Chapter 1 Principles of Assessment
Chapter 1 Principles of Assessment
Chapter 1 Principles of Assessment
OBJECTIVE:
A the end of the chapter the student will able to understand the principles of
assessment, diagnosis and treatments of sports injuries (On field and off field)
INTRODUCTION:
HOPS HISTORY OBSERVATION PALPATION SPECIAL TESTS
HOPS- HISTORY
History: Attitude, mental condition, and perceived physical state.
Primary Complaint
Mechanism of Injury
Limitations
Past History
HOPS- OBSERVATION
Measurable objective signs
Appearance
Symmetry
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HOPS- PALPATION
Skin temperature
Swelling
Point tenderness
Crepitus
Deformity
Muscle spasm
Pulse
FUNCTIONAL TESTS
MOVEMENT EXAMINATION:
MOTOR EXAMINATION:
STRESS TESTS
Ligamentous Instability Tests
Special Tests
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NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION:
Dermatomes
Myotomes
Reflexes
Peripheral Nerve Testing
softball,
javelin
football,
opponent
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SOAP- Plan
1. Immediate treatment given
2. Frequency and duration of treatments and modalities and evaluation
3. On-going patient education
4. Criteria for discharge/return to play
ON THE FIELD ASSESSMENT
History:
Location of Pain
Presence of abnormal neurological signs
Mechanism of Injury
Associated sounds (snap, crack, pop)
Observation:
Check the surrounding area
Body positioning
Movement of the athlete
Level of responsiveness
Primary survey
Inspection for head or neck trauma
Inspection of the injured body part
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Palpation
Joints
Bones
Soft tissue
Skin temperature
Functional Testing
Active Range of Motion (AROM)
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
Resistive Range of Motion (RROM)
Weight Bearing
Stress Testing
Ligamentous stability
Neurological Testing
Cutaneous
Motor
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mild swelling, local tenderness and pain occur when the tissue is stressed
Grade 2
-
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Grade 3
-
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Rehabilitation
SURGICAL
Considerations
indications / rationale
special precautions
Exercises
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Relaxation exercises
Active ankle movements
Deep breathing and coughing exercises
Muscle setting exercises
CPM or ROM exercises (operated areas)
Active or resistive exercises (un operated areas)
Patient education
Safe positioning & limb movements
Precautions
Wound care
Adaptive equipment and assistive devices
Reinforce self-monitoring
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GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Avoid positions / activities that could compromise the integrity of the surgical
repair.
Avoid vigorous stretching or resistance exercises with soft tissues for at least 6
weeks to ensure adequate healing.
Athlete must have regained full, pre-injury range of motion (some surgeries only
allow you to get close to full ROM).
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MODEL QUESTIONS:
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. What is HOPS concept of assessment in sports?
A. History objective palpation special test
B. History observation palpation special test
C. History observation palpation specific test
D. History objective palpation specific test
2. What is SOAP concept of assessment in sports?
A. Subjective objective assessment planning
B. Special test observation analysis planning
C. Subjective observation assessment planning
D. Special test observation assessment planning
3. In what way the SOAP concept differs from HOPS concept of assessment in
sport?
A. Planning for treatment
B. Analysis of the problem
C. Setting the goal of treatment
D. All of the above
4. What is sports specific performance testing in sports assessment?
A. Testing the skills necessary for the sports
B. Testing the sports specific functional testing
C. Both A & B
D. Only A
5. What is a Grade II soft tissue injury in sports/
A. Mild microscopic rupture of tissues
B. Up to partial rupture of the tissues
C. Complete rupture of the tissues
D. None of the above
6. What is the criterion for return to play after rehabilitation following a injury in
sports?
A. Athlete must have regained full, pre-injury strength
B. Athlete must have regained full, pre-injury range of ROM
C. Athlete must have regained full, pre-injury speed, balance and
proprioception.
D. All of the above
7. Which one of the following is not necessary during On field sports assessment?
A. Checking the previous history of the injury
B. Checking the ROM
C. Checking the local area of injury
D. Checking the myotomes
8. During the maximum protection phase the injured part should be
A. Immobilized
B. Mobilized
CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF SPORTS INJURIES ASSESSMENT
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C. Strengthened
D. None of the above
9. Which one of the following is not involved in the SOAP planning
A. Frequency and duration of treatments and modalities and evaluation
B. On-going patient education
C. Criteria for discharge/return to play
D. None of the above
10. Which one of the following in not involved during the minimum protection phase
of rehabilitation.
A. Reinforce self-monitoring
B. Joint stretching and self-stretching techniques
C. Improved muscle performance, mobility, and balance into functional
activities
D. None of the above
SHORT ESSAY
1. Explain the SOAP concept of assessment in sports injuries
2. Explain the HOPS concept of assessment in sports injuries
3. Describe the grading of soft tissues injuries and explain the signs and symptoms
in each of them
LONG ESSAY
1. Explain the principles of assessment in sports injuries.
2. Describe the principles of treatment in sports injuries.
BOOK REFERENCE:
1. Peter Brukner and Karim Khan 3rd ed (2005) Clinical Sports Medicine
2. Carolyn Kisner & Colby (2004) 4th edition Therapeutic Exercise Foundation
and techniques FA Davis.
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