to welds for improved performance.
1. Outline the influence of notches and weld defects.
2. Give examples of simple recommendations for fatigue improvement of welded joints

page 70 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.8 Design of cyclic loaded welded structures

Objectives for IWE: Understand in detail the different design methods in the range of application.
Objectives for IWT: Understand the different design methods in the range of application.
Objectives for IWS: gain basic knowledge of the different design methods in the range of application.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Range of application: bridges, cranes, machines, ships and offshore constructions, chimneys, towers and masts, vehicles (cars, trucks, railway
vehicles), etc................................................................................................
Acceptance criteria ...
Dimensioning according to different standards and specifications ...
Worked examples .
Calculation methods..
IWE
8
P3
IWT
4
P3
IWS
2
P3
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-

1. Interpret and apply the principles in design
2. Design welded joints in accordance with given details.
3. Detail the influence of notch effects on the classification of welded joints.
5. Compare details in different standards and classify them.
1. Select and apply the principles in design
2. Design welded joints in accordance with given details.
3. Define the influence of notch effects on the classification of welded joints.
4. Compare details in different standards and classify them.
1. Recognise the principles in design
2. Describe the design of welded joints in accordance with given details.
3. Recognise the influence of notch effects on the classification of welded joints.
Not Applicable

page 71 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.9 Design of welded pressure equipment

Objectives for IWE: Understand in detail the special requirements of design and construction of structural elements in this field of application with regard to the welds.
Objectives for IWT: Understand the special requirements of design and construction of structural elements in this field of application with regard to the welds.
Objectives for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the special requirements of design and construction of
structural elements in this field of application with regard to the welds.
Objectives for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the special requirements of design and construction of structural elements in this field of application with regard to the welds.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Construction of boilers, pressure vessels, pipelines, etc.......
Calculation (formulae) of the welds ...
High and low temperatures applications ...
Details of design (flanges, nozzles, shells, compensating plates etc.)
Use of laws and design rules, standards and specifications .....
Worked examples of construction and design .
Standards (ISO, CEN and National) ......
IWE
6
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
-
IWP
1
P3
X
X
X
-

1. Explain fully the design of given structural weld details.
3. Calculate circumferential and longitudinal welds.
4. Detail the advantages of different structural details.
2. Calculate circumferential and longitudinal welds.
3. Define the advantages of different structural details
1. Outline the advantages of different weld details.
2. Describe the design of given structural weld details.
1. Outline the advantages of different weld details.

page 72 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.10 Design of aluminium alloys structures

Objectives for IWE: Understand in detail the behaviour of welded aluminium structures with respect to
strength, stresses and design.
Objectives for IWT: Understand the behaviour of welded aluminium structures with respect to strength,
stresses and design.
Objectives for IWS: Gain basic knowledge about the behaviour of welded aluminium structures with
respect to strength, stresses and design.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Comparison of design between steel and aluminium structures ...
Lightweight structures .................................................
Standard alloys for practical use and relevant stresses and strains .
Effects of heat affected zone (HAZ) (softening) ......
Special design principles regarding profiles .
Significance of defects .
Range of application (vehicles, rolling stocks, ships, aircraft, vessels and
space) .
Dimensioning according to different standards and specifications ...
Worked examples .
IWE
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
1
P3
X
X
X
IWP
0
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-

1. Explain fully the occurrence of softening in the heat affected zone (HAZ).
2. Design aluminium profiles for a given use.
3. Explain fully how to solve the most common imperfections on aluminium welds
4. Detail the causes and development of stresses and strains in an aluminium weld.
5. Detail the strength of different alloys.
6. Deduce correct selection of alloys for given applications.
1. Explain how to minimize the softening of the heat affected zone.
2. Select and compare common aluminium weld joints.
3. Explain how to solve the most common imperfections on aluminium welds.
4. Select some typical applications and define the advantages against steel construction
1. Identify typical aluminium joints and preparation.
2. Recognise the common aluminium imperfections and solutions to avoid them.
3. Identify some typical applications and the advantages against steel construction.
Not Applicable

page 73 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
3.11 Introduction to fracture mechanics

Objectives for IWE: Understand in detail the use of fracture mechanics for welded structures.
Objectives for IWT: Understand the use of fracture mechanics for welded structures.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Viewpoint of fracture mechanics .
Application of fracture mechanics ..
Linear elastic fracture mechanics ...
Fundamentals of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics....
Critical flaw size, KIc-value ..
Fracture mechanics testing (CTOD, etc.) .
Different assessment method..
Sub-critical crack growth .....
Fatigue testing ...
Standards global (ISO), regional (CEN) and National
IWE
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
IWS
0
-
IWP
0
-

1. Explain fully the principles of linear-elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics.
2. Detail the influence factors for linear-elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics.
3. Explain fully the use of fracture mechanics for dynamically loaded structures.
4. Detail fracture mechanics testing and assessment methods.
1. Explain the principles of linear-elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics.
2. Define the influence factors for linear-elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics.
3. Explain the use of fracture mechanics for dynamically loaded structures.
Not Applicable
Module 3 Construction and Design

Module 3
Teaching Hours
IWE
MT
62
IWT
P1 *
14
MT
44
IWS
P1 *
14
MT
24
IWP
P1 *
4
MT
6
P1 *
0

page 74 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
Module 4: Fabrication, applications engineering
4.1 Introduction to quality assurance in welded fabrication

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the principles of quality assurance and quality control,
the related standards and their application to welded fabrication as a special process.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the principles of quality assurance and quality control and
recognise the related standards and their application to welded fabrication as a special process.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the principles of quality assurance and quality
control and recognise the related standards and their application to welded fabrication as a special process.
Qualification
Teaching hours
IWE
8
P3
IWT
8
P3
IWS
4
P3
IWP
2
P3
Scope:
Concept of quality assurance and quality control (including analysis, conX
X
X
X
tinuous improvement)
X
X
Weldability ISO/TR 581....
X
X
X
X
Testing and Inspection Plan (the goal, content and sources to develop it)..
X
X
X
Audit of plant...
X
X
X
X
Personnel and Equipment....
X
X
X
X
Maintenance...
X
X
X
X
Inspection...
Activities of the welding engineer/technologist/specialist/practitioner in the
X
X
X
X
different functions in industry (ISO 14731) e.g. RWC....
Standards (ISO 9000, ISO 3834, national and international standards).
X
X
X
Development of quality plans - ISO 10005)...
X
X
X
Software (overview, availability, demonstration, use)
1. Explain fully the principles of quality assurance, quality control and inspection systems and their usage for welded fabrication.
2. Detail the requirements for writing quality control procedures and quality plans for welded fabrication.
3. Explain fully the purposes of an audit of plant.
4. Detail the principles to be observed when carrying out audits of welding related plant, personnel,
equipment and product.
5. Interpret correctly relevant standards (e.g. ISO 9000, and ISO 3834).
6. Explain fully the main factors relating to personnel and equipment, which influence the quality in a
welded fabrication.
7. Detail the role of the Welding Engineer/Welding Technologist in the fabrication industry..
1. Describe the main differences between quality assurance, quality control and inspection systems and
their usage for welded fabrication.
2. Demonstrate effective writing of quality control procedures.
3. Demonstrate correct use of standards (e.g. ISO 9000, and ISO 3834).
4. Recognise the basic factors related to personnel and equipment, which influence the quality in a
welded fabrication.
5. Outline the role of the Welding Specialist in the fabrication industry..
1. Outline the goals of quality assurance and quality control.
2. Recognise factors related to personnel and equipment, which influence the quality of a welded construction.
3. Outline the role of the Welding Practitioner in the fabrication industry.

page 75 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
4.2 Quality control during manufacture

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the requirements and function of Quality Control during manufacture, the standards related to brazing and welding operators and brazing and welding procedure qualification including joint traceability methods, the need for calibration, and monitoring of process parameters.
Objective for IWT: Understand the requirements and function of Quality Control during manufacture, the
standards related to brazing and welding operators and brazing and welding procedure qualification including joint traceability methods, the need for calibration, and monitoring of process parameters.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the requirements and function of Quality Control during
manufacture, the standards related to brazing and welding operators and brazing and welding procedure
qualification including joint traceability methods, the need for calibration, and monitoring of process parameters.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the requirements and function of Quality Control during manufacture, the standards related to brazing and welding operators and brazing and welding
procedure qualification including joint traceability methods, the need for calibration, and monitoring of
process parameters.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Advantages to the quality of brazed and welded constructions................
Brazing and Welding sequence ..
Welding coordination and inspection personnel; qualification tasks and
responsibilities (ISO 14731, ISO 9712, CEN and National standards)........
Brazer and Welder Approval /Qualification and Brazing and Welding Procedure Qualification - Introduction/Overview....
Brazer and Welder Approval/Qualification (ISO 9606, CEN and National
Standards)....................................................................................................
Brazing and Welding Procedure Specification The goal, how to create
and develop (ISO 15607 and 15609, CEN and National Standards)....
Brazing and Welding Procedure Qualification (ISO 15610, 156111,
15612, 15613 and 15614), CEN and National standards)........................
Brazing and Welding Operator Qualification (ISO 14732, CEN and National Standards)..........................................................................................
Traceability (materials identification, welder/operator, procedures, certificates) .......................................................................................................
Practical exercises:
IWE - Welding procedure qualification
IWE - Welder and welder operator qualification
IWT - Welding procedure qualification
IWT - Welder and welder operator qualification
IWS - Welding procedure qualification
IWS - Welder and welder operator qualification
IWP - Welding procedure qualification
IWP - Welder and welder operator qualification
IWE
16
P3
X
X
IWT
12
P3
X
X
IWS
10
P3
X
X
IWP
6
P3
X
-
4 hours from 16
4 hours from 16
2 hours from 12
2 hours from 12
2 hours from 10
2 hours from 10
1 hours from 6
1 hours from 6

page 76 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
1. Explain fully the main purposes of a WPS/WPQR/pWPS and the main advantages to the quality of
welded fabrication.
2. Compile and review detailed WPSs for welded components in accordance with national and international standards.
3. Interpret correctly standards for the qualification of a WPS, determine the main variables for a particular WPS qualification and its range of qualification.
4. Explain fully the main purpose of a welder qualification and the main advantages to the quality of
welded fabrication.
5. Interpret correctly standards for welder qualification, determine the main variables for a particular
welder qualification and its range of qualification.
6. Explain fully the main purpose of a welding operator qualification and the main advantages to the
quality of welded fabrication.
7. Interpret standards for welding operator qualification, determine the main variables for a particular
welding operator qualification and its range of qualification.
8. Detail traceability requirements for materials procedures and certificates.
9. Detail tasks and responsibilities of the welding coordination personnel.
10. Detail tasks and responsibilities of the different inspection personnel
1. Explain the main purpose of a WPS/WPQR/pWPS and the advantages to the quality of welded fabrication.
2. Compile and review WPSs for welded components in accordance with national and international
standards.
3. Interpret correctly standards for the qualification of a WPS, determine the main variables for a particular WPS qualification and its range of qualification in accordance with National and/or International
standards.
4. Explain the purpose of welder qualification and the main advantages to the quality of welded fabrication.
5. Interpret standards for welder qualification, determine the main variables for a particular welder qualification and its range of qualification.
6. Explain the main purpose of welding operator qualification and the main advantages to the quality of
welded fabrication.
7. Interpret standards for welding operator qualification, determine the main variables for a particular
welding operator qualification and its range of qualification.
8. Define traceability requirements for materials procedures and certificates and give examples.
9. Define tasks and responsibilities of the welding coordination personnel.
10. Define tasks and responsibilities of the different inspection personnel
1. Recognise the main purpose of a WPS/WPQR/pWPS and the advantages to the quality of welded
fabrication.
2. Compile and review WPSs for welded components in accordance with national and international
standards.
3. Demonstrate correct use of the standards for the qualification of a WPS, recognise the main variables
for a particular WPS qualification and its range of qualification in accordance with National and/or International standards.
4. Recognise the main purpose of welder qualification and the main advantages to the quality of welded
fabrication.
5. Demonstrate correct use of the standards for welder qualification, recognise the main variables for a
particular welder qualification and its range of qualification.
6. Recognise the main purpose of a welding operator qualification and the main advantages to the quality of welded fabrication.
7. Demonstrate the correct use of the standards for welding operator qualification, determine the main
variables for a particular welding operator qualification and its range of qualification.
8. Outline the traceability requirements for materials procedures and certificates and give examples.
1. Recognise the purpose of a WPS, and the advantages to the quality of the welded construction.
2. Recognise the main variables for a certain WPS qualification and its range of approval.
3. Outline the purpose of welder qualification and the advantages to the quality of the welded construction.
4. Recognise the EN and ISO/other valid standards for welder qualification, and outline the main variables for a certain welder qualification and its range of approval.
page 77 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
4.3 Residual Stresses and Distortion

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the main factors affecting welding stress and distortion in welded
fabrications and how these effects can be measured and minimised.
Objective for IWT: Understand the main factors affecting welding stress and distortion in welded fabrications and how these effects can be measured and minimised.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the main factors affecting welding stress and distortion in welded fabrications and how these effects can be measured and minimised.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Influencing factors .
Thermal data of the materials .
Origin of the residual stresses and deformation ..
Relationship between the material at a certain temperature and its mechanical characteristics.....
Magnitude of longitudinal and transverse shrinkage stresses ...
Distribution of the residual stresses at weld (parallel to the weld axis, perpendicular, and through thickness, influence of the material thickness)...
Relationship between heat input, shrinkage stresses and distortion
Methods of residual stress measurement .
Welding sequence techniques.....
Effects of residual stresses on the behaviour of the structure in service..
Methods of reducing residual stresses or distortion ....
Examples to prevent and control of distortion...
Weld straightening, correction and removal of welding deformation (pressing, rolling, local heating, etc.).
IWE
6
P3
X
X
X
IWT
4
P3
X
X
X
IWS
2
P3
X
X
IWP
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the origin, influencing factors and magnitude of residual stress and distortion in welded
fabrications.
2. Detail the relationship between the material at a certain temperature and its mechanical characteristics
3. Predict the distribution of residual stresses in a weld (parallel to the weld axis, perpendicular, and
through thickness, influence of the material thickness)
4. Predict, quantitatively, the contraction and distortion in joints and structures.
5. Detail procedures to minimise distortion and stress.
6. Predict how residual stresses may affect the behaviour of a structure in service.
1. Explain the origin, influencing factors and magnitude of residual stress and distortion in welded fabrications.
2. Define the relationship between the material at a certain temperature and its mechanical characteristics
3. Define the distribution of residual stresses in a weld (parallel to the weld axis, perpendicular, and
4. Derive, quantitatively, the contraction and distortion in joints and structures.
5. Select procedures to minimise distortion and stress.
6. Explain how residual stresses may affect the behaviour of a structure in service.
1. Outline the origin, influencing factors and magnitude of residual stress and distortion in welded fabrications.
2. Describe the relationship between the material at a certain temperature and its mechanical characteristics
3. Describe the distribution of the residual stresses at weld (parallel to the weld axis, perpendicular, and
4. Recognise contraction and distortion in joints and structures.
5. Demonstrate correct use of procedures to minimise distortion and stress.
6. Describe how residual stresses may affect the behaviour of a structure in service.
page 78 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
4.4 Plant facilities, welding jigs and fixtures

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the need for, and function of, auxiliary equipment, jigs
and fixtures from the viewpoint of quality, economics and the environment.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the need for, and function of, auxiliary equipment, jigs and
fixtures from the viewpoint of quality, economics and the environment.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the need for, and function of, auxiliary equipment, jigs and fixtures from the viewpoint of quality, economics and the environment.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Layout of production line ..
Jigs, fixtures and positioners (types, applications, advantages, special
precautions) ...
Roller beads, manipulators...
Cables, electrical connections, and special precaution...
Operational environment..
Auxiliary equipment (for fit up, movement, backing gas devices, flow meters, etc)...
Joint fit up ...
Tack welding (specific cares, distribution, length and their removal)
Equipment for preheat, postheat, and other heat treatments, also temperature control including furnace and local heat treatment...
IWE
4
P3
X
IWT
4
P3
X
IWS
4
P3
X
IWP
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Detail the workshop layout principles for improved productivity, safety and comfort.
2. Explain fully the advantages of using fixtures, jigs and positioners.
3. Predict the type of fixture, jig or positioner to be used for a particular welded fabrication.
4. Deduce the type of auxiliary equipment to be used in a particular welded fabrication, and cables, heat
treatment and temperature control equipment.
5. Detail the requirements related to joint fit up and tack welding.
1. Outline the principles for improved productivity, safety and comfort.
2. Recognise the advantages of using fixtures, jigs and positioners.
3. Identify the type of fixture, jig or positioner to be used for a particular welded fabrication.
4. Identify the type of auxiliary equipment to be used in a particular welded fabrication, and cables, heat
treatment and temperature control equipment.
5. Recognise the special requirements related to joint fit up and tack welding.
1. Recognise the importance of workshop layout to achieve a higher and easier production.
2. Recognise the advantages of using fixtures, jigs and positioners.
3. Recognise the type of fixture, jig and positioner to be used in a certain welded construction.
4. Recognise the necessary characteristics for the auxiliary equipment to be used in a certain welded
construction, cables, heat treatment equipment and temperature control.,
5. Outline the general precautions related with joint fit up and tack welding.

page 79 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
4.5 Health and Safety

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the health and safety hazards associated with welding
and fabrication processes, including techniques to minimise them.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the health and safety hazards associated with
welding and fabrication processes, including techniques to minimise them.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Introduction to health and safety requirements ....
Survey of safety and environmental aspects, risk assessment .
Hazards of electric power ....
Electro-magnetic fields .
Connecting of equipment .
Problems with shielding gases
Radiation and eye protection ..
Welding fume emission ...........
Exposure limits (Maximum Allowable Concentration) MAC and UEL (Upper Exposure Limit) values ....................
Ventilation filters (ISO 15012) and fume extraction (type of equipment and
airflow).....
Ergonomics ...........
Determination of acceptable emissions..
Tests for measuring emissions ...
Noise levels and ear protection ..
Special risks for automated processes ..
Standards and National regulations.............................................................
Protective clothing..
Health effects of grinding (vibration and dust)...
Hazards regarding the heat (spatter, flame, combustion, fire)
Oxygen environment enrichment.
IWE
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
4
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the risks associated with welding from electricity, gases, fumes, fire, radiation and noise.
2. Detail the correct interpretation of Health and Safety regulations with respect to the above hazards.
3. Deduce from measurements the risk associated with welding operations.
4. Detail the health effects of grinding and hazards regarding the heat
5. Detail safe working procedures to ensure the requirements are met.
6. Perform measurements of welding hazards.
7. Detail correct use of protective clothing
8. Explain fully Oxygen environment enrichment
Outline:
1. Recognise the risk factors associated with welding from electricity, gases, fumes, fire, radiation and
noise.
2. Describe the correct interpretation of Health and Safety regulations with respect to the above hazards.
3. Identify appropriate methods to reduce each type of welding risk factors.
4. Recognise the health effects of grinding and hazards regarding the heat
5. Demonstrate use of safe working procedures to ensure the requirements are met.
6. Describe correct use of protective clothing
7. Outline Oxygen environment enrichment

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IAB-252r3-16
4.6 Measurement, Control and Recording in Welding

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the requirements for measurement, control and recording during welding and allied operations.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the requirements for measurement, control and recording
during welding and allied operations.
Objective IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the requirements for measurement, control and
recording during welding and allied operations.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Methods of measurement (electrical parameters, gas flow rate, temperature, velocity) .....
Instruments (types, measuring applications) ....
Temperatures (ISO 13916), humidity, wind .........
Cooling time e.g. t 8/5 ..
Welding parameters (voltage, current, speed, gas flow rate, etc.).
Control in heat treatment (heating and cooling rate, ISO/TR 17663) ...
Calibration and validation of equipment (ISO 17662) .......................
Laboratory exercises:
IWE
4
P3
IWT
4
P3
IWS
4
P3
IWP
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
- IWE, IWT and IWS: 1 hour from 4

- IWP:
1 hour from 2

1. Explain fully the methods of measurement used in the control of welding and allied operations.
2. Detail working procedures for the measurement of welding parameters.
3. Detail working procedures for the measurement and control of heat treatment operations.
4. Interpret procedures for the calibration, validation and monitoring of welding operations.
1. Outline the methods of measurement used in the control of welding and allied operations.
2. Demonstrate correct use of working procedures for the measurement of welding parameters.
3. Demonstrate correct use of working procedures for the measurement and control of heat treatment
operations.
1. Recognise the methods of measurement used in the control of welding.
2. Give examples of working procedures for the measurement of welding parameters.

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IAB-252r3-16
4.7. Imperfections and Acceptance Criteria

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the principles of imperfections and acceptance criteria and fitness for purpose.
Objective for IWT: Understand the principles of imperfections and acceptance criteria and fitness for
purpose.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the principles of imperfections and acceptance criteria.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline knowledge of the principles of imperfections and acceptance criteria.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
4
3
2
1
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
Types of weld imperfections according to ISO 6520 standards. ..........
X
X
X
X
Acceptance criteria (e.g. ISO 5817, ISO 10042, ISO 13919, ISO 9013,
ISO 17635)........................................................................................
X
X
X
X
Significance of imperfections ..
X
X
X
Introduction to ISO/TR 15235.........
X
X
Engineering critical assessment techniques ....
X
X
1. Explain fully the principles of acceptance criteria.
2. Detail the effects of imperfection size, morphology and position on structural integrity.
3. Explain fully the methods of conducting an engineering critical assessment of a welded structure.
1. Explain the principles of acceptance criteria.
2. Define the effects of imperfection size, morphology and position on structural integrity.
3. Compare typical methods of conducting an engineering critical assessment of a welded structure.
1. Outline the principles of acceptance criteria.
2. Recognise the effects of imperfection size, morphology and position on structural integrity.

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IAB-252r3-16
4.8 Non Destructive Testing

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the use of Non Destructive Testing as applied to welding fabrications.
Objective for IWT: Understand the use of Non Destructive Testing as applied to welding fabrications.
Objective for IWS, and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the use of Non Destructive Testing as applied to
welding fabrications.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
18
8
8
8
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
Fundamentals of NDT methods (visual, dye penetrant, magnetic particle,
X
X
X
X
eddy current, acoustic emission, radiography, digital RT, ultrasonic, etc.)..
X
X
X
X
Field of application and limitations......
X
X
X
X
Design in respect of NDT...........................
X
X
X
X
Calibration.....................
X
X
X
X
Interpretation (IIW Radiographic reference)...............................
X
X
X
X
Recording of data.................
Correct selection of the NDT methods versus application (e.g. CEN/TR
X
X
X
X
15135)..........................................................................................................
X
X
X
X
Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (EN ISO 9712)..........
X
X
X
X
NDT procedures.................................
X
X
Automation of NDT (computer aided evaluation, etc.)...............
X
X
Use of standards and specifications.................
X
X
X
X
Health and safety aspects..................
X
X
X
Review of documents and protocols from NDT test sites...
Laboratory exercises:
- IWE: 10 hours from 18

- IWT: 5 hours from 8
- IWS: 5 hours from 8
- IWP: 5 hours from 8

1. Explain fully the modes of operation of the principal NDT methods, their advantages and disadvantages when applied to welded fabrications.
2. Detail weld imperfections, their causes and avoidance and methods of detection.
3. Interpret acceptance standards for weld imperfections.
4. Explain fully the principles of NDT interpretation.
5. Predict selection of weld configurations and design to allow adequate application of NDT methods.
6. Interpret the qualification of NDT personnel.
7. Predict relevant safety aspects
1. Explain the modes of operation of the principal NDT methods, their advantages and disadvantages
when applied to welded fabrications.
2. Define weld imperfections, their causes and avoidance and methods of detection.
3. Select acceptance standards for weld imperfections.
4. Explain the principles of NDT interpretation.
5. Select weld configurations and design to allow adequate application of NDT methods.
6. Define the qualification of NDT personnel.
7. Explain relevant safety aspects
1. Outline the modes of operation of the principal NDT methods, their advantages and disadvantages
when applied to welded fabrications.
2. Recognise weld imperfections, their causes and avoidance and methods of detection.
3. Demonstrate correct use of acceptance standards for weld imperfections.
4. Identify the principles of NDT interpretation.
5. Recognise weld configurations and designs that allow adequate application of NDT methods.
6. Classify the qualification of NDT personnel.
7. Recognise relevant safety aspects
Note: Welding coordination personnel may need qualifications according to ISO 9712. The education in this guideline may be
accepted by a certification body against the training requirements of ISO 9712.
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IAB-252r3-16
4.9 Economics and Productivity

Objective for IWE: Understand in detail the economics of welding operations applied to welded fabrications.
Objective for IWT: Understand the economics of welding operations applied to welded fabrications.
Objective for IWS: Gain basic knowledge of the economics of welding operations applied to welded fabrications.
Objective for IWP: Have an outline working knowledge of the economics of welding operations applied
to welded fabrications.
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
8
5
2
1
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
P3
X
X
X
X
Analysis of welding costs..
X
X
X
X
Deposition rate...
X
X
X
Costs of labour...
X
X
X
Costs of welding consumables.....
X
X
X
Costs of equipment....
X
X
Return on investment....
X
X
Costs of energy..
X
X
X
X
Welding processes operation factor .
X
X
X
Calculation of welding costs ...
X
X
X
X
Cost awareness (of labour, consumables, equipment, gases, energy, etc.)
X
X
The application of software, calculation programmes .
X
X
X
X
Measures for decreasing welding costs ....
X
X
X
X
Mechanisation....
X
X
X
X
Automation..
X
X
X
X
Robotics...
1. Explain fully the costs associated with welding.
2. Calculate the cost of welding operations.
3. Detail welding and handling procedures including mechanisation and automation to minimise production costs.
1. Explain the elements of cost associated with welding.
3. Select welding and handling procedures including mechanisation and
automation to minimise
production costs.
1. Identify the elements of cost associated with welding.
3. Outline welding and handling procedures including mechanisation and automation to minimise production costs.
1. Recognise the make up of costs associated with welding.
2. Give examples of welding and handling procedures including mechanisation and automation to minimise production costs.
3. Apply correctly the welding processes operation factor

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IAB-252r3-16
4.10 Repair Welding

Objective for IWE and IWT: Understand in detail the problems of repair welding both for in-manufacture
and in-service situations.
Objective for IWS and IWP: Gain basic knowledge of the problems of repair welding both for inmanufacture and in-service situations.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Welding repair procedure specification..
Welding repair plan....
Welding repair procedure qualification...
NDT of the weld repair..
Special precautions...
IWE
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
IWT
2
P3
X
X
X
X
X
IWS
1
P3
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
1
P3
X
X
X
X
X

1. Explain fully the problems of making repair welds.
2. Predict possible hazards likely to occur in making repair welds particularly for in-service repairs.
3. Interpret comprehensive procedures to be applied to weld repairs.
4. Detail procedural and operator qualifications to be applied to repair welds.
1. Outline the problems of making repair welds.
2. Recognise possible hazards likely to occur in making repair welds particularly for in-service repairs.
3. Demonstrate use of comprehensive procedures to be applied to weld repairs.
4. Identify procedural and operator qualifications to be applied to repair welds.

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IAB-252r3-16
4.11 Reinforcing-steel welded joints

Objectives for IWE: Understand the principles of choice of joints and their design.
Objectives for IWT and IWS: Gain the knowledge to understand the principles of choice of joints and
their design
IWT
IWS
IWP
Qualification IWE
Teaching hours
2
1
1
0
Scope:
P3
P3
P3
Reinforcing-steel types, properties .
X
X
X
Direct and indirect loading ...
X
X
X
Types of joints used (lap, cruciform) ..
X
X
X
Calculation..............................................
X
X
X
Weldability with respect to weld joint strength...
X
X
X
Preheating in respect to bar diameter ...
X
X
X
Application of welding processes ...
X
X
X
Standards and specifications (ISO 17660 series and National Standards)
X
X
X
1. Explain fully the basics of the different joints.
2. Explain fully the differences between load bearing and non-load bearing joints.
3. Detail applicable processes.
4. Calculate the length of weld with respect to diameter.
5. Deduce the required preheating temperature.
1. Explain the basics of the different joints.
2. Compare load bearing and non-load bearing joints.
3. Select applicable processes.
4. Derive the length of weld with respect to diameter.
5. Select the required preheating temperature.
1. Outline the basics of the different joints in full.
2. Recognise load bearing and non-load bearing joints.
3. Classify applicable welding processes.
4. Identify methods to determine the length of weld with respect to diameter.
5. Describe the application of preheat.
Not Applicable

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IAB-252r3-16
4.12 Case Studies

Objective for IWE, IWT and IWS: To understand and be able to handle welding related tasks in respect
of the manufacture of specific welded products. The best way to give this education is a combination of
experts from industry presenting special cases and project work to the students split up into groups, followed by a general discussion and comments by the experts. All of the following subjects have to be dealt
with, the depth to which, however, will depend on the national needs.
Qualification
Teaching hours
Scope:
Steel and lightweight structures, boilers and pressure vessels, chemical
plants and pipelines, shipbuilding and offshore applications, transportation
(automobiles, railways), aerospace applications.
IWE
40
P3
X
IWT
28
P3
X
IWS
14
P3
X
IWP
0
-
Common items to be covered:

Standards and specifications, design,
Choice of materials, welding processes,
Site welding (transport and final assembly),
Consumables, welding procedures,
Tolerances on weld preparation and fit-up,
Post weld heat treatment, NDT and quality control,
Visual Inspection practice (interpretation and evaluation of fractures and
welds including interpretation of fracture tests of fillet welds)
Learning Outcomes:
Not Applicable
Module 4 Fabrication, applications engineering

Module 4
Teaching Hours
IWE
MT
116
IWT
P1 *
0
MT
83
IWS
P1 *
0
MT
56
IWP
P1 *
0
MT
29
P1 *
0

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IAB-252r3-16
I.2 Theoretical Education - IWS 0

The module IWS 0 aims at teaching basic technical knowledge, which in general is lacking in participants entering
via the route 3 when compared to participants entering via routes 1 and 2. It provides the chance for professional
workers and International Welding Practitioners to become qualified as International Welding Specialists
The module IWS 0 deals with the following subjects:
Practical Training
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.10
0.11
Basic Metrology applicable to Welding

Technical Calculation
Technical Drawings
Basics of Electro-technology
Basics of Chemistry
Basics of Materials
Metal Products
Machining of Materials
Technical Mechanics
Joining Elements
Calculation of strength
Teaching hours:
4
8
8
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
4
40
0.1 Basic Metrology applicable to Welding (4 hours)

Objectives: To guarantee a basic knowledge of metrology for an IWS to be able to control the quality in welding
operations. To acquire a working knowledge of the metric system of measurements, i.e. the International System of Units (SI), related to welding.
Scope:
- Introduction to the metrology (basic concepts of metrology; necessity of standards for comparison; basic methods of measurement: measurement by indication, measurement by comparison; calibration standards: of mass,
of length, etc);
- Basic knowledge on the metric system of measurements (International System of Units - SI).
- SI units for length, area, volume, mass, time, electrical current, voltage, energy and power, force, frequency,
pressure, linear speed, acceleration, temperature, heat, plane angle, and other, as well as their derivatives
commonly used in welding.
- Commonly used multiplication factors, prefixes and their symbols.
- Basic instruments for linear measurement (rulers, tape measures, sliding calipers, micrometers, etc.);
- Other instruments of measurement (protractors, pressure gauges, flow meters, etc.);
- Patterns (for comparison): angle patterns, plate thicknesses patterns, etc.
- Practical exercises.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Understand objectives of the metrology.
2. List all SI base units and their symbols for length, mass, time, electric current, voltage, temperature, plane
angle and other commonly used units related to welding.
3. List all SI derived units and their symbols for area, density, energy, force, frequency, power, pressure, volume, linear velocity, and other commonly used units related to welding.
4. List commonly used multiplication factors, prefixes and their symbols.
5.
6.
7.
Know basic instruments for linear measurement.

Describe patterns and give some examples of their applications.
List and describe measuring instruments used in welding (except those used for electrical measurements
which are dealt in the Item 0.4).

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IAB-252r3-16
0.2 Technical Calculation (8 hours)
Objectives: To demonstrate how to make calculations related to welding involving various combinations of mathematical operations, powers, square roots, basic trigonometric functions, equations, variables including linear and angular measurements and time.
Scope:
- Simple mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, square roots,
percentage calculation, rule of three (transposition);
- Rearranging and solving of linear equations;
- Calculation of length, area and volume;
- Conversions between Metric and Imperial systems for the length, speed and gas flow rate units (Conversion
tables);
- Conversions of the temperature value between Kelvin, Centigrade e Fahrenheit systems (Conversion tables);
- Calculation of the speed and acceleration;
- Trigonometric functions;
- Use of calculators for arithmetic operations and for trigonometric functions;
- Exercises for calculations involved in welding technology (gas flow rate, wire feed speed, welding travel, welding
energy, mechanical resistance of materials, fusion and deposition rates, weld bead section and volume, material
cost per weld linear unit or per welding time unit, etc.)
Learning Outcomes:
1. Show examples of mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of whole
numbers of different signs, decimals and fractions.
2. Show examples of powers of 0, 1, 2, . of a number including 10.
3. Show examples of square roots of numbers greater than 1 and less than 1.
4. Show examples of linear equations and how the equations can be re-arranged, manipulated and solved.
5. Explain the definition of basic trigonometric functions of sine, cosine and tangent in terms of the ratios of the
sides of a right-angled triangle.
6. Be able to calculate length, area, volume, speed and acceleration.
7. Be able to use conversion tables Metric versus Imperial system for the length, speed and gas flow rate
units.
8. Be able to use conversion tables Temperature value between Kelvin, Centigrade e Fahrenheit systems.
9. Show calculations related to welding involving various combinations of mathematical operations, powers,
square roots, basic trigonometric functions and equations.
10. Show the use of pocket calculators for the above calculations and functions.
0.3 Technical Drawings (8 hours)

Objectives:
To be able to read and understand basic technical drawings related to welding technology.
Scope:
- Introduction to the technical drawing.
- Purpose and importance of the technical drawing for the welding applications;
- Types of technical drawings (Detail Drawing, Assembly Drawing);
- Elaboration and presentation of technical drawings (sketch and final technical drawing);
- Projection views (orthographic projections: front, top, side; isometric);
- Scales;
- Types of lines (visible object line, hidden object line, center line, dimension line, );
- Sectional views, hatching;
- Symbols on the drawings;
- Drawing of different types of diagrams;

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IAB-252r3-16
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain the purpose and importance of the technical drawing for the welding applications.
2. Know how to elaborate and present a technical drawing.
3. Know projection views.
4. Explain the use and indication of scales in engineering drawings.
5. Illustrate the various types of lines and their usage.
6. Explain sectioning symbols and methods and illustrate different sectional views.
7. Know how to draw different types of diagrams.
0.4 Basics of Electro-technology (2 hours)
Objectives: To acquire a basic knowledge of the industrial electricity in relation to the requirements of welding
technology.
Scope:
- Electricity generation and distribution;
- Direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC);
- Single-phase supply;
- Three-phase supply;
- Star (Y) connection;
- Delta () connection;
- Circuits, connection diagram;
- Voltmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters and multi-meters used in welding;
- Lab exercises.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Briefly describe sources of electricity.
2. Describe the major differences between DC and AC current and give examples of their individual applications.
3. Describe the 50(60)-Hz alternating current and its sinusoidal waveform.
4. Describe single-phase and 3-phase AC power lines.
5. Define peak value, mean value and RMS value for either AC current or voltage.
6. Describe a star (Y) connection.
7. Describe a delta () connection.
8. Explain the working of voltmeters, ammeter, ohmmeters and multi-meters including digital multi-meters, and
their applications related to welding.
9. Read connection diagrams and simple circuits.
0.5 Basics of Chemistry (2 hours)
Objectives: To acquire a basic knowledge of chemistry for the understanding of chemical reactions in welding
processes, casting processes and chemical analysis of welds.
Scope:
- Principal chemical elements and their symbols (found in steels, aluminium alloys, nickel, copper and other materials used in welding);
- Simple reactions of reduction and oxidation (used in steel manufacturing, corrosion and combustion);
- Presentation of chemical composition of gases (by volume) and of solids (by mass);
- Chemical composition of the plain carbon, low alloy and high alloy steels (tables).
Learning Outcomes:
1. List basic chemical elements and their symbols in engineering steel, aluminium, nickel and copper, and their
alloys.
2. Explain chemical reaction and its representation by the chemical equation with examples of chemical reactions
in steel manufacturing.
3. Briefly explain the presentation of chemical composition of gases (by volume) and of solids (by mass).
4. List the various types of plain carbon, low alloy and high alloy steels, and their chemical compositions.
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IAB-252r3-16
0.6 Basics of Materials (2 hours)
Objectives: To be informed about main metallic materials used in welding. To know how they are classified according to their main physical properties, and how they influence material applications.
Scope:
- Description, chemical and mechanical characteristics and application of the main metallic materials: structural
steels, rail steel, sheet steels, pipe steels, steels for bars and wires, spring steels, steels for easy metal-working,
steels for cementation and for nitriding, tool and die steels, wear-resistant steels, corrosion-resistant steels, hotwork steels, steels to be used for the electric and magnet purposes, high strength steels, cryogenic steels, white
and grey cast irons, malleable cast iron, aluminium and its alloys, copper and its alloys (brass and bronze);
method of the carbon content recognition in the steel by the grinding.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Description, application, types, physical properties of main metallic materials.
2. Know the difference between the main properties of steel, cast iron, aluminium and copper.
3. List types of steels for different applications.
0.7 Metal products (2 hours)

Objectives:
To know different product form in which the metallic materials used in welding are commercially
supplied and to have notions about methods of their production.
Scope:
- Different product form, denominations and commercial dimensions of wrought products (plates, flat profiles,
rounds, hexagonal profile, angel bars, H and U-girders, round, square and rectangular pipes);
- General description of main methods to produce plates, profiles, pipes and girders (casting, forging, lamination,
extrusion and welding).
Learning Outcomes:
1. List the main types of wrought products.
2. Recognize the different wrought products and know the correct terms.
3. Explain why the different properties are dependent on the wrought production method.
4. Be able to identify materials by their designation.
0.8 Machining of Materials (2 hours)

Objectives: To be informed about the different methods to machine metals, ferrous and non ferrous alloys
Scope:
- Fundamentals of metal machining methods: cutting and abrasive tools;
- Main methods of metal machining using cutting tools (drilling, turning machining, planning machining, milling,
sawing, etc.);
- Mechanical cutting using abrasive tools;
- Selection of emery, cutting and trimming discs in function of the material and of the piece form.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Know the most important machining methods.
2. Be able to describe the difference between cutting and abrasive machining.
3. List main abrasive methods.
4. List the most important cutting methods.
5. Select emery, cutting and trimming discs in function of the material and of the piece form.

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IAB-252r3-16
0.9 Technical Mechanics (4 hours)
Objectives: To be able to make simple calculations of the forces found in welding activities.
Scope:
- Definition of force, practical examples of forces and units of force;
- Simple splitting of the force (in function of the angle) and addition of forces within a system of coordinates (practical examples: inclined plane, load lifting, etc.);
- Bending moments and torsional moment (practical examples: moment arm and winch - pulley);
- Static systems (reactions of forces and equilibrium conditions);
Learning Outcomes:
1. Graphically splitting of forces.
2. Find the resultant force from more forces through one point.
3. Determine simple bending moments and bending forces.
4. Calculate support forces (reactions).
0.10 Joining elements (2 hours)
Objectives: To know different types of non-welding joining of different materials and transfer force particularities
for those joints.
Scope:
- Dismantling joining types in comparison with welding (non dismantling one);
- Screw joining;
- Riveting;
- Adhesive bonding;
- Transmission fastening elements (e.g., pins, keys, guiding link, etc.).
Learning Outcomes:
1. List different types of material joining.
2. Make a comparison of dismantling joining types versus welding (non dismantling one).
3. Know the difference between static and transmission joints.
0.11 Calculation of Strength (4 hours)
Objectives:
Understand the difference between static mechanics and strength of materials. Knows what data can be determined during a tensile test. Recognise the different kinds of girders.
Scope:
- Elongation, deflections
- Areas of complex cross sections
- Moment of inertia, section modulus
- Stress calculation
- Stability of pieces
- Different cross sections
- Bending of girders and frames
Learning Outcomes:
1. Able to draw a tensile test diagram.
2. Able to explain the tensile test diagram.
3. Calculate/verify tension.
4. Calculate section modulus.
5. Calculate moment of inertia.
6. Calculate cross section area.
Total 40 hours
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IAB-252r3-16
I.3.
Practical Education Part 2
I.3.1
For the IWE; IWT, and IWS
This part does not aim at providing practical skills to the welding engineer/technologist/specialist but on gaining
knowledge on the control of the different welding processes. The students shall become as familiar as possible with
the problems and typical defects associated with incorrect use of the different welding methods. During their exercises the students are guided by skilled welding teachers.
Practical Training
hours:
Oxygas welding and cutting

MMA
TIG
MIG/MAG + Flux Cored Arc Welding
6
8
8
16
It is possible to use the advantages of Virtual Weld Training systems but maximum to 50% of the practical training
hours!
Demonstration or video presentations of processes
Gouging
Brazing
Plasma welding
Plasma cutting
Submerged-arc welding
Resistance welding
Friction welding
Electron beam welding
Laser welding
Other processes
Total:
hours:
22
60
It is strongly recommended that ATBs provide demonstrations instead of videos wherever possible.
Candidates may be exempted by the ATB from the practical training, on a process by process basis, if they can
demonstrate practical experience and/or training in the process concerned.
The laboratory exercises contained in the foregoing modules 1 to 4 of the theoretical part are additional and given
usually at a later stage of the education.
I.3.2
For the IWP
The practical training has to be done on an individual basis.

The main processes are: MMA, MIG/MAG, FCAW, TIG and Gas Welding. 40 hours shall be reserved to broaden
the students skill in other relevant materials within his welder qualification/s. This training shall end with a practical
examination in more than one process or more than one group of material (according ISO 9606 or national standards). For MIG welding only material group 22 and for Gas welding only material groups 1.1 and 1.2 are relevant.
If a student can demonstrate existing practical skill in and an understanding of the welding of different materials, it
is accepted that he can sit for the practical examination in these processes and materials without prior practical
training.
Typical test pieces and positions are given in Table 1. The test pieces shall be welded as single side welding without backing, except for aluminium, where backing is allowed. Each ANB will work to a similar table based on comparable national standards.
page 93 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
Valid national certificates are accepted as replacements for the practical examinations with test pieces in Table 1.
Table 1: Recommended test pieces and positions for practical examinations:

The dimensions given in the table are recommended/proposed, but not mandatory, other dimensions are accepted.
Welding process
ISO
9606
MMA
TIG
MIG
MAG
(and/or metal
cored)
FCAW
(flux cored only)
GAS
Practical Test
PF/BW
Test
Dimension(s)
Diameter/Thickness
6,0 13,0
PF/BW
6,0 13,0
4, 5, 6
H-L045/BW
PF/BW
60,3 114.3/
3.9 7.11
6,0 13,0
PB/FW
6,0 13,0
H-L045/BW
PF/BW
4, 5, 6
H-L045/BW
PF/BW
H-L045/BW
22
PF/BW
60,3 114.3
3.9 7.11
2,0 6,0
131
22
PF/BW
6,0 13,0
135
(136)
PF/BW
6,0 13,0
PB/FW
6,0 13,0
PF/BW
6,0 13,0
PF/BW
6,0 13,0
PA/FW
6,0 13,0
H-L045/BW
60,3 114.3
3.9 7.11
ISO
9606
Material
Group
(ISO TR 15608)
1
111
141
136
311
Welding
Position
60,3 114.3
3.9 7.11
2,0 6,0
60,3 114.3
3.9 7.11
2,0 6,0
Twenty hours shall be reserved to give the student basic understanding of the possibilities and limitations of the
other processes mentioned in Table 1. The purpose of this training is only to demonstrate the possibilities and limitations of these processes, and no practical examination is required. If the student can demonstrate to the training
establishment skill in and understanding of the other processes, he may be exempted from this training.
Acceptance criteria for the practical examination:
The quality of welding shall comply with ISO 9606, or comparable quality levels defined in National welders qualification standards used by IAB Group A countries. A welder qualification certificate may be issued.

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IAB-252r3-16
Section II: Examination and Qualification

Note: Other rules/procedures are covered in Document IAB-001-(see latest edition).
1.
Introduction
This guideline seeks to achieve international harmonisation and a common standard in the examination and qualification of professional welding engineers, technologists, specialists and practitioners. The national welding organisations, being members of the IIW/EWF, mutually acknowledge the Diplomas awarded in any Member Country to
International Welding Engineers, Technologists, Specialists and Practitioners, following examination conducted in
accordance with this Guideline.
Education must have followed this IIW guideline and the examination must have been conducted by the Authorised
National Body.
2.
Approval of Training Courses
Any training course leading to the examination must be approved by the ANB. The number of teachers required to
give the course shall be sufficient to ensure that the essential specialist knowledge and industrial experience to
cover the syllabus are adequately represented in the team of teachers and visiting lecturers.
3.
Examination Board
An Examination Board, acting on behalf of the ANB supervises the ANB National part of the examination process.
In this way, independence, integrity and fairness of the examination system are maintained.
4.
Admission to the Examination
Admission to the examination leading to the award of the International Welding Engineer, Technologist, Specialist
and Practitioner diploma will be restricted to those:
b)
c)
d)
e)
5.
Who comply with the minimum requirements specified in the directory of access conditions, and
Standard Route: Who have attended at least 90% of the course (Exemptions are at the discretion of the
ANB), approved by the ANB, according to this guideline., or
Who have attended a Distance Learning Course approved by the ANB fulfilling the requirements of guideline IAB-195-see latest edition, or
Alternative Route: Who have successfully passed the ANB detailed assessment (see diagram 9)
Examination procedures
This guideline defines the minimum requirements for examinations. ANBs are free to exceed these if they wish.
The examination procedures described below are designed to test the candidates knowledge and understanding of
different situations in welding technology. There will be written and oral examinations (where applicable) in each of
the following modules (held either on completion of each Module of the syllabus or at the end of the course):
a) Welding processes and equipment
b) Materials and their behaviour during welding
c) Construction and design
d) Fabrication and applications engineering
The final examination has to cover all training parts (1 to 3).

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IAB-252r3-16
All ANBs shall apply the harmonised examination system as a part of the total time allocated by the ANB written
examination. This shall be done according to OP-17.
Both written and oral examinations, where applicable, may be held either on completion of each Module of the syllabus or at the end of the course.
5.1 Written examination

At the discretion of the Examination Board the examination shall consist of:
a) A series of essay questions covering the whole field of the module
or
b) A series of multiple choice questions covering the whole field of the module
or
c) A combination of a) and b)
The time devoted to the written examination shall be a minimum of:
IWE level 2.0 hours per module, i.e. 8 hours in all.
IWT level 1.5 hours per module, i.e. 6 hours in all.
IWS level 1.0 hour per module, i.e. 4 hours in all.
IWP level 2.0 hours in total for the four modules
The duration of the harmonised examination is always a part of the total time above mentioned for each qualification level.
The harmonised exam matrix and duration is defined for each IIW qualification level according to OP 17. The
harmonised exams are automatically generated by the IIW harmonised exam management software.
All questions that are active in the IIW harmonised examination database have been evaluated and approved by
the IIW appointed Experts.
The ANBs Examination Board has no active task in terms of exam development, generation and scoring of the
harmonised exams.
Note: For the time being the ANB has the option to take into account the results of the harmonised examination or
ignore them when reaching a decision about the candidates overall results.
5.2 Oral Examination

When an oral examination is required it shall take place after the written module examination(s) have been concluded.
The oral examination is designed to test understanding and ability to reason in the field of welding.
Oral examination is only mandatory for the IWE level, but at the discretion of the Examination Board IWE Candidates may be granted exemption from oral examination in any module in which they achieved >75% of the maximum possible mark in the written examination. For the other levels of training the oral examination will be optional
at the discretion of the Examination Board.
In the borderline cases(to be defined by the ANB) oral examination shall be recommended..
For the IWE level the total time devoted to the oral examination, covering all four modules, shall be a minimum of 1
hour per candidate.
5.3 Practical examination

The practical examination is only applied for the IWP qualification level. It shall be implemented as described in
section I, item 3.2.
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IAB-252r3-16
5.4 Intermediate examination
An intermediate examination is only necessary if the courses are carried out in three separate parts (1 to 3).
The intermediate examination is mandatory for access Route 2 and it is the responsibility of the Authorised National
Body (ANB) to ensure that those entering by this Route 2 have achieved the required knowledge of Part 1 to enter
Part 3 of the course.
At the discretion of the ANB the intermediate examination shall consist of:
a) A series of essay questions covering the whole field of Part 1 of the modules
b) A series of multiple choice questions covering the whole field of Part 1 of the modules
c) A combination of a) and b)
or
or
The time devoted to the intermediate examination shall be a minimum of:

IWE level 1.0 hour
IWT level 1.0 hour
IWS level 30 minutes
IWP level 30 minutes
Failure in the intermediate examination shall require re-examination. Examinations can be retaken after
24 hours minimum. Failure in a second re-examination will require the student to enter Part 1 of the course.
5.5 Resources to be used in examinations except harmonised examinations

Programmable calculators, smartphones, tablet PCs, formulary, course material, etc. are allowed to be used only
at the discretion of the Board of Examiners.
6.
Evaluation of Performance
Written and oral examinations shall usually have equal importance (50%), but the weight of the oral examination
may, at the discretion of the Board of Examiners be set anywhere within the range of 40% to 60%. This shall be
announced before the start of the examination.
In order to pass the examination candidates shall achieve at least
60% of the maximum possible mark in each module examination
The final decision has to be given by the chairman of the Board of Examiners.
The examination in all four modules shall be completed within a period of 3 years from the date of the first (modular) examination.
7.
Re-examination
Failure in any individual module of the examination shall require re-examination only in the module failed. Examinations shall be retaken within 15 months of the initial examination and, in the case of a second failure, one further
attempt is permitted within 15 months from the date of the second examination.
If a candidate fails in any of the 4 modules three times, they must retake the classes of the modules failed and the
full examination of the module failed. Additionally they must retake the oral examination of the passed modules
again.
If the candidate doesnt take part in the re-examination within 15 months, in any of the 4 modules, they must retake
the classes of the modules failed and the full examination of the module failed. Additionally they must retake the
oral examination of the passed modules again.

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IAB-252r3-16
In the case of re-examination, the 3 years validity period of the examination may be extended by decision of the
Lead Assessor, if it has not been possible for the ANB to organize the necessary re-examinations within the relevant period.
In such circumstances, the following conditions shall be fulfilled:
i) The ANB must provide valid reasons for needing an extension.
ii) Any re-examinations taken after the first period must include oral examinations covering the whole syllabus.
iii) Under no circumstances shall the validity period exceed a total of six years.
8.
Appeals Procedure
Candidates who feel they have been unfairly treated during the examination procedure have the right to appeal to
the Authorised National Body.
9.
International Welding Diplomas
After successful examination a diploma is awarded to the candidate by the Authorised National Body.
10.
Transition Arrangements
All National Transition Arrangements are published on the
IAB Transition Arrangements Directory, doc. IAB-021- (see latest edition).
Each countrys specific Transition Arrangements are approved by the IAB Group B and may be obtained from each
Authorised National Body.
An ANB can offer Transitional Arrangements with indefinite closing date according to the Rules IAB-001, paragraph
1.12 latest edition
Practising Welding Engineers, Technologists, Specialists and Practitioners will be eligible for the award of the International Welding Engineer, Technologist, Specialist and Practitioner Diploma, if they can demonstrate to the
ANB that their combination of education, training and experience in welding technology has provided a level of
knowledge equivalent to the current IAB requirements and if they fulfil the ANB requirements defined in the Transition Arrangement Directory.
Two additional general rules shall be observed when applying the Transitional Arrangements:
1. Applicants shall possess the basic qualification and experience defined in relevant guideline and in the Access Condition Directory, Doc. IAB-020- (see latest edition)-..
2. Diplomas may be awarded under Transitional Arrangements in the following cases:
a)
b)
by the ANB in the country in which the applicant received his/her welding qualification
OR
by the ANB in the country in which the applicant is currently practising, in contact with the ANB of
the country in which the original qualification was issued.

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IAB-252r3-16
Appendix I: Requirements for equipment, facilities and specimens for the International Welding
Engineer (IWE), Technologist (IWT), Specialist (IWS) and Practitioner (IWP) course leading to the
award of IIW qualification
1.
Equipment
The following equipment shall be in good working order and fit for its purpose:
1.1
Welding equipment
Equipment for the following processes shall be available for practical exercises.
Manual metal arc welding
MIG welding
MAG welding
TIG welding
Gas welding
Gas flame cutting
111
131
135/136/138
14
311
81
Further processes covered by the syllabus may be shown by means of demonstrations or video presentations.
1.2
Other equipment
Mechanical testing, metallurgical examination and NDT equipment shall be available for both demonstration and laboratory work purposes.
2.
Specimens
A reference collection of well documented weld specimens, polished and etched, should. reflect the processes covered by the Guideline and one specimen per process is required (at minimum for the most
common welding processes see syllabus item 1.2 to 1.12.1; recommended is to show all other processes
by means of slides, photos, etc.). Preferably the specimens should cover a number of materials and thicknesses.

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IAB-252r3-16
Appendix II: Abbreviations for Processes

The following abbreviations used in the document show the relation between the ISO designation, the process
abbreviations used in Europe and those used in the USA.
ISO 4063
111
114
12
13
European (EA) and

American (AA) abbreviations
EA
MMA
AA
SMAW
EA
FCAW
AA
FCAW
EA
AA
EA
AA
SAW
SAW
GMAW
GMAW
EA
MIG
AA
GMAW
EA
MIG
AA
FCAW
EA
MAG
AA
GMAW
EA
MAG
AA
FCAW
EA
MAG
AA
FCAW
EA
TIG
AA
GTAW
131
132
135
136
138
141

Full name
Manual Metal Arc Welding
Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Self-shielded tubular cored arc
ldi
i htubular cored
hi ldarc
Self-shielded
welding
Submerged Arc Welding
Submerged Arc Welding
Gas Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Gas Metal Arc Welding
MIG welding with solid wire
electrode
Gas metal arc welding using
inert gas and solid wire
electrode
MIG welding with flux cored electrode
Flux cored arc welding
MAG welding with solid wire
electrode
active gas with solid wire
electrode
MAG welding with flux cored
electrode
active gas and flux cored
electrode
MAG welding with metal cored
electrode
Gas metal arc
welding using active gas and
metal cored electrode
TIG welding with solid filler
material (wire/rod)
Gas tungsten arc welding
using inert gas and solid filler
material (wire/rod)
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IAB-252r3-16
ISO 4063
142
21
25
3
311
42
43
81
86
European (EA) and

American (AA) abbreviations
EA
TIG
Full name
OAW
Autogenous TIG welding

Autogenous gas tungstenarc
weldingusing inert gas
Resistance spot welding
Spot Welding
Resistance Butt Welding
Upset Welding
Gas Welding
Oxy-fuel Gas Welding
Oxy-acetylene Welding
Oxy-acetylene Welding
EA
FW
Friction Welding
AA
FW
Friction Welding
EA
FSW
Friction Stir Welding
AA
FSW
Friction Stir Welding
AA
EA
AA
EA
AA
EA
AA
EA
AA
EA
AA
EA
AA
GTAW
RSW
RSEW
OFW
OFC

Flame Cutting
Oxygen Cutting, oxyfuel cutting
Flame Gouging
Thermal Gouging
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IAB-252r3-16
Appendix III: Requirements for ANB Detailed Assessment used in Alternatives Routes
After the candidate has fulfilled the requirements of the ANB paper check he will be admitted to the ANB Detailed
Assessment (Diagram 9).
Diagram 9: ANB detailed Assessment
The ANB detailed assessment shall include:

a) a detailed paper assessment of the candidates CV for evidence of that the candidates knowledge of the
subject matter in guidelines 1 to 4 is consistent with the relevant qualification level. This is achieved using a
check list with point allocations
b) a project or a technical interview to test the candidates ability to logically apply the knowledge expected by
the relevant qualification guideline in module 4 (Fabrication, applications engineering).
The sequence of this assessment shall be determined by the ANB. It is within the discretion of the ANB to terminate the assessment at any point and defer the application or re-direct the candidate to the standard route.
The paper assessment shall be based on a review of the applicants experience and education against the IIW
guideline and access conditions. This review will be based on the information provided by the applicant, as outlined
in his/her Curriculum Vitae and in supporting documentation which may include course outline, transcripts, certification documents, diplomas, degrees, etc.
a) The detailed paper assessment shall be done with the following point system:
Frames of requirements
(max. number of points) for:
Modules
Module 2: Materials and their behaviour during welding
Module 4: Fabrication and applications engineering
Sum:

IWE and IWT

22
21
19
22
84
IWS and IWP

22
15
11
20
68
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IAB-252r3-16
Detailed distribution of points for Modules 1, 2, 3 and 4
Sum:
Max. number of points

IWE and IWT
IWS
IWP
3
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
0
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
22
22
22
Module 2: Materials (acc. to ISO/TR 15608) and their

behaviour during welding
Steel alloys
groups 1 3 and 11
Cr-Mo- and vanadium steels:
groups 4 - 6
Ferritic and martensitic steels
group 7
Austenitic and aust./fer. steels
groups 8 and 10
Steel-Ni- alloys, max 10% Ni
group 9
Aluminium and alloys
groups 21 - 26
Copper and alloys
groups 31 - 38
Nickel and alloys
groups 41 - 48
Ti, Zr and alloys
groups 51 54 and 61 - 62
Cast iron
groups 71 - 76
Sum:

IWE and IWT
IWS
IWP
4
4
6
2
1
1
3
2
2
4
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
21
15
15

IWE and IWT
IWS
5
2
3
3
3
1
4
4
4
1
111 - MMA
14 - TIG and 15 - Plasma
131 - MIG
135 - MAG
114, 136 and 138 - Flux-cored methods
91, 93 and 97 - Brazing methods
81, 82 and 83 - Thermal cutting
12 - SAW
Other methods
Stresses and strains

Design of welded structures - static loading
Design of welded structures - dynamic loading
Joint design & design principles of welded structures
Design of structures of aluminium and its alloys
Sum:
Module 4: Fabrication and applications engineering
Quality assurance in welded fabrication
Quality control during manufacture
Welding stresses and distortion
Plant facilities, welding jigs and fixtures
NDT
Economics
Health and safety
Repair welding
Sum:
19
11
IWP
0
4
2
5
0
11

IWE and IWT
IWS and IWP
4
3
3
3
4
4
2
2
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
2
22
20
As a minimum the applicant shall reach 50% in each module to be admitted to the project or technical inter-view.
Note: If an applicant has a certification at a the relevant level which covers a module the ANB may accept this as
equivalent to the required 50% level.

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IAB-252r3-16
Welder Qualification Certificate (for IWP candidate only)
A minimum of two valid welder qualification certificates corresponding with Section I, Chapter 6 of the standard
route shall demonstrate in common with the paper assessment.
b) Project or Technical Interview

At the discretion of the ANB, the candidate shall:
complete a project, which includes a practical application, and provide a final report and discussion;
or
be assessed via a technical interview.
Each of these assessment routes are explained below.
b.1) Project
The project shall be in form of a case study. The purpose of the project is to evaluate the candidates ability to apply knowledge in the area of Fabrication, applications engineering (module 4). The project should be of sufficient
complexity and detail that the typical time allocated for completion meets the requirements set out in the table below. Once started the project should be completed within a maximum period of time which is also shown in the
table below.
At the discretion of the ANB the case study may be performed as a group exercise. Each candidate shall, however,
prepare a final report and presentation (b.1-3 below) individually.
Time conditions
Time allocated time for
project completion
Maximum period in which
the project should be
completed.
Qualification level
IWT
IWS
IWE
IWP
80 hours
60 hours
40 hours
8 hours
4 weeks
3 weeks
3 weeks
1 week
The ANB shall decide on the choice of project construction and the applicable codes and/or product standards.
One of the following type of construction shall be taken:
Type of construction
Pressure vessel
Construction static loading
Construction dynamic loading
Other construction
IWE
X
X
X
X
Qualification level
IWT
IWS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWP
X
X
X
Alternatively the ANB may, at its discretion, accept a proposal for a project from the candidate based on the candidates field of work. In such a case the project shall meet allocated time and maximum period requirements mentioned above.

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IAB-252r3-16
The project work is detailed as following:

b.1 - 1 Pre-study
Pre-study including a workmanship example.

Understand the consequences of the desired manufacturing code.
Evaluation of drawings and technical specifications.
Read and understand drawings and technical specifications.
Evaluation of and comments to the choice of base materials. Discuss
the weldability of the materials. Any needs for pre- and post-weld
heating.
Knowledge about the choice of base materials. Discuss the weldability
of the materials. Any needs for pre- and post-weld heating.
Evaluation of the construction based on the choice of:
Discussion of the construction based on the choice of:
Joining method(s) for the base material(s);
Cutting method(s) for preparation of base material parts;
Joint preparation and weld calculation;
Joint preparation;
Welding consumables;
Need of surface treatment before welding;
Surface treatment of finished construction - method(s) to be used.
Preparation of necessary WPSs and testing methods.
Interpretation of necessary WPSs.
Evaluation of necessary welding qualification(s) for welder(s).
Interpretation of necessary welding qualification test(s) for welder(s).
Present NDT methods to be used during and after welding.
Discuss possible NDT methods that can be used during and after
welding, including special tests to check the entire quality of the construction.
Prepare:
Production plan;
Welding plan including welding sequence and tack welding;
List of standards needed for the project;
Quality plan for the production based on relevant part of ISO 3834
or equivalent. Type of workshop for this kind of production shall be
discussed.

IWE
IWT
IWS
IWP
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
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IAB-252r3-16
b.1 - 2 Practical part on the construction or on test pieces simulating the same construction provided by the ANB
Checking:
Marking(s) and certificate(s) on base material(s);
Welder(s) qualification test certificate(s);
Qualification of personnel for destructive testing, NDT and inspection.
Evaluation of test results and compare with pre-study figures.
Plan for inspection before and during welding.
Inspection after welding based on pre-study plans (visual inspection
and other NDT methods, eventually pressure testing or other testing
methods).
Discussion of inspection reports.
Evaluation of the welding and test results based on inspection and
NDT reports.
If evaluation shows need for repair, plan(s) for repair welding and
eventually WPSs for repair welding to be made.
Evaluation of fabrication costs.
b.1 - 3 Final report and presentation
The candidate shall prepare a final written report with results from his
project based on the pre-study figures and the practical part.
The report shall include viewpoints regarding economy of production
and at same time ensure the quality of the product.
The candidate shall give an oral presentation of the project to the
board of examiners.
The candidate shall give an oral report of results from his project
based on the pre-study figures and the practical part.
IWE
IWT
IWS
IWP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IWE
IWT
IWS
IWP
b.2) Technical Interview

Technical Interview:
Technical Interview duration is at least:
IWE level
IWT level
IWS level
IWP level
6 hours
4 hours
3 hours
2 hours
The Technical Interview will be divided in 2 parts, they are:

i)
Applicant discussion regarding Part 1 Evaluation of the Knowledge (see table below)
ii)
Applicant discussion regarding Part 2 Evaluation of Practical knowledge (see table below)
Before the Technical Interview the candidate shall be allowed at least 1 hour to become acquainted with the documentation that will be used during the interview. The interview should normally be completed face to face. At the
discretion of the ANB the interview may be conducted remotely using a computer based visual interview package
provided that the interview process is secure and examination conditions can be maintained.

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IAB-252r3-16
The ANB shall supply the applicant with a set of documents (construction drawings - part of a construction, list of
materials, materials certificates, NDT reports, destructive testing reports, WPQRs, WPSs, Welder Approvals).
Or
The applicant may present to the ANB a set of documents (construction drawings - part of a construction, list of
materials, materials certificates, NDT reports, destructive testing reports, WPQRs, WPSs, Welders Approvals). The
documents should be from the company where the applicant is currently employed. The ANB shall review the documentation provided by the candidate before confirming that it is suitable and acceptable for use in the Technical
Interview.
The technical interview shall address at least the subjects mentioned on the tables below.
i) Part 1 - Evaluation of the Knowledge

b.2 - 1 Discussion of the Construction
Evaluation of drawings and technical specifications.

Read and understand drawings and technical specifications.
Evaluation of and comments to the choice of base materials. Discuss
the weldability of the materials. Any needs for pre- and post-weld
heating.
Knowledge about the choice of base materials. Discuss the weldability
of the materials. Any needs for pre- and post-weld heating.
Evaluation of the construction based on the choice of:
Discussion of the construction based on the choice of:
Joining method(s) for the base material(s);
Cutting method(s) for preparation of base material parts;
Joint preparation and weld calculation;
Joint preparation;
Welding consumables;
Need of surface treatment before welding;
Surface treatment of finished construction - method(s) to be used.
Preparation of necessary WPSs and testing methods.
Interpretation of necessary WPSs.
Evaluation of necessary welding qualification(s) for welder(s).
Interpretation of necessary welding qualification test(s) for welder(s).
Present NDT methods to be used during and after welding.
Discuss possible NDT methods that can be used during and after
welding, including special tests to check the entire quality of the construction.
Discussion of the construction in terms of:
Welding plan including welding sequence and tack welding;
Standards needed for the project;
Quality plan for the production based on relevant part of ISO 3834
or equivalent. Type of workshop for this kind of production shall be
discussed.
Jigs, fixtures, welding equipment

IWE
IWT
IWS
IWP
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
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IAB-252r3-16
ii) Part 2 Practical discussion

b.2 2 Practical Part
Checking:
Certificate(s) on base material(s);
Welder(s) qualification test certificate(s);
Qualification of personnel for destructive testing, NDT and inspection.
Welding Procedure Qualification Record - WPQR;
Welding Procedure Specification - WPSs;
Evaluation of test results and discussion of the reports.
Proposal for a Plan for inspection before, during and after welding and
discussion.
Discussion of inspection reports.
Evaluation of the welding and test results based on inspection and
NDT reports.
Welds needing for repair, plan(s) for repair welding and eventually
WPSs for repair welding to be made.
Brief discussion on fabrication costs.
IWE
IWT
IWS
IWP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
When the ANB has confirmed that the candidate has met the requirements of the detailed paper assessment and the project or technical interview process, he/she is admitted to the final examination defined for the relevant guideline.

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IAB-252r3-16
Appendix IV: List of Referenced Standards

Standard (-series)
Title
ASME IX
American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,

Section IX: Welding and Brazing Qualifications
ISO/TR 581
Weldability Metallic Materials, Definitions
ISO/TR 17671-1
(EN 1011-1)
Welding - Recommendations for welding of metallic materials - Part 1: General

guidance for arc welding
ISO/TR 17671-2
(EN 1011-2)
Welding - Recommendations for welding of metallic materials - Part 2: Arc welding of ferritic steels
ISO 17639
Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials - Macroscopic and microscopic

examination of welds
ISO 14732
Welding personnel Qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters
for mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials
EN 1708
Welding - Basic weld joint details in steel (series)
ISO 2553
Welded, brazed and soldered joints - Symbolic representation on drawings
ISO 3834
Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials (series)
ISO 4063
Welding and allied processes - Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers
ISO 5817
Welding - Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam
welding excluded) - Quality levels for imperfections
ISO 9000
Quality management systems (series)
ISO 9606
Approval testing of welders - Fusion welding (series)
ISO 9692
Welding and allied processes - Recommendation for joint preparation (series)
ISO 9712
Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 10042
Welding - Arc-welded joints in aluminium and its alloys - Quality levels for imperfections
ISO 17635
Non-destructive examination of welds - General rules for metallic materials
ISO 13916
Welding - Guidance on the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass

temperature and preheat maintenance temperature
ISO 13920
Welding - General tolerances for welded constructions - Dimensions for lengths

and angles - Shape and position
ISO 14731
Welding coordination - Tasks and responsibilities
ISO/TR 15135
Welding - Design and non-destructive testing of welds
ISO/TR 15235
Welding - Methods for assessing imperfections in metallic structures

page 109 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
Standard (-series)
Title
ISO/TR 15481
Welding of reinforcing steel - Tack weldability - Test methods

and performance requirements
ISO 15607
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials General rules
ISO/TR 15608
Welding - Guidelines for a metallic material grouping system
ISO 15609
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials

Welding procedure specification (series)
ISO 15610
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials Qualification based on tested welding consumables
ISO 15611
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials Qualification based on previous welding experience
ISO 15612
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials Qualification by adoption of a standard welding procedure
ISO 15613
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials Qualification based on pre-production welding test
ISO 15614
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials Welding procedure test (series)
ISO/TR 16060
Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials Etchants for macroscopic and

microscopic examination
ISO 17660
Welding - Welding of Reinforcing Steel (series)
ISO 17662
Welding - Calibration, verification and validation of equipment used for welding,

including ancillary activities
ISO 17663
Welding - Guidelines for quality requirements for heat treatment in connection

with welding and allied processes

page 110 of 111

IAB-252r3-16
Appendix V: EQF-level classification

Learning Outcomes
IIW/EWF
Qualification
Outside IIW Guideline

scope
European/International
Welding Engineer
Welding Technologist
Welding Specialist
Welding Practitioner
Outside IIW Guideline

scope
Described as
theoretical or factual
Highly specialised
knowledge, some of
which is at the forefront of knowledge in
a field of work or
study, as the basis for
original thinking
and/or research; critical awareness of
knowledge issues in a
field and at the interface between different
fields
Described as
cognitive
(involving the use of
logical, intuitive and
creative thinking) and
practical
(involving manual
dexterity and the use
of methods, materials,
tools and instruments)
Described in terms of
responsibility and
autonomy
Source:
EQF general descriptor
Specialised problemsolving skills required

in research and/or
innovation in order to
develop new
knowledge and procedures and to integrate knowledge from
different fields
Manage and transform work or study

contexts that are
complex, unpredictable and require new
strategic approaches;
take responsibility for
contributing to professional knowledge and
practice and/or for
reviewing the strategic
performance of teams
EQF Level 7
Advanced knowledge
of a field of work or
study, involving a
critical under-standing
of theories and principles
Advanced skills,
demonstrating mastery and innovation,
required to solve
complex and unpredictable problems in a
specialised field of
work or study
Comprehensive, specialised, factual and

theoretical knowledge
within a field of work
or study and an
awareness of the
boundaries of that
knowledge
A comprehensive
range of cognitive and
practical skills required to develop
creative solutions to
abstract problems
Factual and theoretical knowledge in

broad contexts within
a field of work or
study
A range of cognitive
and practical skills
required to generate
solutions to specific
problems in a field of
work or study
Knowledge of facts,
principles, processes
and general concepts,
in a field of work or
study
A range of cognitive
and practical skills
required to accomplish tasks and solve
problems by selecting
and applying basic
methods, tools, materials and information

Manage complex
technical or professional activities or
projects, taking responsibility for decision making in unpredictable work or study
contexts; take responsibility for managing professional
development of individuals and groups
Exercise management
and supervision in
contexts of work or
study activities where
there is unpredictable
change review and
develop performance
of self and others
Exercise selfmanagement within
the guidelines of work
or study contexts that
are usually predictable, but are subject to
change; supervise the
routine work of others,
taking some responsibility for the evaluation and improvement
of work or study activities
Take responsibility for
completion of tasks in
work or study; adapt
own behaviour to
circumstances in
solving problems
EQF Level 6
EQF Level 5
EQF Level 4
EQF Level 3
page 111 of 111

IAB 252r3 16 February 2016 Personnel Responsibility Welding Coordination

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IIW Guideline for

International Welding Engineers, Technologists,

Minimum Requirements for the Education, Examination and Qualification

IAB INTERNATIONAL AUTHORISATION BOARD

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EDUCATION,

PERSONNEL WITH QUALIFICATION FOR WELDING

International Welding Engineer (IWE)

International Welding Engineers, Technologists, Specialists and Practitioners

IAB INTERNATIONAL AUTHORISATION BOARD

Routes to Qualification ................................................................................................... 9

The Standard Route ....................................................................................................................................... 9

General Access Conditions .......................................................................................... 10

International Welding Engineer IWE ............................................................................................................ 10

Special Requirements ................................................................................................... 14

Theoretical Education - Part 1 and Part 3 ................................................................... 19

Module 1: Welding processes and equipment ...................................................................................................... 19

I.2 Theoretical Education - IWS 0 ........................................................................................... 88

Practical Education Part 2 ......................................................................................... 93

I.3.1 For the IWE; IWT, and IWS ........................................................................................................................ 93

IAB INTERNATIONAL AUTHORISATION BOARD

Section II: Examination and Qualification ............................................................................ 95

International Welding Engineers, Technologists, Specialists and Practitioners

IAB INTERNATIONAL AUTHORISATION BOARD

Figure 1: Organisation of the IAB

International Welding Engineers, Technologists, Specialists and Practitioners

IAB INTERNATIONAL AUTHORISATION BOARD

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EDUCATION, TRAINING, EXAMINATION

1. Welding processes and equipment

2. Materials and their behaviour during welding

3. Construction and design

4. Fabrication, applications engineering

Modules of theoretical education and fundamental

International Welding Engineers, Technologists, Specialists and Practitioners

IAB INTERNATIONAL AUTHORISATION BOARD

IWT Knowledge, Competence and Management

IWS Knowledge, Competence and Management

IWP Knowledge, Competence and Management

International Welding Engineers, Technologists, Specialists and Practitioners

IAB INTERNATIONAL AUTHORISATION BOARD

With a low level Regular and

Welding construction contract requirements

not able to perform

Technical review of the welding construction

able to perform the task

not able to perform

Welding personnel and related personnel needs and competences/

able to specify, supervise and manage

able to supervise implementation and monitor

Equipment and means needed for

able to specify, validate and manage the

able to understand and

able to specify, develop, validate and

able to monitor and

Welding procedures needed for the

able to specify, develop, evaluate, validate and manage

able to specify, develop, evaluate and

Base materials and welding consumables;

able to specify, validate and manage

able to monitor and

Inspection Testing Plan;