GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING AND USING ISTA

TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS

Getting Started

Testing Rationale

Testing Expectations and Objectives

2-3

Testing as a Demonstration of Minimum Use of Packaging 3

Laboratory Tests and Distribution Hazards

Use of the ISTA Certification Mark After Testing

Types of ISTA Tests

ISTA 7E Program and Using the ISTA Thermal

Certification Mark

Specialized Test Protocols Developed by ISTA

ISTA Responsible Packaging by Design Program

Member Performance Tests

Special Considerations for ISTA Procedures & Projects

Know Your Distribution Environment

Product Damage Tolerance and Package

Degradation Allowance
Face, Edge and Corner Identification
Samples and Replicate Testing
Retesting

Retesting Based on Changes in Corrugated Board

Return Distribution Testing

Line Extension Policy

Identification of Product and Package Tested

6-7

7
7

7-8

8-9

9
9
9

Test Parameter Tolerances

Additional Considerations

9-10

Rounding During Calculations

Applicability of Recommendations or Certifications

from Industry Organizations
Suggested Steps for Selecting a Test Protocol
Reminders for Use of ISTA Test Protocols

Documentation of Tests

Communication with ISTA

ISTA Test Report Testing

ISTA Tests Quick Reference

ISTA Tests Organized by Distribution Mode or Type

Guidelines for Selecting and

Using ISTA Test Procedures
and Projects

These Guidelines are intended to provide the user of

ISTA Test Procedures and Projects and other ISTA
documents with insight and information on the
protocols, and what factors to consider in selection,
use, and results interpretation.

PREFACE

The International Safe Transit Association (ISTA) is a global

alliance of shippers, carriers, suppliers, testing laboratories,
and educational and research institutions focused on the
specific concerns of transport packaging. We help our
members control costs, damage, and resources during the
distribution of packaged-products by:
1.Creating and publishing laboratory preshipment Testing
Procedures

2.Certifying Packaging Laboratories

3.Certifying Packaging Laboratory Professionals

4.Certifying packaged-products

5.Providing education, training, and support

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14-15

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January 2016 International Safe Transit Association.

All rights reserved.
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GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING AND USING ISTA

TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS
GETTING STARTED

Following are four straightforward suggestions to improve

protective packaging effectiveness and move toward the
ISTA Vision.
1. Test the Package.
If you are not regularly using a laboratory package
performance test, start now. Even a simple lab test used
wisely is preferable to trial and error or total reliance on field
experience.

2. Know Your Distribution Environment.

Find out more about how products move, including the
variety of channels used to move your goods. If you are a
supplier to shippers, help them explore this information. Use
this knowledge to identify sources of distribution hazards and
observe or measure them. Use this knowledge to reduce
exposure to hazards of distribution, to help specify the
performance of packages, and to select an appropriate
laboratory test protocol.

3. Continuously Review and Improve.

Distribution hazards change, as do packaging materials.
Review and retest even the most successful designs
periodically. Rapid situation changes, such as new markets
or distribution strategies, require immediate attention.

4. Stay Up to Date.
Take every opportunity to learn more about your products
and distribution, learn about new technologies and
procedures, and exchange knowledge with others who have
similar concerns. Educational opportunities, such as ISTA's
annual TransPack Forum, are a good source of update.
The ISTA Certified Packaging Laboratory Professional
(CPLP) program and the Responsible Packaging by Design
program are excellent educational and recognition tools.
Find out more from ISTA Headquarters or visit www.ista.org.

TESTING RATIONALE

The need for testing comes from the difficulty of predicting

what will happen in large-scale operations, coupled with the
requirement to make decisions prior to implementation.
Essentially, every test comes from the need to make a
decision. The test results provide the decision-maker with
information to help maximize correct decisions.
The decisions supported by preshipment performance
testing of transport packaging are typically about how well
the package will protect the contents during distribution.

Testing can also be a mandated activity as part of a package

development, new product release, or engineering
modification. This testing may be driven by organizational
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policy (corporate specification, for example), by regulatory

application (testing of packaging for hazardous materials and
dangerous goods, for example), or by customer
requirements (purchase specification, for example). While
these situations usually have little flexibility in test selection,
they are still in the broad category of supporting decisions on
packaging suitability.

Other types of tests are available but a detailed treatment is

outside of the scope of this document. Material tests seek to
characterize material performance for the use in design and
development, such as cushion curves. Engineering tests
seek to find a specific performance quantity, such as the
deceleration experienced by a product in a package when
dropped from some height, as in an instrumented drop test.

TESTING EXPECTATIONS AND OBJECTIVES

An important consideration in the selection of a test protocol

is the objective of running the test, i.e., what information is
needed to make the decision associated with this test.
Broadly put, these specific objectives for each test might be
categorized simply as screening or prediction.
A screening test would be used to avoid serious problems in
shipment,
usually
damage
to
the
product.
This test objective category is a common one, and can
adequately fill the needs of many users. Screening tests
give the user confidence that the chances of serious
transport damage have been minimized and have the
following general characteristics:
simple and inexpensive to perform
widely available and accepted
utilize simple equipment

accommodate known and suspected severe hazards

are not necessarily a simulation of the hazards of
distribution

achieve damage resistance by challenging the strength

and robustness of the product and package (a strong
product/package resists damage).

Prediction is a more difficult expectation for a preshipment

performance test. While screening seeks to avoid serious
problems, prediction must allow the user to foresee more
subtle effects, such as minor damage, occasional damage,
or non-functional problems with the package. In an ideal
prediction situation, the tested samples and representative
samples of distributed products would be indistinguishable.
This is not always entirely possible given the technology mix
available today, but it is approachable.

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TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS

Prediction allows the user to fine-tune cost and

environmental impact as well as helping to avoid damage of
all types. By testing incrementally reduced cost and
material-content designs, the near-optimum configuration
could be achieved. Prediction might also allow the user to
design a package for a repeatable low level of damage,
consistent with an objective of lowest overall system cost.
Without a good prediction test to represent field
performance, this trade-off of package cost and damage cost
would be largely guesswork.

TESTING AS A DEMONSTRATION OF
MINIMUM USE OF PACKAGING

ISTA tests establish lower limits for packaged-product

performance, but in general do not set upper limits.
Therefore, used in their most straightforward pass/fail
fashion, ISTA tests do little to detect over-packaging
situations. However, with the addition of a "reduce to
damage" or "pass with minimum margin" approach, ISTA
testing can be used for the demonstration of minimum use of
packaging. "Reduce to damage" means that if a packagedproduct passes the test it must be redesigned with less
packaging and tested again until an optimum level is
reached. The Reduce to Damage approach is an essential
component of an effort to make packaging more sustainable
(as described in the Responsible Packaging by Design
process guideline. "Pass with minimum margin" might
involve subjecting a packaged-product which has passed
the test to increased severity levels, determining when
damage does occur, and then verifying that those levels are
not overly excessive.

A "reduce to damage" or "pass with minimum margin"

protocol employing screening tests should be used with
extreme caution. Since screening tests may not well
represent actual field exposure in either intensity or type, the
tests cannot be readily shown or proven to have a good
relationship to the field damage. Using screening tests can
perhaps be effective if coupled with a program of field
monitoring and feedback after package redesign. But the far
better approach is to use tests which provide a good actual
simulation of the distribution hazards.

LABORATORY TESTS AND DISTRIBUTION

HAZARDS

Four basic categories of hazards exist in distribution: Shock,

Vibration, Compression, and Atmospheric. Each hazard
category is reflected in a laboratory test method, although
not all ISTA Procedures and Projects include all test
methods. Within each test method are more specific tests
that are used to simulate specific hazards in distribution.
The following table summarizes these relationships.
Distribution
Hazard

Major Test
Category

Handling Drop
and Impact

Shock

Transportation
Vibration

Vibration

Stacking Load

Compression

Atmospheric
Conditions

Atmospheric

Associated
Test Types

Drop
free-fall
rotational
on hazard
hazard impact
Incline Impact
Horizontal Impact
Vertical Impact

Fixed Displacement
rotary
vertical linear
Variable Displacement
vertical
horizontal
Random
vertical
horizontal
multi-axis

Static (dead load)

Machine
apply & release
apply & hold
Dynamic Load Under Vibration
Temperature
constant
cycle
Humidity
constant
cycle
Pressure
constant
cycle

Table 1 Hazard Categories and Test Types

It is important to note that test protocols can evaluate the

effectiveness of packaging only for hazards represented in
the protocol. For example, a test procedure that does not
include a compression test is unable to evaluate a packaged
product's resistance to warehouse stacking loads. By
knowing the distribution environment in detail (see Getting
Started, above), users can select an appropriate test to
evaluate the performance of packaging in light of all known
hazards. Without this selection process, real hazards may
not be addressed as part of a package's protective ability,
and significant damage could result in spite of a test being
passed.
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TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS
TYPES OF ISTA TESTS

ISTA test protocols are approved by Test Series Groups and by the ISTA Technical Division. New protocols are initially given the
designation "Project" during their implementation phase. After a minimum one-year period, a "Project" is evaluated and will either
be adopted as an established "Procedure", revised and kept as a "Project" for another period of time, or be dropped.
ISTA has organized its test protocols into Series, as follows:

1 Series: Non-Simulation Integrity Performance Tests.

Challenge the strength and robustness of the product and package combination. Not designed to simulate environmental occurrences.
Useful as screening tests, particularly when used as a consistent benchmark over time.
2 Series: Partial Simulation Performance Tests.
Tests with at least one element of 3 Series type General Simulation performance tests, such as atmospheric conditioning or mode-shaped
random vibration, in addition to basic elements of a 1 Series type Non-Simulation Integrity test.
3 Series: General Simulation Performance Tests.
Designed to provide a laboratory simulation of the general damage-producing motions, forces, conditions, and sequences of transport
environments. Applicable across broad sets of circumstances, such as a variety of vehicle types and routes, or a varying number of handling
exposures. Characteristics will include simple shaped random vibration, different drop heights applied to the sample package, and/or
atmospheric conditioning.
4 Series: Enhanced Simulation Performance Tests.
General Simulation tests with at least one element of Focused Simulation, such as test sequence or test conditions linked to actual known
distribution. Project 4AB is currently the only protocol in this Series. 4AB is a web-based Enhanced Simulation Test Plan generator, with online access available at no charge to all ISTA members. Project 4AB closely ties the tests and sequence to a user-defined pattern of
distribution, and includes a broad range of current and quantitative information on distribution environment hazards. See the Project 4AB
section of the ISTA website (www.ista.org) for more details.
5 Series: Focused Simulation Guides **NOT AN ACTIVE SERIES**
Guides for the creation of laboratory simulations based on actual field-measured and observed hazards and levels. The 5-Series are not
performance tests per se, but information and instructions related to establishment of user-defined Focused Simulation tests.
6 Series: Member Performance Tests.
Test protocols created by ISTA members or by ISTA in cooperation with a member company, to meet their particular purposes and
applications. The tests may be completely original, or may be modifications or variations of ISTA Procedures or Projects or other published
and accepted tests. The ISTA Testing Council reviews and accepts these tests, but primary responsibility rests with the originating members.
7 Series: Development Tests.
These tests are used in the development of transport packages. They can be used to compare relative performance of two or more
container designs, but are not intended to evaluate the protection afforded packaged-products.

1 Series protocols can reasonably be expected to be screening tests, with an increasing expectation of predictability through
Series 5. Whether this is true in any specific case needs to be evaluated by comparing lab and distribution results. This important
validation process should be a part of each user's normal operations.

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GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING AND USING ISTA

TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS

USE OF THE ISTA CERTIFICATION MARK

AFTER TESTING
For Packaged-Product Shippers:

(this section does not apply to the Thermal Certification Mark used for
ISTA 7E insulated shipping containers, see the section that follows)

The ISTA Transit Tested Certification Mark on a package is

visible proof that the packaged-product has passed a valid
ISTA preshipment test. It gives the highest level of credibility
to the design, test, and packaged-product performance
verification process.
For legal and management reasons, ISTA only offers this
service when the lab which has done the testing is ISTA
Certified, the shipper/product manufacturer is an ISTA
Shipper member, and all other requirements set forth below
are met. ISTA cannot stand behind use of the Mark unless it
has appropriate control and oversight of all portions of the
process.
Due to the nature of ISTA Procedures and Projects, which
take into account both the package and the product, ISTA
does NOT certify packages for a packaging or services
Supplier. The ISTA Certification Mark is a benefit for the
Shipper member only.
In order for a package to be printed or labeled with the ISTA
Transit Tested Certification Mark, or to make claims of ISTA
packaged-product certification, all points in the following
policy must be met:
The packaged-product must be tested in an ISTA
Certified Lab (current with their lab certification).

The testing must comply fully with all minimum

requirements of a current ISTA testing procedure or
project.
All samples must pass the test(s).

The results must be submitted to ISTA Headquarters

(ISTA members can download our test report forms
from the Member Center).

The report must pass review and be approved by ISTA

Headquarters. Certification comes from ISTA, not
the laboratory.
The shipper must be an ISTA member in goodstanding.

Displaying the ISTA Transit Tested Certification Mark on a

distribution package indicates that the packaged-product has
passed a particular ISTA protocol. It does not necessarily
have a connection to damage claim payments, but shippers
that display the Mark are certainly in a better negotiating
position.

ISTA 7E PROGRAM AND USING THE ISTA

THERMAL CERTIFICATION MARK

The Thermal Certification Mark for Insulated Shipping

Containers (ISCs) is visible proof that the container has
been designed and tested in accordance to ISTA Standard
20 by an ISTA Certified Thermal Testing Laboratory; the
results have been submitted to ISTA for independent review
and performance certification by an ISTA auditor. If the
documentation and results are approved, a certification mark
for that ISC will be issued for display on the ISC.
In order for a package to be printed or labeled with the
Thermal Certification Mark for ISC's, or to make claims of
ISTA thermal certification, all points in the following policy
must be met:
The ISC must be designed following ISTA Standard 20
by a licensed owner of ISTA Standard 20 and tested in
an ISTA Certified Thermal Lab (current with their lab
certification).
The testing must comply fully with all minimum
requirements of ISTA 7E.

All samples must pass the test(s).

The thermal data package results must be submitted to

ISTA.

The report must pass review and be approved by an

ISTA Auditor. Certification comes from ISTA, not the
testing laboratory.

The Mark, with package license number, may then be

placed on the ISC.
Displaying the Thermal Certification Mark for ISC's indicates
that the container has been designed and tested in
accordance with ISTA Standard 20. It does not necessarily
have a connection to damage claim payments.

The shipper must sign a license agreement to use the

Transit Tested Certification Mark, and will be assigned a
Manufacturer's License Number.
The Mark, with manufacturer's license number, may
then be placed on the packaged-products.

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TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS
Distribution
Type

Package Type

Individual Packages

up to 150 lbs. (68 kg)

over 150 lbs. (68 kg)

Unitized

Bulk

1A, 1C, 1G
2A
4AB

1B, 1D, 1H
2B
4AB

1E
3E

3H

Specialized
Furniture

2C

2C

Not
Applicable

Not
Applicable

Parcel
Delivery

3A
7E

Not
Applicable

Not
Applicable

Not
Applicable

LTL
(Less-ThanTruckload)
Delivery

3B

3B

3B

Not
Applicable

3F

Not
Applicable

Not
Applicable

Not
Applicable

6-Series
as appropriate

6-Series
as appropriate

See Series

See Series

3K

Not
Applicable

Not
Applicable

Not
Applicable

Any

Distribution
Center
to Retail
Various
European
Consumer
Goods

Thermal
Testing /
Testing of
Insulated
Shipping
Containers

7D 7E

7D 7E

Situational

Table 2 Test Protocols

ISTA RESPONSIBLE PACKAGING BY DESIGN

PROGRAM

ISTA has developed a sustainable (responsible) packaging

process guideline which provides rationale for sustainable
packaging, recommended sustainable packaging metrics
and standardized process guidance (including
recommended templates) for organizing and documenting a
complete sustainable packaging development program. A
training course for the application and execution of this
process guideline is available from ISTA (more information
can be found on the ISTA website).

SPECIALIZED TEST PROTOCOLS

DEVELOPED BY ISTA

While a packaged-product weight range identifies many

protocols, several ISTA Projects and Procedures have
been developed in response to specific needs of members
and the larger packaging community. These include tests for
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specific distribution modes, such as parcel and LTL

delivery and bulk shipments, for package types,
such as unitized loads and reusable containers,
and for specific product types, such as furniture. All
of these are criteria for selection of a test. Test
protocols are continuously being worked on and
developed by ISTA members and staff, so it is
important to keep informed. The latest versions of
all tests are available on the ISTA website, and
may supersede those printed in the Resource
Book. Table 2 shows one way of organizing and
describing current Projects and Procedures.
Procedure 3A for Parcel Delivery System
Shipment uses the latest information and data to
configure the drop, random vibration, top load, and
other tests and conditions. 3A overlaps with
Procedures 2D (Flat Packaged-Products for Parcel
Delivery System Shipment) and 2E (Elongated
Packaged-Products for Parcel Delivery System
Shipment), although the 3A requirements reflect
General Simulation rather than the 2-Series Partial
Simulation approaches and 3A is strongly
recommended over the use of 2D or 2E for small
parcel.

MEMBER PERFORMANCE TESTS

The ISTA 6-Series, Member Performance Tests,

are
protocols created by ISTA members, or by
Situational
ISTA in cooperation with a member company, to
meet their particular purposes and applications.
The tests may be completely original, or may be
modifications or variations of ISTA Procedures or
Projects or other published and accepted tests.
They are reviewed, approved, and formally
accepted by the ISTA Testing Council, and are made
available either on a limited basis or generally, as determined
by the originators.
The primary responsibility for creation, validation, and
maintenance of 6-Series tests rests with the originating
members.
Typical uses for Member Performance Tests might be by
large retailers to establish unique performance-based
packaging requirements for their suppliers and vendors, or
by carriers to reflect their particular conditions of distribution.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ISTA

PROCEDURES AND PROJECTS

Safety
Safety of personnel is a serious and all-important
requirement when running ISTA Test Procedures. Many of

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TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS

the test methods used in ISTA procedures are inherently

dangerous, involving massive moving objects and test
system components. Each laboratory must have a welldesigned safety program and monitor tests and conditions to
insure safety from injury. Extra care must be taken when
testing heavy items, when handling dry ice or any chemical,
and when load stability may become an issue.
Proper Packaged-Product Orientation for Drop Testing
Correct orientation within 2 upon impact, for flat-face drops
or flat drops on ends or sidewalls of cylindrical containers,
and within 5 upon impact for other drops, such as edge
drops and corner drops. Failure to ensure proper orientation
can result in inaccurate test results. For corner drops,
position the test specimen so that, upon impact, the line
containing the intended drop corner and the center of gravity
of the container makes no more than a 5 angle with the
vertical. For edge drops, position the test specimen so that,
upon impact, the intended drop edge makes no more than a
2 angle with the impact surface, and the plane containing
this edge and the center of gravity of the container.

Catching or Restraining Packaged-Products after FreeFall Drop Testing

When performing a free-fall drop test sequence, package
tipover resulting in secondary impacts should be avoided
when possible as they can directly affect pass/fail test
results. This especially applies to tip/tipover-prone package
types such as tall, top-heavy, elongated, or flat. Since
catching could create a safety hazard, care must be taken to
ensure personnel safety under all conditions. Clearly
document on the Test Report whether or not secondary
tipover impacts were prevented, and any possible effects on
the test results.
Equipment and Instrument Calibration
Equipment and instrumentation used to control laboratory
testing equipment or to record data from tests must be
properly calibrated, traceable to national or international
standards, to ensure accuracy. Calibration intervals should
be established with consideration of:
Manufacturers recommendations
The laboratorys overall Quality Program
Customer requirements.

ISTA requires equipment and instrument calibration on

an annual basis. If there is the possibility that an
instrumentation component has been damaged (e.g. if an
accelerometer is accidentally dropped or impacted), it should
be checked and/or re-calibrated before being put back into
use.

KNOW YOUR DISTRIBUTION

ENVIRONMENT

An important step in the selection and use of ISTA

Procedures and Projects is the user's familiarity with the
actual distribution environment for the packaged products
under test. Understanding the flow of packages, how they
are shipped and handled and stored, is critical to test
selection and results interpretation. Users should regularly
observe package distribution, both in the manufacturer's
facility and in warehouses, transportation facilities, vehicles
and customer locations. In some cases, users may use
measurement instruments and techniques to determine
vibration, drop, compression, and temperature/humidity
levels during distribution. This detailed knowledge,
observation, or measurement may be very useful in test
selection, for example, the use of an individual package test
protocol instead of or in addition to a unitized load test
protocol when loads are broken down during distribution.

PRODUCT DAMAGE TOLERANCE AND

PACKAGE DEGRADATION ALLOWANCE

Before testing begins, a determination must be made as to

the definition of damage to products and packages. This
determination must include any allowable damage to the
product and any allowable change in package condition.
These determinations are made to allow the evaluation of
packaged-product specimens after performance of all tests,
and assignment of pass or fail results. When possible, these
determinations should be quantitative in nature to minimize
results interpretation. Use of product quality standards, user
acceptability information, and other data is encouraged.

ISTA intentionally does not specify what constitutes product

damage and package degradation. These determinations
are dependent upon the particular product, package,
distribution system, market, customers, and other factors
and can vary widely. Therefore product damage and
allowable package degradation must be defined by the
shipper, manufacturer, damage claim group, and/or other
stakeholders and interested parties. In most cases, the
shipper/manufacturer is in the best position to define product
damage due to detailed familiarity with the product.
Sometimes others may contribute to these determinations,
including carriers and test lab personnel. But in any case,
definition and agreement should be reached cooperatively
among all entities concerned with safe arrival of the
shipment, low damage rates, cost effective packaging, etc.

FACE, EDGE AND CORNER

IDENTIFICATION

ISTA Procedures and Projects use a system of

identification for parts of a test specimen package in order to
simplify the test sequence and documentation process.
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Occasionally, users may face the challenge of testing a
packaged product that does not fit an identification scheme
easily. For example, a package with a hexagonal cross
section could have six vertical faces, a top and a bottom. In
these situations, the user is advised to develop a logical
identification system that fits the test specimen in question,
and to document both the identification system and the
orientations for all tests conducted. The specified number of
drops and drop heights shall be maintained as well as other
test levels, and how these tests were applied to the test
specimen shall be documented on the Test Report.

SAMPLES AND REPLICATE TESTING

Most ISTA Procedures and Projects require a minimum of

one packaged-product to be tested. A single "pass",
however, does not provide high confidence that other
seemingly identical packaged-products will also pass the
same test. This is due to inherent variation in packaging
materials, package components, and the package contents
as well as other statistical considerations. ISTA generally
recommends replicate testing, using new samples each
time. Having three successful tests of identical packaged
products helps improve the assurance; five or more are
recommended when possible. Even ten successful replicate
tests, however, do not guarantee that all future tests will also
be successful.
There is no definite rule about appropriate sample size; it
may depend on the purposes of testing, the desired
confidence level, and the availability of samples. ISTA
Procedures and Projects specify a minimum number of
samples required to run the test and achieve Certification. In
addition, a recommendation for replicate testing is generally
made. ISTA's policy is that if any sample fails any of the
tests, then the entire test is considered failed.
The additional testing time for larger sample sizes need not
be a barrier to better test technique. For example, most
vibration test systems will allow the user to test many
packages simultaneously, thus saving considerable time. In
this way, a sample size of five would have essentially the
same elapsed time for vibration testing as a sample size of
one.
Occasionally, proper samples are not available to meet
minimum requirements for a test protocol. The use of nonfunctional dummy products may be allowed in some cases,
and samples with minor, identifiable damage, such as minor
surface scratches, may be acceptable. The key is: when the
test is complete, can we determine if the product was
damaged according to the Product Damage Allowance
statement developed before testing began?
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Another technique is to re-use a product for several test

sequences with appropriate inspection to insure that the
product has not been damaged. The user must be cautious
to not re-use a product that has become more susceptible to
damage due to prior testing. In this way, one product and
three packages could be used to achieve a sample size of
three. The test would be run three times, re-packaging the
single available product each time.

RETESTING

ISTA test protocols should be repeated periodically or as

necessary to maintain the quality characteristics of the
packaged product on arrival. In addition, tests must be
repeated whenever there is a change in the product, the
package, or the process. Some changes are not included in
this requirement, but only if the change is not associated with
potential performance in any way.
Changes in the product can include changes in:
Design (configuration, components, accessories, etc.)
Size / weight (dimensions, shape, mass, center of gravity,
etc.)
Materials (type, construction, fabrication, gage, etc.)

Changes in the package can include changes in:

Configuration (individual package or unit load, container
type and sub-type, style, design, interior packaging, etc.)
Size / weight (dimensions, shape, mass, caliper, gage etc.)
Materials (corrugated, plastic, metal, glass, etc.)
Components (closures, labels, straps, pallets, skids,
wraps, etc.)
Changes in the process can include changes in:
Manufacturing / assembly (vendor, location, automation,
etc.)
Filling (equipment, speed, automation, etc.)
Distribution system (parcel delivery, LTL, intermodal, etc.)

When there is any doubt as to whether a change will

potentially affect performance, retesting should be done.
Determining when retesting is required may involve knowing
and tracking specification details of both the package and the
product, such as new or changed components, materials,
interior packaging, closure methods, etc.

RETESTING BASED ON CHANGES IN

CORRUGATED BOARD

Changing the grade (Burst/Basis Weight vs. ECT) of the

corrugated board in the box definitely requires retest, even in
those situations where carrier regulations imply the
"equivalence" of two grades of corrugated (such as 200 psi
burst and 32 lb/in ECT grades). In many instances,
corrugated board from these two grading systems will be

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different in construction and performance and thus must be

retested on a grade change. Basis weights (weight per unit
area) of corrugated board constituents have also been
shown to be good indicators of box equivalence or change.
If the nominal basis weights change, even if the board is
rated for the same performance, a retest is appropriate. It is
therefore strongly recommended that the measurement and
documentation of basis weights in accordance with TAPPI
(Technical Association for the Pulp and Paper Industry) T410
and T 844, FEFCO (European Federation of Corrugated
Board Manufacturers) Testing Method No. 10, ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) EN 536,
ASTM D646, or other accepted industry standards
accompany every packaged-product test where corrugated
packaging is involved.
Retesting is also strongly recommended when distribution
channels change, as this may mean a different test protocol.
An example is the opening of an e-commerce business (to
replace or supplement traditional retail distribution) that
involves significant shipments direct to customer by small
parcel carriers.

RETURN DISTRIBUTION TESTING

The issue of product returns, especially in specialized

channels such as e-commerce, catalog sales, TV sales and
similar distribution, is an important one. Return rates for nontraditional retailing have been shown to often be much higher
than traditional retailing distribution. Returns happen for
many reasons and are not all damage related. Accordingly,
a package must be capable of both initial distribution (source
to customer) and return distribution (customer to source) in
these cases. ISTA Projects and Procedures are intended for
a one-way distribution environment. Consider requiring a
sample product and package to be subjected to additional
testing when expected return rates are high or other
marketing and distribution factors indicate increasing
significance of returns.

LINE EXTENSION POLICY

In some cases, and for ISTA members only, ISTA approves

a limited amount of testing to represent more extensive
testing. For example, a line of products with 30 models may
be able to be certified by testing less than 30 packagedproducts. This technique applies when the models and
packages are very similar. Use of this technique for
certification requires prior approval by ISTA staff, and is
considered on a case-by-case basis. Contact ISTA
Headquarters for additional information and to discuss your
specific needs.

IDENTIFICATION OF PRODUCT AND

PACKAGE TESTED

Whether reporting test results to ISTA for Certification or

approval, or documenting the test for future reference or a
customer report, identifying the test sample is vitally
important. Product description should include product name,
brand, model number, serial number, place and date of
manufacture, and similar information. It is strongly
recommended that photographs, detailed drawings, and/or
complete specifications of the product and any included
accessories accompany the report.

Package description must also be detailed and specific and

should include type, style and material of packaging;
corrugated board composition; cushion details including
performance; film gage and composition; application or
package forming details; mold numbers; any pallet or skid;
unitization method for unit loads; methods of closure, etc. It
is strongly recommended that photographs, detailed
drawings, and/or complete specifications of both exterior and
interior packaging accompany the report.

TEST PARAMETER TOLERANCES

ISTA test protocols generally do not include tolerances on

test parameters such as drop height, impact velocity,
compression force, weight, top load, vibration time and
intensity, etc. In such cases the requirements given are
considered minimums; i.e., no variation or tolerance below
the stated values is allowed. If any particular test in a test
sequence is below the required minimum, that test does not
count and must be repeated.
Where parameter tolerances are given (e.g., temperature
and humidity conditioning, etc.), they are required for
compliance.

ROUNDING DURING CALCULATIONS

ISTA Projects and Procedures use formulas to calculate

various levels for testing. When considering the final values
to be used during testing, always round UP to the nearest
whole number as opposed to rounding down. The formulas
are the MINIMUM values that should be used so when in
doubt, always make sure your test values meet or slightly
exceed that minimum.

ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

The following items are specific to certain Procedures,

Projects, or tests:

Incline Shock and Horizontal Shock. Note that when

conducting an incline shock test, the parameter measured
and controlled is the impact velocity. When conducting a
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GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING AND USING ISTA

TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS
horizontal shock test, the parameter to monitor and control is
velocity change. Horizontal shock should be programmed to
short duration nominal half-sine pulses unless otherwise
instructed in the Procedure.
Durations around 10
milliseconds are desirable if practical.

Conditioning. If controlled temperature and humidity

conditions are required or are to be used in any test
Procedure, the best approach is to perform all tests directly
in the conditioned atmosphere. If this is not possible, then
tests should be performed quickly after removal of test items
from the conditioned atmosphere, and test items should be
returned periodically to conditioning as necessary to
maintain the required control.
The temperature and humidity conditioning times specified in
the Procedures are dwell times at the specified conditions,
and do not include any time which may be required to
transition from one condition to another. Some Procedures
specify the transition times (ramp times), and those should
be followed.

In certain situations longer temperature and humidity

conditioning dwell times may be required. There are
packaged-product configurations which may equilibrate
extremely slowly with their surrounding atmospheres. For
example, hot-filled containers in the interior of dense unitized
loads may require a week or more to reach room
temperature. If necessary, make measurements or
calculations and extend the conditioning times accordingly.
The strength of corrugated board is affected by its moisture
content, not directly by the surrounding atmospheric
humidity. It may be helpful to measure levels and changes
in board moisture content during atmospheric conditioning.
Although "conditioning" usually refers to atmospheric
conditioning (temperature/humidity), in ISTA Procedures
other hazard types may be used as conditioning as well. For
example Procedure 1C where compression conditioning is
used. When using any hazard type to condition a specimen,
the objective is not to see how the specimen performs during
that conditioning, but rather, to prepare the specimen for a
subsequent test which will be used for performance
evaluation. Conditioning situations are appropriately
identified in ISTA Procedures.
Compression Loads/Forces and Vibration Top Loads.
Compression loads/forces in the Procedures and Projects
are generally calculated from the weight and number of
identical packages which could be stacked on the test
package in actual distribution, or a stacking density of
nominally 200 kg/m3 (12 lb/ft3) for mixed loads. These
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values are then multiplied by Compensating Factors to

account for effects not tested, such as temperature/humidity,
stacking patterns, long-duration loading, etc. If compression
testing is performed in conjunction with atmospheric
conditioning which reduces container strength (e.g.
corrugated containers under high humidity, plastic containers
under high temperature), these Compensating Factors can
be reduced. If ISTA recommendations for Compensating
Factors and/or Compensating Factor ranges are not followed,
sufficient justification must be included in the Test Report.

For Procedure 3A, the vibration top loads were determined

by empirical testing that resulted in correlation between
damage in the test lab and damage in the field. It was found
that top loads representing average load densities of
nominally 200 kg/m3 (12 lb/ft3) caused unrealistic failures
during lab testing. By experiment, proper correlation was
found at 100 kg/m3 (6 lb/ft3).

Non-Equivalent Alternatives. In many ISTA Procedures,

alternative methods are permitted for performance of some
tests. Examples: Drop, Incline Impact, and Horizontal
Impact for Shock tests; Fixed Displacement and Random for
Vibration tests. It must be recognized that in many cases
these alternative methods are not equivalent; i.e., they will
not necessarily produce the same results. The alternatives
chosen for a particular Procedure should be carefully
documented in the Test Report.

APPLICABILITY OF RECOMMENDATIONS OR
CERTIFICATIONS FROM INDUSTRY
ORGANIZATIONS

Many organizations concerned with packaging or distribution

publish recommendations or certifications related to those
activities. It must not be assumed that such
recommendations/certifications apply beyond their specific
applications or intent. For example, the Box Manufacturers
Certificate (BMC) on a corrugated box may indicate (among
other things) a maximum allowable weight of box and
contents. That indication, however, only applies for LTL
Motor Freight and Rail Freight transport. Parcel carriers
typically specify a maximum allowable weight of
approximately half the BMC value. As another example,
there are indications that UN/DOT pails certified for the
shipment of Hazardous Materials (Dangerous Goods) may
not always be suitable for the shipment of other
commodities. This is because carriers often handle and
transport hazardous materials differently from other
commodities. Recommendations and certifications of any
kind should not be accepted or adopted without a complete
understanding of their origins and applications. UN/DOT
certification and/or other certifications do not imply ISTA
certification and vice-versa.

GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING AND USING ISTA

TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS

SUGGESTED STEPS FOR SELECTING A

TEST PROTOCOL

ISTA suggests consideration of the following items when

selecting a test protocol.
Test rationale: required, experimental, decision
supported.

Test objective and expectation: screening, prediction,

cost and environmental reduction, comparison to an
alternative, or demonstration of a minimum use of
packaging.

Test Series: Non-Simulation Integrity, General

Simulation, Focused Simulation, Developmental, or
combinations.
Resources: equipment, budget, time frame,
expertise, experience, past history.

Package type: weight, configuration, application.

Distribution type: unspecified or varied, special.
Know your distribution environment.

Use care in selecting the right test for the situation. In

some cases, more than one test should be run and
results compared. Field testing (trial shipments) may
be used as an adjunct to lab testing.

Use the current test. ISTA Projects and

Procedures are continuously reviewed, updated and
expanded. When a technical change has occurred,
ISTA will accept testing to a previous version for 12
months (one year). One year after a technical
change, testing done to previous versions of the
procedure or project will no longer be accepted. New
and revised tests are available to members through
their Member Center login; non-members may
purchase new tests through the E-Market. New
versions may supersede those in the Resource Book.
Keep up to date with changes by checking the ISTA
website.
Use representative samples. Both products
and packages should be as close as possible to
actual production items. In some cases this may
mean testing a product and package early in the
development cycle and then later when production
products are available. Samples should not have
been previously tested, or shipped to a test lab
without over-packaging or other consideration.
Review the test before performing it.
Check for new sections, order of tests,
documentation requirements.

Check lab status. If the package is to be Certified by

ISTA, the performing lab must have a current
laboratory certification, renewable every two years.

Perform all tests, at the correct levels and

in the correct order. ISTA Procedures and
Projects do not allow test levels, times, etc. below the
stated values, flexibility in the order of performance,
nor the elimination of any tests. For packagedproduct certification, deviations from test requirements
are not permitted unless pre-authorized by ISTA in
writing, and with the concurrence of all interested
parties and stakeholders. Any such deviations, with
ISTA authorization, must be thoroughly documented
on the Test Report.
Overtests are permitted if desired. For example,
certification to an ISTA test may be obtained if all
requirements of that test were met and in addition,
more or higher drops were conducted, the vibration
test was run longer or at a higher level, the
compression force used was greater, etc.

REMINDERS FOR USE OF ISTA TEST

PROTOCOLS

Damage/Degradation determination. Most

ISTA protocols call for determining the Product
Damage Tolerance and Package Degradation
Allowance before the test begins.

If the purpose of a test does not include ISTA

Certification of the packaged-product, then ISTA has
no official involvement or responsibility and therefore
the test can be modified at the user's discretion. In
such situations it is not necessary or desirable to send
a Test Report to ISTA.

Document results as tests are performed.

Record intermediate results, options selected,
calculations made and any deviations. Photo,
video and drawings are good documentation tools.

Do not alter package condition.

Interior inspection of the product or package (by
opening the package) is not allowed during the
conduct of an ISTA Test Procedure where packagedproduct certification is desired. Doing so may alter the
package condition and thereby invalidate the test
results. If intermediate inspection is desired, the
recommended approach is to perform separate tests
for investigation and certification. First test one or
more packaged-products, inspecting them as desired
to determine intermediate damage. When any issues
or problems have been corrected, separately subject
one or more new packaged-products to the complete
test, without intermediate inspections, to determine
pass/fail or for certification.
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GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING AND USING ISTA

TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS

Determine results. Most procedures require a

pass/fail determination. This determination must be
made in light of the package and product
damage/degradation criteria determined before the
test began. Details on how the evaluation was made
should be included in the test documentation.

Review the test. Was it the right test? Was it

done correctly? Is the documentation complete?
Would you understand it and be able to reproduce it
two years from now?
Finalize. Distribute documentation. Send report to
ISTA for Certification or approval. Make decisions.

Monitor Actual Shipments. If possible, obtain

information on performance in actual distribution of the
packaged-product tested. This performance, when
compared to results from the laboratory tests, can be
used to evaluate the effectiveness of tests and guide
future testing decisions.

DOCUMENTATION OF TESTS

The following general information, in addition to specific

testing details, is required when completing a Certified
Laboratory Test Report:
ISTA Certified Testing Laboratory Information

Complete laboratory name and address

Test Technician who performed the test

Test Laboratory Member ID number

Test Report submitted by: technician name

Product Manufacturer/Shipper Information

Manufacturer/Shipper company name and address

Manufacturer/Shipper ISTA License Number, if

applicable and known

Test requested by: individual's name

Test Information

Test Procedure or Project performed

Number of samples tested

Test Number(s) assigned by test laboratory, if

applicable

12

Date tested

Number of replicate tests performed

Appropriate details of tests and findings

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Product Description

Product name, brand, model number, and serial

number as appropriate
Place and date of manufacture

Photographs, detailed drawings, and/or complete

specifications as appropriate

Package Description

Description of entire shipping unit

Type or style of package

Pallet or skid and unitization method, if applicable

List and details of packaging materials used

Method(s) of closure, if applicable

Photographs, detailed drawings, and/or complete

specifications as appropriate

Packaged-Product Tested

Gross weight of packaged-product

External container size in inches (mm or m)

Length x Width x Depth (L x W x D)

A picture or pictures should be included

Product Damage Tolerance Criteria

Definition of product damage tolerance

Name of person who determined definition of

product damage tolerance
Description of the method of determining
product damage

Package Degradation Allowance Criteria

Definition of package degradation allowance

Name of person who determined definition of

package degradation allowance

Description of the method of determining

package degradation

ISTA Test Report Form templates may be downloaded from

the ISTA Member Center at www.ista.org/members/.
Custom forms with additional information are acceptable, but
the information required on an ISTA template is considered
to be the minimum.

GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING AND USING ISTA

TEST PROCEDURES & PROJECTS

COMMUNICATION WITH ISTA

ISTA is very interested in your preshipment performance

testing needs and experience. Please let the organization
know when you have suggestions, observations or
questions.

ISTA Distributing Confidence, Worldwide TM

1400 Abbot Road, Suite 160

East Lansing, MI 48823-1900 USA

Telephone: [1] 517-333-3437
E-mail: [email protected]

Fax: [1] 517-333-3813

Website: http://www.ista.org
Version date: January 2016

ISTA TEST REPORT PROCESSING

Test Laboratory

Conducts an ISTA Procedure

or Project.

Test Laboratory

All samples tested, including

all replicate tests if conducted,
must meet the criteria from
the Product Damage
Tolerance and Package
Degradation Allowance Block
to report the test results as a
pass. If any sample fails any
of the test methods then the
test is considered a failed test.

Test Laboratory

The results of the test (pass

or fail) are submitted to ISTA
Headquarters using an
accepted Test Report Form
(templates available for
Members at
www.ista.org/members/)

Packaged-Product
PASSED

ISTA Headquarters

Examines the report to ensure

that the test was conducted in
accordance with the test
procedure and for
completeness. Upon
acceptance of the report, ISTA
processes the report by
performing the appropriate
action.

Packaged-Product
FAILED

Shipper IS an
ISTA Member:

Shipper is NOT an
ISTA Member:

Shipper IS an
ISTA Member:

Shipper is NOT an
ISTA Member:

ISTA Headquarters

ISTA Headquarters

ISTA Headquarters

ISTA Headquarters

Certifies the packaged-product;

assigns a database reference
number to the report form;
retains a copy of the report
form and certification details on
file.
Shipper

Receives a Certification Notice.

Assigns a database reference

number to the report form;
retains a copy of the report
form on file for a minimum
amount of time.
Shipper

May NOT use the ISTA

Transit Tested Certification
Mark on the packaged-product.

May use the ISTA Transit

Tested Certification Mark on the
packaged-product according to
the license agreement and
ISTA policy.

No correspondence is received
from ISTA.

Test Laboratory

Test Laboratory

Receives a copy of the

Certification Notice.

Receives an
Acknowledgement of Testing
from ISTA.

Retains a copy of the report

form on file for a minimum
amount of time.

Retains a copy of the report

form on file for a minimum
amount of time.

Shipper

Receives no correspondence.
May NOT use the ISTA
Transit Tested Certification
Mark on a failed
packaged-product.

Test Laboratory

Receives no correspondence.

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Shipper

Receives no correspondence.

Test Laboratory

Receives no correspondence.

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ISTA TESTS QUICK REFERENCE

ISTA PROCEDURES AND PROJECTS:

IMPORTANT: Procedures periodically receive corrections or revisions before the publish date of the next Resource Book.
Please visit the ISTA website at www.ista.org for the most up-to-date procedures and projects. Members receive free and
complete online access to all Test Procedures.

1 SERIES: NON-SIMULATION INTEGRITY PERFORMANCE TESTS

Challenge the strength and robustness of the product and package combination. Not designed to simulate environmental
occurrences. Useful as screening tests, particularly when used as a consistent benchmark over time.

1A

Packaged-Products weighing 150 lb (68 kg) or Less

1C

Extended Testing for Individual Packaged-Products weighing 150 lb (68 kg) or Less

1B

Packaged-Products weighing Over 150 lb (68 kg)

1D

Extended Testing for Individual Packaged-Products weighing Over 150 lb (68 kg)

1E

Unitized Loads

1H

Packaged-Products weighing Over 150 lb (68 kg) (Random Vibration)

1G

Packaged-Products weighing 150 lb (68 kg) or Less (Random Vibration)

2 SERIES: PARTIAL SIMULATION PERFORMANCE TESTS

Tests with at least one element of 3 Series type General Simulation performance tests, such as atmospheric conditioning or
mode-shaped random vibration, in addition to basic elements of a 1 Series type Non-Simulation Integrity test.
2A

Packaged-Products weighing 150 lb (68 kg) or Less

2C

Furniture Packages

2B

Packaged-Products weighing Over 150 lb (68 kg)

3 SERIES: GENERAL SIMULATION PERFORMANCE TESTS

Designed to provide a laboratory simulation of the general damage-producing motions, forces, conditions, and sequences
of transport environments. Applicable across broad sets of circumstances, such as a variety of vehicle types and routes, or
a varying number of handling exposures. Characteristics will include simple shaped random vibration, different drop
heights applied to the sample package, and/or atmospheric conditioning.
3A

Packaged-Products for Parcel Delivery System Shipment weighing 70kg (150 lb) or Less

3B

Packaged-Products for Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) Shipment

3E

Unitized Loads of Same Product

3H

Products or Packaged-Products in Mechanically Handled Bulk Transport Containers

3F

Packaged Products for Distribution Center to Retail Outlet Shipment, 100 lb (45 kg) or Less

3K

Fast-Moving Consumer Goods in the European Retail Supply Chain

4 SERIES: ENHANCED SIMULATION PERFORMANCE TESTS

General Simulation tests with at least one element of Focused Simulation, such as test sequence or test conditions linked
to actual known distribution. Project 4AB is currently the only protocol in this Series. 4AB is a web-based Enhanced
Simulation Test Plan generator, with on-line access available at no charge to all ISTA members. Project 4AB closely ties
the tests and sequence to a user-defined pattern of distribution, and includes a broad range of current and quantitative
information on distribution environment hazards. See the Project 4AB section of the ISTA website (www.ista.org) for
more details.
4AB

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5 SERIES: FOCUSED SIMULATION GUIDES

ISTA TESTS QUICK REFERENCE

Guides for the creation of laboratory simulations based on actual field-measured and observed hazards and levels. The 5Series are not performance tests per se, but information and instructions related to establishment of user-defined Focused
Simulation tests. The 5-Series is not currently active.

6 SERIES: MEMBER PERFORMANCE TESTS

Test protocols created by ISTA members or by ISTA in cooperation with a member company, to meet their particular
purposes and applications. The tests may be completely original, or may be modifications or variations of ISTA Procedures
or Projects or other published and accepted tests. The ISTA Testing Council reviews and accepts these tests, but primary
responsibility rests with the originating members.
6-Amazon.com-B Project
6-FEDEX-A

6-FEDEX-B

Heavy/Bulky Packaged-Products for Amazon.com Distribution System Shipment

FedEx Procedures for Testing Packaged Products Weighing Up to 150 lb (domestic and international)

FedEx Procedures for Testing Packaged Products Weighing More Than 150 lb (domestic and
international)

6-SAMSCLUB Project: Packaged-Products for Sam's Club Distribution System Shipment

7 SERIES: DEVELOPMENT TESTS

These tests are used in the development of transport packages. They can be used to compare relative performance of two
or more container designs, but are not intended to evaluate the protection afforded packaged-products.
7D

7E

Temperature Test for Transport Packaging

Testing Standard for Thermal Transport Packaging Used in Parcel Delivery System Shipment

ISTA PROCESS STANDARDS

STANDARD 20 ISTA Standard 20 is a design and qualification process that provides the structure and path to design, test,
verify and independently certify a specific Insulated Shipping Container (ISC) for use. Included with Standard 20 is the
Standard 7E set of global thermal profiles for testing thermal transport packaging used in parcel delivery system shipments.
RESPONSIBLE PACKAGING BY DESIGN (RPbD) GUIDE The RPbD Guide is a step-by-step process management
standard for the design, testing and qualification of responsible packaging that meets industry, consumer and regulatory
expectations.
The process provides a framework and guidance to evaluate two or more different packages to:
provide appropriate packaging for protecting the product and perform all the other functions of a packaging system
minimize product waste through the prevention of damage or spoilage
optimize use of materials, energy, water in production, distribution and use
maximize recovery of materials and energy from used packaging

The protocol provides a procedure for analyzing packaging systemsfrom broad to narrowand is data-driven. Eight
steps guide the packager in a Stage-Gate Process, with each stage accompanied by a template to help users gather data.

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ISTA TESTS ORGANIZED BY DISTRIBUTION MODE OR TYPE

QUICK REFERENCE
Any Distribution Mode and Individual Packages WeighingJ
Over 150 lb (68 kg)

150 lb (68 kg) or Less

Basic Requirements

1A

1B

fixed displacement vibration & shock testing

1G

1H

random vibration and shock testing

1C

1D
2B

2A

Small Parcel Delivery Mode and Individual Packages

Test

Package Type

70 kg (150 lb) or Less Small,

Standard, Flat, Elongated

3A

Thermal Performance

7E

Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) Delivery Mode

Test

Package Type

3B

Standard

3B

Cylindrical

3B

Palletized or Skidded

Any Distribution Mode and Unitized as a Single Load

Test
1E

3H

Other

atmospheric conditioning, shock, and random vibration testing (with & without top
loads)
thermal testing for insulated shipping containers

Basic Requirements

atmospheric conditioning, shock, impact, random vibration with top load,

tip/tipover

atmospheric conditioning, shock, impact, random vibration with & without top loads
atmospheric conditioning, shock, impact, random vibration with top load,
tip/tipover, fork lift handling

Unitized

atmospheric conditioning, compression, random vibration, and shock testing

vertical linear or random vibration and shock

Package Type

Basic Requirements

Package Type

Basic Requirements

Mechanically Handled Bulk

Test

Basic Requirements

Basic Requirements

Any Distribution Mode and Reusable Systems

Test

atmospheric conditioning, compression, fixed displacement or random vibration,

and shock testing

Package Type

Unitized

3E

fixed displacement or random vibration, shock testing and compression

conditioning (optional atmospheric conditioning)

atmospheric conditioning, random vibration & shock testing (optional compression

testing)

2C

Furniture Packages

atmospheric conditioning, top load vibration, and shock testing

4AB

Varies

Web-based Enhanced Simulation Performance Test

3F

Non Unitized DC to Retail

100 lb (45 kg) or Less

6 Series-Member Performance Test

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atmospheric conditioning, compression, random vibration, and shock testing

Requirements set by member. See 6 series section.