Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4K views

    Starting Methods of A DC Motor

    Uploaded by

    agreykato
    Starting a DC motor without a starter can damage the motor or blow fuses due to high starting current. Starters add resistance to limit starting current by gradually cutting resistance out as the motor speeds up. Common DC motor starters include 3-point and 4-point starters which use lever-activated switches to cut resistance out of the armature circuit. Speed control of DC motors can be achieved through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance to the armature, voltage control by varying the supply voltage, or methods specific to series motors like field diversion or using variable resistances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Starting Methods of A DC Motor

    Uploaded by

    agreykato
    4K views8 pages
    Starting a DC motor without a starter can damage the motor or blow fuses due to high starting current. Starters add resistance to limit starting current by gradually cutting resistance out as the motor speeds up. Common DC motor starters include 3-point and 4-point starters which use lever-activated switches to cut resistance out of the armature circuit. Speed control of DC motors can be achieved through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance to the armature, voltage control by varying the supply voltage, or methods specific to series motors like field diversion or using variable resistances.

    Original Description:

    .

    Original Title

    Starting Methods of a DC Motor

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Starting a DC motor without a starter can damage the motor or blow fuses due to high starting current. Starters add resistance to limit starting current by gradually cutting resistance out as the motor speeds up. Common DC motor starters include 3-point and 4-point starters which use lever-activated switches to cut resistance out of the armature circuit. Speed control of DC motors can be achieved through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance to the armature, voltage control by varying the supply voltage, or methods specific to series motors like field diversion or using variable resistances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    4K views8 pages

    Starting Methods of A DC Motor

    Uploaded by

    agreykato
    Starting a DC motor without a starter can damage the motor or blow fuses due to high starting current. Starters add resistance to limit starting current by gradually cutting resistance out as the motor speeds up. Common DC motor starters include 3-point and 4-point starters which use lever-activated switches to cut resistance out of the armature circuit. Speed control of DC motors can be achieved through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance to the armature, voltage control by varying the supply voltage, or methods specific to series motors like field diversion or using variable resistances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    Starting Methods Of A DC Motor

    By Kiran Daware DC Machines

    Basic operational voltage equation of a DC motor is given as


    E = Eb + IaRa and hence

    Ia = (E - Eb) / Ra

    Now, when the motor is at rest, obviously, there is no back emf Eb, hence armature
    current will be high at starting.
    This excessive current will1. blow out the fuses and may damage the armature winding and/or commutator brush
    arrangement.
    2. produce very high starting torque (as torque is directly proportional to armature
    current), and this high starting toque will produce huge centrifugal force which may throw
    off the armature windings.
    Thus to avoid above two drawbacks, starters are used for starting of DC machine.

    Starting Methods Of A DC Motor


    Thus, to avoid the above dangers while starting a DC motor, it is necessary to limit the
    starting current. For that purpose, starters are used to start a DC motor. There are
    various starters like, 3 point starter, 4 point starter, No load release coil starter, thyristor
    starter etc.
    The main concept behind every DC motor starter is, adding external resistance to the
    armature winding at starting.
    1. 3 Point Starter

    The internal wiring of a 3 point starter is as shown in the figure.

    When motor is to be started, the lever is turned


    gradually to the right. When lever touches point 1, the field winding gets directly
    connected across the supply, and the armature winding gets connected with resistances
    R1 to R5 in series. Hence at starting full resistance is added in series with armature.
    Then as the lever is moved further, the resistance is gradually is cut out from the
    armature circuit. Now, as the lever reaches to position 6, all the resistance is cut out from
    the armature circuit and armature gets directly connected across the supply. The
    electromagnet E (no voltage coil) holds the lever at this position. This electromagnet
    releases the lever when there is no (or low) supply voltage.
    When the motor is overloaded beyond a predefined value, overcurrent release
    electromagnet D gets activated, which short circuits electromagnet E , and hence
    releases the lever and motor is turned off.

    2. 4 Point Starter:

    The main difference between a 3 point starter and a 4 point starter is that the no
    voltage coil is not connected in series with field coil. The field gets directly connected to
    the supply, as the lever moves touching the brass arc. The no voltage coil (or Hold on
    coil) is connected with a current limiting resistance Rh. This arrangement ensures that
    any change of current in the shunt field does not affect the current through hold on coil at
    all. This means that electromagnet pull of the hold-on coil will always be sufficient so that
    the spring does not unnecessarily restore the lever to the off position.
    This starter is used where field current is to be adjusted by means of a field rheostat.

    3. DC series motor starter:


    Construction of DC series motor starters is very basic as shown in the figure. A start
    arm is simply moved towards right to start the motor. Thus at first maximum resistance is
    connected in series with the armature and then gradually decreased as the start arm
    moves towards right.
    The no load release coil holds the start arm to the run position and leaves it at no load.

    Speed Control Methods Of DC Motor


    By Kiran Daware DC Machines

    Speed Of A DC Motor
    We know, back emf of a DC motor Eb is the induced emf due to rotation of the armature
    in magnetic field. Thus value of the Eb can be given by the EMF equation of a DC
    generator.

    Eb = PNZ 60A
    (where, P= no. of poles, =flux/pole, N=speed in rpm, Z=no. of armature conductors,
    A=parallel paths)
    Eb can also be given as,
    Eb = V- IaRa
    thus from above equations

    N=

    E 60A
    b

    /PZ

    but, for a DC motor A, P and Z are constant


    N K

    (where, K=constant)

    thus, it shows speed is directly proportional to back emf and inversely proportional to the
    flux per pole.

    Speed Control Methods Of DC Motor


    Speed Control Of Shunt Motor
    1. Flux Control Method

    It is seen that speed of the motor is inversely proportional to flux. Thus by decreasing
    flux speed can be increased and vice versa.

    To control the flux, a rheostat is added in series with the field winding, as shown in the
    circuit diagram. Adding more resistance in series with field winding will increase the
    speed, as it will decrease the flux. Field current is relatively small and hence I 2R loss is
    small, hence this method is quiet efficient. Though speed can be increased by reducing
    flux with this method, it puts a limit to maximum speed as weakening of flux beyond the
    limit will adversely affect the commutation.

    2. Armature Control Method

    Speed of the motor is directly proportional to the back emf Eb and Eb = V- IaRa. That is
    when supply voltage V and armature resistance Ra are kept constant, speed is directly
    proportional to armature current Ia. Thus if we add resistance in series with armature,
    Ia decreases and hence speed decreases.
    Greater the resistance in series with armature, greater the decrease in speed.

    3. Voltage Control Method


    A) Multiple voltage control: In this method the, shunt filed is connected to a fixed
    exciting voltage, and armature is supplied with different voltages. Voltage across
    armature is changed with the help of a suitable switchgear. The speed is approximately
    proportional to the voltage across the armature.

    B) Ward-Leonard System:

    This system is used where very


    sensitive speed control of motor is required (e.g electric excavators, elevators etc.)
    The arrangement of this system is as required in the figure beside.

    M2 is the motor whose speed control is required.


    M1 may be any AC motor or DC motor with constant speed.
    G is the generator directly coupled to M1.
    In this method the output from the generator G is fed to the armature of the motor
    M2 whose speed is to be controlled. The output voltage of the generator G can be varied
    from zero to its maximum value, and hence the armature voltage of the motor M 2 is
    varied very smoothly. Hence very smooth speed control of motor can be obtained by

    this method.

    Speed Control Of Series Motor


    1. Flux Control Method
    A) Field divertor :

    A veritable resistance is connected


    parallel to the series field as shown in fig (a). This variable resistor is called as divertor,
    as desired amount of current can be diverted through this resistor and hence current
    through field coil can be decreased. Hence flux can be decreased to desired amount and
    speed can be increased.

    B Armature divertor:
    Divertor is connected across the armature as in fig (b).
    For a given constant load torque, if armature current is reduced then flux must increase.
    As, Ta Ia
    This will result in increase in current taken from the supply and hence flux will increase
    and subsequently speed of the motor will decrease.

    C) Tapped field control:

    As shown in fig (c) field coil is tapped dividing number of turns. Thus we can select different
    value of by selecting different number of turns.

    D) Paralleling field coils:


    In this method, several speeds can be obtained by regrouping coils as shown in fig (d).

    2. Variable Resistance In Series With Armature


    By introducing resistance in series with armature, voltage across the armature can be
    reduced. And hence, speed reduces in proportion with it.

    3. Series-Parallel Control
    This system is widely used in electric traction, where two or more mechanically coupled
    series motors are employed. For low speeds, motors are joined in series, and for higher
    speeds motors are joined in parallel.
    When in series, the motors have the same current passing through them, although voltage
    across each motor is divided. When in parallel, voltage across each motor is same although
    current gets divided.

    You might also like