EAT 258-Lecture 7 (Aggregates) PDF
EAT 258-Lecture 7 (Aggregates) PDF
EAT 258-Lecture 7 (Aggregates) PDF
Definition:
Ingredient in PCC
INTRODUCTION
Aggregate Sources
Natural:
Gravel pits.
River run deposits.
Rock quarries.
Manufactured:
Recycled Materials
INTRODUCTION
Aggregate Terminology
Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate (CA)
Fine Aggregate (FA)
Fines (Mineral Filler: MF)
Maximum Size
Nominal Max. Size
INTRODUCTION
Sieve Designation
75 mm
37.5 mm
19.0 mm
12.5 mm
6.3 mm
4.76 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
0.6 mm
0.3 mm
0.15 mm
0.074 mm
CA
FA
MF
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Source of aggregate
Natural aggregate:
The natural sands and gravels are the product of weathering
and the action of running water, while the stone sands and
crushed stones are reduced from natural rock by crushing
and screening of quarried material. Sand is one of the key
materials used in the construction industry. The size of
natural sand used in concrete is smaller than 3/16 inch in
diameter. Natural sand usually exhibits well-rounded and
spherical particle shape. These factors enhance the
workability of fresh concrete. The mineralogy of sand
depends on the source of the material and may contain
impurities.
INTRODUCTION
Artificial aggregate:
Usually produced for some special purposes, for
example: burned expanded clay aggregate for making
lightweight concrete. Some artificial aggregates are a
by-product of industrial process such as blast furnace
slag.
Crushed Stone and Manufactured Fine Aggregate (MFA):
Manufactured fine aggregates are man made
aggregate and are machine crushed. Crushed stone
fines and manufactured fine aggregates are all names
for crushed stone aggregates that will pass the
4.75mm sieve.
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATE
1. Classification according to the Geological Origin:i. Natural aggregate
ii. Artificial aggregate
2. Classification according to size:-
i. Fine aggregate
ii. Coarse aggregate
iii. All-in-aggregate
iv. Single-size-aggregate
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATE
3. Classification according to shape:i. Rounded aggregate
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATE
4. Classification based on unit weight:i. Normal-weight aggregate
ii. Heavyweight aggregate
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
AGGREGATES:
1.Unit Weight and Voids
2. Specific Gravity
3. Particle Shape and Surface Texture
4. Shrinkage of Aggregates
5. Absorption and Surface Moisture
6. Resistance to Freezing and Thawing
UNIT WEIGHT
(unit mass or bulk density)
Examples of
Aggregates Used
vermiculite, ceramic
lightweight
normal weight
Weight
ultra-lightweight
heavyweight
UNIT WEIGHT
1. Normal weight aggregate:
It is usually the natural
aggregate for which the unit
weight is between (1500
to1800) kg/m3.
Normal Aggregate
UNIT WEIGHT
2. Lightweight aggregate:
UNIT WEIGHT
3. Heavyweight aggregate:
VOIDS
Void content affects mortar requirements in mix design; water
and mortar requirement tend to increase as aggregate void
content increases.
Void content between aggregate particles increases with
increasing aggregate angularity.
Void contents range from 30-45% for coarse
aggregates to about 40-50% for fine
aggregates.
Total volume of voids can be reduced
by using a collection of aggregate sizes.
The cement paste requirement for concrete is proportional to the void content of
the combined aggregate.
SHRINKAGE OF AGGREGATES:
Large Shrinkage =
Low Shrinkage =
fine grained
sandstones, slate,
basalt, trap rock, claycontaining
quartz, limestone,
granite, feldspar
What happens if
abnormal aggregate
shrinkage occurs?
Excessive cracking
Large deflection of reinforced beams
and slabs
Some spalling (chipping or crumbling)
If more than 0.08 percent shrinkage occurs, the aggregate is
considered undesirable.
AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS
Gradation
Particle Shape and Surface Texture
Hardness
Toughness
Soundness
Deleterious Materials
% Passing
19.00
100
9.50
100
4.750
95
2.360
84
1.180
74
0.600
53
0.425
41
0.300
31
0.150
14
0.075
3.80
PAN
0.00
Maximum Aggregate
Size = 9.5 mm
Nominal Maximum Aggregate
Size =4.75 mm
GRADATION TYPES
Dense (well-graded): a gradation that is near the FHWAs
0.45 Power Curve for maximum density.
Gap Graded: a gradation that contains only a small
percentage of aggregate particles in the mid-size range. The
curve is flat in the mid-size range.
Open graded: a gradation that contains only a small
percentage of aggregate particles in the small range. This
results in more air voids. The curve is near vertical in the
mid-size range, and flat and near-zero in the small-size
range.
One Sized: a gradation with the majority of aggregates
passing one sieve (vertical line).
Uniformly Graded. a gradation that contains most of the
particles in a very narrow size range. (almost vertical line).
Well (Dense)
graded
Gap Graded
Uniform
Open Graded
aggregate
size as "one sieve size larger than the first
sieve to retain more than 10 percent of the
material.
PARTICLE SHAPE
Rounded
Angular
PARTICLE SHAPE
Important in that it affects the workability of the plastic
concrete. The more rounded an aggregate the lower the
inter particle friction, the smaller the surface/unit volume
and therefore less water is required for a given workability.
Therefore, a potentially higher strength is possible.
Most important factors affecting the behavior of the fresh
concrete mix. Water demand and water requirement are
too a large extent dependent on the particle and to a lesser
extent, on the surface texture of the particles. The ideal fine
aggregate particle is spherical in shape with a relatively
smooth surface because this requires the least amount of
paste to cover and it facilitates inter-particle movement
more easily thus mixing is easier.
PARTICLE SHAPE
Concrete made with rounded chunky particle has a lower water
demand than concrete made with elongated flaky particles. This
is due to a lower void volume if the particles are well-shaped.
This is particularly significant in the fine aggregate fraction.
Many aggregates properties depend on the properties of the
parent rock (e.g., chemical and mineralogical composition,
petrographic classification, specific gravity, hardness, strength,
physical and chemical stability, pore structure and colour).
Crushed aggregates can be used to produce higher strength
concrete (greater than about 80 N/mm2) as greater bond
strength can be achieved between the aggregate and the paste
due to the rough angular texture of the aggregate surface.
SURFACE TEXTURE
Surface texture of this particle also has an
influence with rough surface having a much large
surface area than smooth texture particle.
Smother particles tend to produce a more
workable concrete. The bond strength is, however
likely to be higher with rough textured materials.
The particles can be glassy, smooth, granular,
rough, crystalline or honeycombed.
Total Percent
Passing (%)
100
4.75mm ( No. 4 )
95 -100
2.36mm ( No. 8 )
80 -100
1.18mm ( No. 16 )
50 - 85
600m ( No. 30 )
25 - 60
300m ( No. 50 )
10 - 30
2 - 10
PRESENCE OF SULFATE OR
CHLORIDE IONS IN AGGREGATES
Because of the danger of chloride- induced corrosion of
steel reinforcement, the BS specifications specifies the
maximum total chloride content in the mix.
If salt is not removed, it will absorb moisture from the
air and cause efflorescence- unsightly white deposits
on the surface of the concrete.
The presence of Sulphates will cause low ultimate
strength and disintegration due to expansion.
"Methods for determination of sulphate content"(BS
812-118) For chloride ions: Method for determination
of water-soluble chloride salts (BS 812-117).
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