Vector Synopsis
Vector Synopsis
Vector Synopsis
Subject
Topic
: EAMCET
: Mathematics
: Vector Algebra
SYNOPSIS
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Scalar: The quantity having only magnitude but no direction is called a scalar.
Vector: The quantity having both magnitude and direction is called a vector.
Representation: Vectors are generally represented by directed line segments. If a vector is
represented by AB then the direction from A to B gives its direction and the distance from
A to B gives its magnitude. A is called the initial point and B is called its terminal point.
Notation: Vectors are generally denoted by letters with a bar over it. i.e., a , b , c .(or) by
bold faced letters a, b, c . and its magnitude by II or simply a.
Unit vector: A vector of unit magnitude is called a unit vector. The unit vector in the
direction of a is denoted by a .
Null vector: Vector of zero magnitude and indefinite direction is called a null vector (i.e.,
direction of a null vector is indeterminate). For this vector, initial and terminal points
coincide.
Negative vector: A vector having same magnitude and opposite direction as that of a is
called negative vector of a and is denoted by a .
Equal vectors: Two vectors are said to be equal if they have same magnitude and same
direction (irrespective of their initial points).
Like and unlike vectors: Vectors having the same direction are called like vectors and
having opposite directions are called unlike vectors.
Addition of vectors: Let AB a and BC b be two vectors. The vector AC is defined as
the sum of a and b i.e., AC AB BC a b . This is called the triangle law of vectors.
If a , b , c are three vectors then
i) a ( b c ) ( a b ) c (vector addition is associative).
ii) a b b a (vector addition is commutative).
iii) a 0 0 a a (null vector is the identity element in the set of vectors under
addition)
iv) a ( a ) ( a ) a 0 ( - a is the additive inverse of a in the set of vectors).
10)
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OP
is called
Exam
Subject
Topic
14)
15)
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17)
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19)
: EAMCET
: Chemistry
: Vector Algebra
20)
ab
.
2
abc
3
21)
22)
lengths of the sides of the triangle and A, B, C are the angles of the triangle.
a sin 2A b sin 2B c sin 2C
.
sec 2A sec 2B sec 2C
23)
24)
25)
abcd
where a , b , c, d
4
Exam
Subject
Topic
26)
: EAMCET
: Chemistry
: Vector Algebra
If (a , b ) = , then
i) ( a, - b ) (- b , - a) (xa , y b ) (yb , xa ) for all x, y > 0
ii) ( a, - b ) ( - a, b ) (xa , - yb ) (-xa , y b ) 180 for all x, y > 0.
iii) (a , b ) 0 a and b are like vectors.
iv) ( a , b ) a and b are unlike vectors.
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then
x2 y2 z2
41)
If
42)
| r |
Exam
Subject
Topic
43)
44)
Vector equation of a straight line passing through the point a and parallel to the vector b is
r a t b , where t is a scalar.
The Cartesian equation of the straight line passing through the point (a1, a2, a3) and parallel
to the vector
45)
46)
b 1i b 2 j b 3 k
is
x a1 y a 2
z a3
b1
b2
b3
Vector equation of a straight line passing through two points having position vectors a and b
is r (1 t )a t b , where t is a scalar.
The Cartesian equation of the straight line passing through the two given points (a 1, a2, a3)
and (b1, b2, b3) is
47)
: EAMCET
: Chemistry
: Vector Algebra
x a1
y a2
z a3
b 1 a1 b 2 a 2
b 3 a3
z a3
b3 a3
c 1 a1 c 2 a 2
c 3 a3
= 0, where
ii) The vector equation of the plane through the point whose position vector is a and parallel
to the vectors b and c is r a s b tc , where s and t are parameters. In Cartesian form, it is
x a1
b1
y a2
b2
z a3
b3
c1
c2
c3
= 0.
iii) Vector equation of the plane through the points whose position vectors are
x a1
parallel to vector
is
r (1 s)a s b t c
49)
and
z a3
c2
c3
a3
b3
c1 c 2
c3
= 0.
a1 a 2
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48)
y a2
a3
b2
b3 0 .
c1
c2
c3
Exam
Subject
Topic
51)
: EAMCET
: Chemistry
: Vector Algebra
OA a, OB b be
a
b
| a | | b |
is a b
| a | | b |
Let A, B, C be the P.Vs of the vertices of a ABC. Then the internal bisector of the angle A
divides the opposite side in the ratio AB : AC and its P.V is
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54)
| AB | C | AC | B
| AB | | AC |
(similarly other
bisectors).
Let OA a and OB b be two vectors, then the point c m a n b lies
i) Inside the OAB if m, n > 0 and m + n < 1.
ii) Outside the OAB but inside the angle AOB if m, n > 0 and m + n > 1.
iii) Outside the OAB but inside the angle OAB if m < 0, n > 0 and m + n < 1.
iv) Outside the OAB but inside the angle OBA if m > 0, n < 0 and m + n < 1.
PRODUCT OF VECTORS:
The scalar product or (dot product): The scalar product of two vectors a and b is a scalar
and is defined as the product of the magnitude of a and b and the cosine of the angle
between them. i.e., a. b | a | . | b | .cos , 0 .
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Two non-zero vectors a and b are perpendicular if and only if their dot product is zero.
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Projection of
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a and b
is
| a .b |
(a. b) b
or ( a .b)b .
the orthogonal projection of a and b is
2
|b|
|b|
(a .b ) b
a along b is
a perpendicular to b
|b|
or ( a .b)b .
is a ( a . b )2b .
|b|
cos =
a b a 2b 2 a3b 3
a.b
1 1
| a || b |
a12 .
b12
iii) sin = (a 2 b 3 a 3 b 2 )
a b
2
1
iv)
v)
vi)
a .b b. a
2
1
Exam
Subject
Topic
58)
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63)
: EAMCET
: Chemistry
: Vector Algebra
vii) a . a | a | 2 a 2
viii) (a b) 2 | a |2 | b |2 2a. b
ix) (a b) 2 ( a b ) 2 2( a 2 b 2 ) and (a b )2 ( a b )2 4a.b
x)
( a b c )2 a 2 b 2 c 2 2( a.b ) 2( b.c ) 2(c.a )
xi) a 2 b 2 ( a b ).( a b )
xii) a.( b c ) a.b a.c , dot product is left distributive over vector addition.
xiii) ( a b ).c a.c b.c , dot product is right distributive over vector addition.
For the unit orthognormal vectors i, j, k
i) i.i j. j k . k 1
ii) i. j j.k k . i 0
For any vector r, r (r.i )i (r. j) j (r.k )k
Work done by a force F in displacing a particle from A to B is given by W F.AB
If the length of the perpendicular from the origin be p(> 0) and n be the unit vector
perpendicular to the plane then the equation of the plane is r.n p .
The vector equation of a plane through a point a and perpendicular to a unit vector n is
(r a ).n 0 .
If 1 and 2 be two planes whose equations are r1.m1 q1, r2 .m2 q 2 , then the angle between
the planes is
m1.m 2
Cos 1
| m1 | . | m 2
.
|
64)
Perpendicular distance from the origin to the plane (r a ).n 0 is a .n , where a is the position
vector of a point in the plane and n is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane.
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a and b
n is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing a and b such that a , b , n form a
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If
66)
a a1i a 2 j a 3 k , b b 1i b 2 j b 3 k ,
then
i
j
a x b a1 a 2
k
a3
b1 b 2
b3
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71)
a xb
| a xb |
i xj -jx i ;
Exam
Subject
Topic
: EAMCET
: Chemistry
: Vector Algebra
72)
If
are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram then vector area of the parallelogram is
a xb and area = | a x b | sq. units.
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If a and b are two adjacent sides of a triangle then area of the triangle is
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If
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units.
The points a , b , c are collinear if a x b b xc c xa 0 .
If a , b , c are the position vectors of the points A, B, C then the perpendicular distance from
a and b
a, b , c
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| b xc cx a ax b |
|ba|
or
| ACx AB |
1
| axb | sq. units.
2
is 1 | bxc cxa axb | sq.
2
| AB |
If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction ratios of a straight line then cos=
(l1l 2 m 1m 2 n1n 2 )
l12 l 22
Exam
Subject
Topic
86)
Let
a , b and c
: EAMCET
: Chemistry
: Vector Algebra
88)
89)
If
a, b , c
DA DB DC cu.units.
are concurrent edges of a tetrahedron, then the volume of the tetrahedron is equal to
1
| [a b c] | .
6
90)
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92)
If
If
a a 1i a 2 j a 3 k , b b1i b 2 j b 3 k
p, q , r
and c c 1i c 2 j c 3 k , then
a1 a 2
a.( b xc ) [ a b c] b1 b 2
a3
b3
c1 c 2
c3
c c 1p c 2 q c 3 r , then [ a b c] b1 b 2
c1 c 2
b b 1p b 2 q b 3 r
b 3 [ p q r] .
c3
[ a b c] [a b c]
94)
and
a3
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a'
defined by
1
[ a b c]
95)
i) The vector equation of the plane containing three non collinear points with position vectors
a , b , c is r .( b x c c x a a x b ) [ a b c ]
ii) Equation of plane passing through a , b and parallel to c is r.( b xc cxa ) [ a b c]
iii) Equation of plane passing through a and parallel to b and c is r.( b xc) [ a b c] .
iv) A unit vector perpendicular to the plane passing through a , b , c is
b xc c xa a x b
| b xc c xa a x b |
Exam
Subject
Topic
v)
: EAMCET
: Chemistry
: Vector Algebra
Length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane passing through
| [ a b c] |
| b xc cx a a x b |
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97)
a. p
[ a b c][ p q r] a . q
b.p
b .q
c. p
c. q
a .r
b .r
c.r
| [a - c b d ] |
| b xd |
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( a x b )x(cx d ) [ a b d ]c - [ a b c] d [ a c d ] b - [ b c d ] a
Four points
a , b , c, d
a.c b.c
.
a.d b.d
a, b , c
is