1.solved Problems Maclaurin's
1.solved Problems Maclaurin's
1.solved Problems Maclaurin's
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
sec2 x
sec2x
Let y = sec2x
Integrating w.r.t. x both sides, we get
y dx
= sec2x dx + c
= tan x + c
y dx
= x + 1 x3 +
3
2
15
x5 + + c
= 1 + x2 + 2 x4 +
3
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
log (1 + x + x2 + x3)
Let
= log (1 + x + x2 +x3)
y
1 xn
1x
We get
1 x
1x
= x3 + x2 + x +1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3
log (1 + x + x2 + x3)
x8
x 4
....
2
x2 x3 x4
x
....
2
3
4
=x+
x2
2
x3
3
+ x4
=x+
x2
2
x3
3
3
4
1 +
4
x4 +
log
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
1
2
If x = y
y=x+
(ii) tan1
x2
2!
y2 +
x3
3!
1
3
y3
1
4
y3
1
4
y4 + then
+ and viceversa.
x sin
=
1 x cos
x sin +
x2
2
x3
3
sin 2 +
sin 3.
x= log (1 + y)
Which is also, 1 + y= ex
or
1 + y= 1 +
y=
x
1!
x
1!
x2
2!
x2
2!
x3
3!
x3
3!
+ (series of ex on RHS)
x sin
1 x cos
tan y=
x sin
1 x cos
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
tan y
(e iy e iy )
i(e iy e iy )
(e iy e iy )
i(e iy e iy )
x sin
1 x cos
or
e 2 iy 1
e 2 iy 1
ix sin
1 x cos
Solved Problems
e 2iy
1
1 x cos ix sin
1 x cos ix sin
1 xe i
1 xe i
e2iy=
or
2iy= log
1 xe i
i
1 xe
( ei = cos i sin )
x 2 e 2 i x 3 e 3 i
i
xe
....
2
3
x 2 e 2 i x 3 3 ei
xe i
....
2
3
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
= x (ei ei) +
x2
2
(e2i e-2i) +
x2
2
Solved Problems
x3
3
(e3i e-3i) +
3
+ 2i sin 3 x +
3
x2
2
sin 2 +
x3
3
sin 3
ax
ax
a x
a x
= tan1
= tan1
x
a
a(1 x / a)
a(1 x / a)
/ 4 tan
= tan1 1tan
tan / 4 tan
tan 1
4
+ tan1
= +
4
x
a
x
a
1 x
3 a
1 x
5 a
Expansion Of Functions
(ii) tan1
Let
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
1 x
x
1 x2 1
x
= tan1
tan
1 x2 1
x
(iii) tan1
Let
1 tan 2
tan
= tan1
y
=
1 cos
tan
sin
cos
2 sin 2
2
tan1
2 sin cos
2
2
1
2
= tan1
sec 1
tan
1 cos
sin
= tan 1
tan
2
tan1 x
1
2
1
2
tan1 x =
2x
1 x2
= tan1
= tan1 1 2 xx
tan1 1 2 xx
x3 x5
x
....
3
5
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
2 tan
1 tan 2
= tan1
= tan1 (tan 2)
=2
(iv) cos1 x x
= 2 tan1 x
= 2 x x3
x5
.....
5
x x 1
Let
y
=
= cos1 xx xx
x
1
cos
x
= cos1
1
x
1
x
1 x2
2
1 x
1
1
cos1 xx
2
2
= cos1 11 tan
tan
2
2
= 2 x x3
x5
.....
5
(1)
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
Trick! Since
tanh
e e
e e
e 2 1
e 2 1
elogA
and
we get
= A,
y
e 2 log x 1
2 log x
= cos1
= cos1
e log x 2 1
e log x 2 1
<since =log x)
=
2
1 x 1
cos x 2 1
= 2 tan1 x
y
(vi) tan1
Let
p qx
q px
= 2 x x3
x5
.....
5
p qx
q px
= tan1
y
Tip 1
= tan1
q( p / q x )
q(1 p / q. x )
=
8
p
x
1 q
tan
p
1 .x
q
Tip 2
Expansion Of Functions
Since
p
q
x5
.....
5
AB
1 AB
= tan1
x x3
Solved Problems
= tan1
We get,
y
tan1x
Tip 3
p
q
Maclaurins Series
Tip 4
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
1 x2 1 x2
1 x2 1 x2
Let
= tan1
1 x2 1 x2
1 x2 1 x2
= tan1
( 1 x 2 1 x 2 )( 1 x 2 1 x 2 )
( 1 x 2 )2 ( 1 x 2 )2
= tan1
( 1 x 2 ) ( 1 x 2 )2
1 x2 1 x2
= tan1
(1 x 2 ) (1 x 2 ) 2 1 x 2 1 x 2
2x 2
= tan1 2 22 x1 x = tan1
4
1 1 x4
x2
y = tan1 1
1 sin 2
sin
= tan1
1 cos
=
sin
= tan1
cot =
2
y =
tan1
2 cos 2 / 2
2 sin / 2 cos / 2
tan1 tan
1
2
2 2
sin1 (x2)
10
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
y=
1 2 1 x 6 1 3 x 10 1 3 5 x 14
.....
x
2 3 24 5
24 6 7
2
Q6:
Expand the function in an ascending powers of x to a
minimum of
3 nonzero terms
1 sin x
Solution:
Let
y=
y=
1 sin x
y=
or
sin 2
x
x
x
x
cos 2 2 sin cos
2
2
2
2
sin 2
x
x
x
x
cos 2 2 sin cos
2
2
2
2
y = sin x + cos
2
x
2
2
4
1 1 x 1 x ....
2! 2
4! 2
x2
8
x +
48
x4
384
11
x5
3840
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
x2
2!
= 1 +
cos2 x +
x3
3!
=1+
cos3 x +
x2 x4
1
.....
2! 4 !
x
1!
2
4
x2 1 x x .....
2! 4 !
1
2!
2
4
x3 1 x x .....
2! 4 !
1
3!
=1+x
+
x2
2
x3
6
x3
2
x4
2
+x
24
=1+x+
x3
2
+ x3
=1+x+
x2
2
1
2
1 1
2 6
x3 +
12
x
1!
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
Solution :
Let x sin x = y
y2 y3 y4
....
2! 3! 4 !
1
1
1 x sin x (x sin x )2 (x sin x )3 .....
2!
3!
e x sin x e y 1 y
e x sin x
x2
x3 x5
x3
x3
x
x .... 3 ....
1 x x
.....
.... 2
3! 5 !
3!
3!
2!
x 2 2 2x 4
x3
x3 x5
x6
x
1 x x
....
....
(x ....) 3 ....
2
3
!
5
!
2
!
3
!
(
3
!
)
3
!
x4
x6
x4 x6 x6
....
3! 120 2! 3! 3!
1
1 6
1 x2 x4
x ....
3
120
1 x2
Q 9: Expand in powers of x,
x
2
x
e 1
x
ex 1
1 2
1
x
1
x
x 4 ....
12
720
e 1
Solution :
We have
x
e 1
x
x
x3
.... 1
2! 3!
x
2
3
x
x
x4 x5
x
....
2! 3! 4 ! 5!
1 x
13
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
1
x x
x3 x4
....
2! 3! 4 ! 5!
x x 2 x 3 x 4
1
....
2! 3! 4 ! 5!
x x2 x3 x4
x x2 x3
....
....
2! 3! 4 ! 5!
2! 3! 4 !
x x2
x
.... .... ....
2
!
3
!
2
!
x x2 x3
x4
x2 x3 x4 x4
....
....
2 6 24 120
4
6 36 24
x3 x4
y4
....
....
8
8
16
Now,
x x2
x4
....
2 12 720
x e x 1 x e x 1 2 x
2
x
x
1 x
2 e 1 2 e 1 2
e 1
x
x
x
2 e 1
x ex 1 x
x x2
x4
x2
x4
x
1
.... 1
....
2 e 1 2
2 12 720
12 720
14
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
log h
Solved Problems
x
x2
x3
....
h 2 h2 3 h3
Solution :
x
x
log h
Q 11 : Expand
1 e x
x
2e
x x2 x3
....
h h2 h3
1 /2
Solution :
1 e x
x
2e
1/2
1
1
e x
2
2
1/2
1
1
x2 x3
1 x
....
2! 3!
2
2
x x2 x3
....
2 4 12
1/2
1/2
1 x x2
1 x x2 x3
1
.....
.... ....
2 2 4 12
82 4
x 3x 2
....
4
32
15
Expansion Of Functions
Maclaurins Series
Solved Problems
(1 x )(1 x 2 )(1 x )
1 x
1 x4
log
1x
log(1 x 4 ) log(1 x )
x8
x 2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8
x 4
... x
...
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Q 13 : Prove that
x 2 x 3 3x 4 x5 x6 x7 3 8
x ....
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
log(1 x x 2 x 3 ) x
x2 x3
....
2
3
Solution :
log(1 x + x2 x3)
= log (1 x) (1 + x2)
= log (1 x)+ log (1 + x2)
x
x2 x3
x4
.... x 2
....
2
3
2
x2 x3
....
2
3
16