Avionics

Databuses

Avionics
Databuses

Advantages of
multiplexing:
- Weight reduction
- Simplicity
- Standardization
- Flexibility

Harri Tilvis
[email protected]

4.10.2001
TTK
KUL 34.140

Agenda
Basics
Military applications
Civilian examples

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Avionics

Databuses

Digital bus options

Feasibility

Control

maturity

autonomous, bus controller

availability

self-clocking, separate clock

Topology

Aspects

linear, ring, star

Redundancy
single, dual,..
number of buses

Data transmission
unidirectional, bidirectional

transmission rate
parallel or serial
number of transmitters
number of terminals
media (wire, light)
failure tolerance
EMI protection

half-duplex, full-duplex

Databus standards
Mil-Std-1553 Digital Time

ARINC 429 Mk 33 Digital

Division Command /Response

Multiplex Data Bus

Information Transfer System

Mil-Std-1773
Stanag 3838/3910
AS 4074.1 Linear Token

Transmitter Data Bus

Passing Bus

Standard Communications
Bus

AS 4074.2 High Speed

Ring Bus

FIBRE Channel
LAN/Ethernet

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ARINC 629 MultiARINC 659

CSDB Commercial
ASCB Avionics Standard
Communications Bus

RS-232, 422, 485,

IEEE-488

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Avionics

Databuses

Comparison of databuses
Mil-Std-1553

ARINC 429

ARINC 629

Bus architecture

time division
multiplex

simplex
point-to-point

time division
multiplex

Encoding

bipolar
Manchester II

bipolar, return to
zero

bipolar, doublets
Manchester

Transmission
mode & coupling

voltage, direct or
transformer

voltage direct
connection

current coupling

Media

shielded twisted
wire pair

shielded twisted
wire pair

shielded twisted
wire pair

Data bit rate

1 Mbps

12-14,5 kbps
HS 100 kbps

2 Mbps

Effective data rate 800 kbps

HS 53 kbps

1,6 Mbps

# of terminals

1TX+20RC

120

1BC+31RT+xM

Terms
Gateway = cross-over
between 2 similar buses
Bridge = cross-over
between 2 diverse buses

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ADDRESS: A unique designation for the location of data or the identity of an intelligent device; allows each device on
a single communications line to respond to its own message.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): A seven-bit-plus-parity code established by ANSI
to achieve compatibility between data services.
ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION: Asynchronous operation is the use of an independent clock source in each
terminal for message transmission. Decoding is achieved in receiving terminals using clock
information derived from the message.
BAUD: Unit of signalling speed. The speed in baud is the number of discrete events per second. If each event
represents one bit condition, baud rate equals bits per second (BPS). When each event represents
more than one bit, baud rate does not equal BPS.
BIT: Contraction of binary digit: may be either zero or one. A binary digit is equal to one binary decision or the
designation of one or two possible values of states of anything used to store or convey information.
BIT RATE: The number of bits transmitted per second.
BROADCAST: Operation of a data bus system such that information transmitted by the bus controller or a remote
terminal is addressed to more than one of the remote terminals connected to the data bus.
BUS CONTROLLER: The terminal assigned the task of initiating information transfers on the data bus.
BUS MONITOR: The terminal assigned the task of receiving bus traffic and extracting selected information.
BYTE: A binary element string functioning as a unit, usually shorter than a computer "word." Eight-bits per byte are
most common. Also called a "character".
COMMAND/RESPONSE: Operation of a data bus system such that remote terminals receive and transmit data only
when commanded to do so by the bus controller.
CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check; a basic error-checking mechanism for link-level data transmissions; a
characteristic linklevel feature of (typically) bit-oriented data communications protocols. The data
integrity of a received frame or packet is checked via a polynomial algorithm based on the content of
the frame and then matched with the result that is performed by a sender and included in a (most
often, 16-bit) field appended to the frame.
DATA BUS: Whenever a data bus or bus is referred to in MIL-STD-1553B, it shall imply all the hardware including
twisted shielded pair cables, isolation resistors, transformers, etc., required to provide a single data
path between the bus controller and all the associated remote terminals.
DCE (Data Communications Equipment): Devices that provide the functions required to establish, maintain, and
terminate a data-transmission connection; e.g., a modem.
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment): Devices acting as data source, data sink, or both.
DYNAMIC BUS CONTROL: The operation of a data bus system in which designated terminals are offered control of
the data bus.
EIA (Electronic Industries Association): A standards organization in the U.S.A. specializing in the electrical and
functional characteristics of interface equipment.
FDM (Frequency-Division Multiplexor: A device that divides the available transmission frequency range into
narrower banks, each of which is used for a separate channel.
FDX (Full Duplex): Simultaneous, two-way, independent transmission in both directions (4-wire).
HALF DUPLEX: Operation of a data transfer system in either direction over a single line, but not in both directions on
that line simultaneously.
HANDSHAKING: Exchange of predetermined signals between two devices establishing a connection. Usually part
of a communications protocol.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers): An international professional society that issues its own
standards and is a member of ANSI and ISO.
MANCHESTER ENCODING: Digital encoding technique (specified for the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet baseband network
standard) in which each bit period is divided into two complementary halves; a negative-to-positive
(voltage) transition in the middle of the bit period designates a binary "1," while a positive-to-negative
transition represents a "0". The encoding technique also allows the receiving device to recover the
transmitted clock from the incoming data stream (self-clocking).
MESSAGE: A single message is the transmission of a command word, status word, and data words if they are
specified. For the case of a remote terminal to remote terminal (RT to RT) transmission, the message
shall include the two command words, the two status words, and data words.
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MODE CODE: A means by which the bus controller can communicate with the multiplex bus related hardware, in
order to assist in the management of information flow.
MODEM (Modulator-Demodulator): A device used to convert serial digital data from a transmitting terminal to a
signal suitable for transmission over a telephone channel, or to reconvert the transmitted signal to
serial digital data for acceptance by a receiving terminal.
MULTIPLEXOR: A device used for division of a transmission into two or more subchannels, either by splitting the
frequency band into narrower bands (frequency division) or by allotting a common channel to several
different transmitting devices one at a time (time division).
NETWORK: An interconnected group of nodes; a series of points, nodes, or stations connected by communications
channels; the assembly of equipment through which connections are made between data stations.
NODE: A point of interconnection to a network. Normally, a point at which a number of terminals or tail circuits attach
to the network.
PARALLEL TRANSMISSION: Transmission mode that sends a number of bits simultaneously over separate lines
(e.g., eight bits over eight lines) to a printer. Usually unidirectional.
PHASE MODULATION: One of three ways of modifying a sine wave signal to make it "carry" information. The sine
wave or "carrier" has its phase changed in accordance with the information to be transmitted.
POLLING: A means of controlling devices on a multipoint line.
PROTOCOL: A formal set of conventions governing the formatting and relative timing of message exchange
between two communicating systems.
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM): The form of modulation in which the modulation signal is sampled, quantized,
and coded so that each element of information consists of different types or numbers of pulses and
spaces.
REMOTE TERMINAL (RT): All terminals not operating as the bus controller or as a bus monitor.
SERIAL TRANSMISSION: The most common transmission mode; in serial, information bits are sent sequentially on
a single data channel.
STUBBING: Stubbing is the method wherein a separate line is connected between the primary data bus line and a
terminal. The direct connection of stub line causes a mismatch which appears on the waveforms. This
mismatch can be reduced by filtering at the receiver and by using bi-phase modulation. Stubs are
often employed not only as a convenience in bus layout but as a means of coupling a unit to the line in
such a manner that a fault on the stub or terminal will not greatly affect the transmission line operation.
In this case, a network is employed in the stub line to provide isolation from the fault. These networks
are also used for stubs that are of such length that the mismatch and reflection degrades bus
operation. The preferred method of stubbing is to use transformer coupled stubs. The method
provides the benefits of DC isolation, increased common mode protection, a doubling of effective stub
impedance, and fault isolation for the entire stub and terminal. Direct coupled stubs should be avoided
if at all possible. Direct coupled stubs provide no DC isolation or common mode rejection for the
terminal external to its subsystem. Further, any shorting fault between the subsystems' internal
isolation resistors (usually on the circuit board) and the main bus junction will cause failure of that
entire bus. It can be expected that when the direct stub length exceeds 1.6 feet, that it will begin to
distort the main bus waveforms. Note that this length includes the cable runs internal to a given
subsystem.
SUBSYSTEM: The device or functional unit receiving data transfer service from the data bus.
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION: Transmission in which data bits are sent at a fixed rate, with the transmitter and
receiver synchronized. Synchronized transmission eliminates the need for start and stop bits.
TERMINAL: The electronic module necessary to interface the data bus with the subsystem and the subsystem with
the data bus. Terminals may exist as separate units or be contained within the elements of the
subsystem.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM): The transmission of information from several signal sources through one
communication system with different signal samples staggered in time to form a composite pulse train.
WORD: A set of bits or bytes comprising the smallest unit of addressable memory. In MIL-STD-1553B, a word is a
sequence of 16 bits plus sync and parity.

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Avionics

Databuses

Digital coding
BIN

DEC

BCD

HEX

OCT

msb lsb
0

0000

0000

0000

0001

0000

0001

0010

0000

0010

0011

0000

0011

0100

0000

0100

0101

0000

0101

0110

0000

0110

0111

0000

0111

1000

0000

1000

10

1001

0000

1001

11

digital coding 2
DEC

BIN
msb

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BCD

HEX

OCT

lsb

10

1010

0001

0000

12

11

1011

0001

0001

13

12

1100

0001

0010

14

13

1101

0001

0011

15

14

1110

0001

0100

16

15

1111

0001

0101

17

16

1000

0001

0110

10

20

17

10011

0001

0111

11

21

99

1100011

1001

1001

63

143

100

1100100

0001 0000

0000

64

144

723

1011010011

0111 0010

0011

2D3

1323

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Avionics

Databuses

Mil-Std-1553 bus structure

1553 data encoding

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Avionics

Databuses

Bus components
Bus Controller - initiates information transfers on the data bus. It
sends commands to the remote terminals which reply with a response.
The bus supports multiple BCs, but only one may be active at a time.
BC is "the key part of the data bus system,"
"the sole control of information transmission on the bus shall reside
with the bus controller."
Bus Monitor - "the terminal assigned the task of receiving bus traffic
and extracting selected information to be used at a later time."
Bus monitors are frequently used for instrumentation.
Remote Terminal - Any terminal not operating in either the BC or M
mode is operating in the remote terminal mode.
Remote terminals are the largest group of bus components.

1553 word format

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Avionics

Databuses

1553 information transfers

1553 messages

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Avionics

Databuses

1553 bus structure

1553 coupling

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Avionics

Databuses

ARINC 429 architecture

One direction
one Transmitter (source)
multiple Receivers (sink)

429 Data encoding

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Avionics

Databuses

429 word format

word = 32 bits

5 data word types

Label
Information Identifier
bit 8 = LSB, bit 1 = MSB
00011001 (230) = TAS

Data
bits 9-10 Source/Destination
Identifier SDI
bits 30-31 for BCD data or
29-31 for BIN data
Sign/Status Matrix SSM
bits 11-28 or 11-29
18/19 bits of ISO alphabets
or in BCD ordinary

Binary (BIN) data

Binary Coded Decimal
(BCD)
Discrete Data
Maintenance Data
(general) &
Acknowledgement
labels 350-354

ISO Alphabet No 5 &

Maintenance (ISO
Alphabet No 5)

Parity - odd

429 word types

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Avionics

Databuses

429 word types 2

429 transfer word formats

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Avionics

Databuses

429 transfer word formats 2

Generalized 429

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Avionics

Databuses

ARINC 629
word formats similar to Mil-Std-1553
2 Mbps
Inductive coupling wire
no bus controller - dead time logic
3 unique timing parameters
Transmit Interval 0.5...64ms
Syncronication Gap 17,7/33,7/65,7/128,7 s
Terminal Gap 1...125 s

629 timing

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Avionics

Databuses

629 coupling

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