In DC machines, Number of coils = Number of commutator segments

In case of all DC machines we must use closed winding. Lap and wave windings are
used based on the requirement of voltage and current levels, but winding of all DC
machines is closed winding. It is never short pitched.
DC machine wingdings are full pitched winding only because it offers maximum
induced emf within the coil. No requirement of short pitching of coils like alternator.
In lap winding number of parallel paths = number of poles . For Wave winding it will be
equal to 2.
The maximum power developed is depends on the back emf value. i.e.,Eb = Vt/2.
For motor, Eb = Vt IaRa Mechanical power developed by the motor is given by Pm = EbIa
VtIa Ia2Ra. Mechanical power developed by the motor will be maximum if dPm/dIa is
zero. i.e. Vt - 2IaRa = 0 IaRa=Vt/2 Back emf Eb = Vt Vt/2 = Vt/2.
In dc motors, Main flux and armature flux will aid each other under leading pole tips and
it will subtracts each other in the trailing pole tips.
For DC motor main field flux and armature flux will oppose each other under trailing
pole tips. When the armature flux leaves the leaves the mail pole it opposes the main field
flux.
In a DC motor under constant terminal voltage ,what is the relation between torque (Te)
and power (P)
T P

In DC machines torque developed is proportional to both flux and armature current.

DC machine has direct contact to conductor and controlling of current is also direct.
Hence it is called as conduction machine.

When the motor armature continue to rotate due to motor action, the armature conductors
cut the magnetizing flux and therefore emf are induced in them. This emf is known as
counter emf or back emf. This back emf or counter emf makes the DC a self-regulating
machine i.e. it makes the DC motor to draw as much armature current as it is just enough
to develop the required load torque. Thus it helps in energy conversion and it is always
less than applied voltage.

The armature of DC motor is laminated to reduce the eddy current loss.

Armature is rotating part of a DC motor and is built up in a cylindrical or drum shape. It

is also known as house of conductors.

Electrical motor efficiency is defined as the ratio of mechanical power developed to the
total electrical power input. In case of DC motor total electrical power input = Vt IL.
Where Vt is supply voltage and IL = Load current. The mechanical power developed = Ta
. Where, Ta = Torque in armature into mechanical power in armature = Eb Ia. So
efficiency

In case of DC motor, the speed is proportional to the back emf (Eb N). So with the
increase in speed, the back emf also increases. Therefore, armature current is also
decreased,
load current.

. In case of series motor, armature current is equal to the line or

The direction of rotation of a motor can be reversed by reversing the current through
either the armature winding or the field windings. If the current through both is reversed,
the motor will continue to rotate in same direction as before.

If the back emf in DC motor vanishes suddenly then current flow through the armature
becomes large, as Eb is zero.
So, armature current increases to a very high value suddenly and hence, large
amount of heat produced which will burn the armature winding

An electric motor with constant output power will have a torque speed characteristics in
the form of a Rectangular hyperbola.
In case of motor for the constant output power, EbIa = T. As T = Constant, so the
torque speed characteristic is in the form of rectangular hyperbola.
The output power of any electrical motor is always taken from the coupling mounted on
the shaft because the motor converts electrical power into mechanical power.
In case of electric motor (AC or DC), the mechanical power is available at the shaft in
horse power is written on the name plate of the motor.
The speed of a DC motor is Directly proportional to back emf and inversely proportional
flux. From the equation Eb = ZNP/60A, the speed of DC motor is given by N Eb/ (if
the other terms remains constant). Where N = Speed in rpm, Eb = back emf and = flux
per pole. From the above relation, we get that the speed of DC motor is directly
proportional to its back emf and is inversely proportional to flux.

In case of DC Motor the direction of rotation of conductors can be determined by

Fleming's left hand rule. When thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the left hand are
placed right angles to each other, if forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field
and the middle finger indicates the direction of current, the thumb will give the direction
of rotation of conductors.
For a DC Motor for constant load torque, what will happen to the armature current if
armature resistance increases?
For a constant load torque, changing the armature resistance will not change the armature
current.
The current drawn by the armature of DC motor is directly proportional to the torque
required. In case of DC motor mechanical power developed by the armature = T ,
where is the angular velocity in radian per second. Electrical equivalent of gross
mechanical power developed by the armature (electromagnetic power) = EbIa.
Ia Te (if back emf and angular velocity are
constant)

Which of the DC Motor use flywheel?

Shunt motor.
Cumulatively compound motor.
Differently compared motor.
Series motor.
In case of cummulative compound motor, whenever a mechanical load us subject to violent
fluctuations of short duration, a flywheel is generally provided for carrying peakes and so to
smooth out the load on the motor as well as to reduce peaks on power system. Without flywheel
the motor would have to be much larger. In order for the flywheel alternately to slow down while
carrying the peak load and it must gain speed again between peaks.

The starting resistance of DC motor is generally low.At the time of starting of DC motor,
starting resistance is only the resistance of armature. Since the armature resistance of a
motor is very small generally less than one ohm. But for protection purpose an extra
resistance must be connected in series with the armature. This would limit the initial
current to a safe value until the motor has build up with the stable speed and back emf.
In case the condition for maximum power for DC motor is established, the efficiency of
the motor will be Less than 50 %. The motor develops the maximum power when the
armature current is such that the back emf is equal to one half the applied voltage this is
not attained in practice, since it necessitates a current well beyond the normal operating
range. Also an account of power equal to the mechanical power developed would be

wasted in heating the armature, so taking others losses into account, the efficiency would
be well below 50 %.

For starting a DC motor a starter is required because it limits the starting current.
it limits the starting current.
It starts the motor.
it limits the speed of the
motor.

None of the above.

As the there is no back e.m.f. during starting the current at the time of starting is very
high. For protection of motor against the flow of excessive current during starting period,
it is necessary to insert high resistance in series with the armature circuit.

Types of dc motor

In a seperately excited DC Motor if field current is increased, it will Reduce armature

heating.
For a large field current, a higher value of flux will result in low operating speed and in higher
motor torque for a particular value of starting current because motor torque is proportional to the
product of flux per pole and armature current. Thus for given load torque, the motor will
accelerate quickly and take less time to reach the lower operating speed from the starting instant.
This will result in less heating of armature during starting.

As a shunt field current If decreases, also decreases and the speed rises as speed is
inversely proportional to flux.

If the field winding connection of DC shunt motor is changed then the motor will run in
opposite direction.

In DC shunt motor if load is increased speed reduce slightly.

In case of DC shunt motor, the flux per pole is considered to be constant, torque increases with
the increase of load current. If the load current increases then the armature current also be
increased and the speed slightly falls due to increase in voltage drop in armature.

If terminal voltage of one 1000 rpm shunt motor is reduced to half the speed of the motor
will be..

If voltage reduced to half then flux will also reduced to half because the current flowing through
the shunt field is also halved. So speed will remains same.
In case of DC shunt motors the torque is proportional to only armature current because
flux is practically constant in DC shunt motor.
Which DC motor will have least percentage increase of input current, for the same
percentage increase in the torque? : ans Shunt motor.
From the relation between torque and current, the mechanical torque Te is directly
proportional to the product of flux per pole and armature current Ia. In case of DC series
motor, up to saturation point flux is proportional to field current because Ia = If. Now if
small percentage increase in armature current (before saturation) will occur the same
percentage of torque increase. Whereas in dc series motor the torque is proportional to
square of the armature current (before saturation).
In case of DC Shunt Motor, the speed will_ Remains the same.___ if the voltage
increases, neglecting armature saturation. In case of DC shunt motor, the flux per pole is
always constant if applied voltage is constant. In no load condition of DC shunt motor,
flux will have maximum value and after increasing flux by inserting resistance causes the
magnetic saturation of armature. If magnetic saturation is neglected, the speed remains
unaffected due to variation of applied voltage or flux.
The three point starter is used for DC shunt and compound motor. DC series motor can be
started by only two point starter.
In DC Shunt Motor has an disadvantage of
Constant speed.
Less expensive.
Not suitable for rapidly changing loads.
None of above.
In DC shunt motor, speed variation depends not only upon the controlling resistance but on the
load current also. This double dependance makes it impossible to keep the speed sensibly
constant on rapidly changing load.

Series motor

In shunt motor the field current is practically constant. Speed can be increased by
reduced the field flux hence by field current.
The directionof eletromagnetic torque developed by armature depends upon the
direction of flux or magnetic field and the direction of flow of current in armature
conductors. If either of the two is reversed the direction of torque developed and
direction of rotation will be reversed. When both (the direction of field as well as
that of armature current) are reversed the direction of rotation will not change. So
in case of DC shunt motor, if the supply terminals are interchnaged, there are no
change in direction of rotation.

DC series motors cannot be started on no load because it will attain dangerous high
speed and damages it self. Armature winding will not burn but it will open from the axis
due to centrifugal forces. These are best suitable for electric locomotives like hoists,
cranes, traction etc.

2 point starter is enough to start the dc series motor. Since armature and field winding
are in series. No requirement of 3 or 4 point starter.

A DC series motor is accidentally connected to single phase ac supply voltage. The

torque produced will be.
In DC series motor, the AC currents through the field and armature winding will be
unidirectional by commutator and brushes. So torque will be unidirectional but pulsating due to
AC.
If a DC series motor is connected to a ac supply same current will flow through the series
field and armature field after being rectified by the commutator. So, the machine will run
but with high sparking at brush, poor pf, low speed and low efficiency.

What is the increase in the torque expressed as percentage of initial torque, if current
drawn by the dc series motor is increased from 10A to 11A?

What is the mechanical power developed by a DC series motor is

maximum?

A large series motor is never started without some

mechanical load on it because otherwise it will Develop
excessive speed and damage itself. When the motor is connected across the supply mains
without load, it draws small current from the supply mains flowing through the series
field and armature, the speed tends to increase so that back emf may approach the applied
voltage in magnitude. The increase in back emf weakens the armature current and hence
the field current. This cause again increase in speed so in back emf. Thus the field
continues to weaken and speed continues increase until the armature produced such
centrifugal force that it is coming out from its shaft and gets damaged.
In a series motor, when the resistance increase due to rise in temperature, the IR drop
increases, which reduces the effective voltage applied to the armature, hence speed
decreases.

In DC series motor, the cross sectional area of wire used for field coils has to be fairy
large because the field coils carry the load or armature current. As the cross-sectional area
is large, the resistance is minimum and series drop is also minimum.

DC series motor are variable speed motors, develop large starting torque. It is slows
down with the increase in load and so get automatically relieved from heavy excessive
load. DC series motors are used where operating speed is variable and starting torque is
high.

Two DC series motor are connected in series and are driving the same mechanical load. If
the motors are now connected in parallel the speed will become
When motor are connected in series and are in running position, Speed (voltage)
(V/2) (i) (Since voltage across each motor = V/2 ) and current is Ia. When motor are
connected in parallel and are in running position, Speed (voltage) (V) (ii) (Since
voltage across each motor = V ) and current is Ia/2. Since other thing remains constant.
From this speed running in parallel is 4 times that while running in series.
When two DC series motor are connected in parallel then the resultant speed is increase
the normal speed. If the voltage across each motor is V and current through each motor in
parallel connection will be I/2. So speed (voltage/current) (V/Ia/2) 2(V/Ia).
Hence the resultant speed is more than normal speed.

Differential compound
In differential compound motors flux will reduces as load increases because series flux
opposes shunt field flux. This will increase speed. Therefore it has negative speed
regulation means speed will increase due to increase in load.

For same HP rating and full load speed which of following motor has poor starting
torque?
Series.
Shunt.
Cummulative compound.
Differently compounded.

In differential compound motor, the series field opposes shunt field. It has poor starting torque as
the resultant flux is minimized by the opposition. The flux further decreases with increase in
load. The decrease in flux cause the starting torque to be less than the other motor.

In differential compound motor, series field opposes the shunt field. Hence ratio of
starting torque to full load torque is minimum.
The DC cumulatively compound motor, starting torque is high up to 400 % depending the
degree of compounding and speed regulation is varying depending upon of compounding.
So it is used where high starting torque, fairly constant speed are possible. But in the
differential arrangement the field flux become weak and speed-torque characteristics

become rising. The speed increases when the load increases and the starting torque is also
poor. So it is not practically used and only used for laboratory or research work.

A flat compound generator is obtained from compound generator by connecting a

variable resistor in parallel with the series field. Variable resistor in parallel with the
series field winding is called diverter. A flat compound generator has constant terminal
voltage characteristics.

Interpole are small narrow commutating poles connected in series with armature. It
produce an extra flux to neutralize the reactance m.m.f. produced at the time of
commutation process.
Commutating pole or interpole winding is connected in series with armature winding.
So that they carry full armature current and they induce an e.m.f. in the coil (under
commutation) which helps the reversal of current. This e.m.f. is proportional to the
armature current and ensure automatic neutralize of reactance voltage which is also due
to armature current.
The interpolar windings are always connected in series with the armature winding hence
the interpoles are series excited. The commutating poles or interpoles should have the
same polarities as that of the behind main pole in the direction of rotation of armature in
case of motor. Interpoles in DC motor is Series excited and should have the same
polarity as that of the behind main pole in the direction of rotation of armature.
Compensating pole is also connected in series with the armature. It works outside the
commutating zone.
In DC series motor, compensating winding is provided in series with the armature
windings to neutralize the cross magnetizing effect of armature reaction outside the effect
of interpolar winding.

Losses
Eddy current and hysteresis losses are the iron losses of a machine. Frictional and
windage losses are due to rotation of the machine.

Swinburne test is conducted under no load condition to find the no load loss or constant
loss. It can't be done on DC series machine.
Hopkinson test is also called as back to back test or regenerative test. It requires two
identical DC shunt or compound machines. One acts as a motor and another acts a
generator. Both the machines are coupled mechanically as well as electrically. Therefore
this test is conducted at full load condition. The main power supplies compensate the
internal losses of the two machines.

Speed of motor

Speed of a DC motor is expressed as,

So, speed can be controlled
by adjusting any one of the three factors appearing on right hand side of expression -

1. applied voltage to the armature circuit

2. flux per pole
3. resistance of the armature circuit

Field flux control, armature circuit resistance or rheostat control, supply voltage or Ward
Leonard control are the speed control methods of DC motors.

The divertor of series motor is connected in parallel with series field winding to reduce
the current flowing through the field winding. This reduce the flux and increase the
speed. If the resistance of divertor is reduced then the current flowing through the series
field is increased and flux also be increased and thereby the speed will be decreased.
Diverters are used only in series motors for speed control, these are not used in shunt
motors. Since, shunt field winding resistance is very high, if we connect a diverter across
shunt field winding, total current will flow through the diverter and almost short circuit
the shunt field winding. This will increase the motor speed to a very high value.
Therefore diverters are not used in shunt motors.

In DC series motor, reducing diverter resistance decrease the field current and field flux
and also increase the armature current and therefore increases speed.
Field divertor method of speed control of a DC series motor gives speed above rated one
due to reduction of Field current. Field divertor reduces the current flowing through the
field winding in series motor by shunting a portion of the motor current around the series
field. Hence reduces the flux and increases the speed (? N 1/).
In series motor, lesser the divertor resistance(0.1 ohm), less the field current, less flux and
therefore more the speed.

If an additional resistance is connected in series with a DC series motor operating at rated

speed, the speed of the motor will Reduce.
In DC series motor, with increase in resistance of armature circuit increases the voltage
drop in armature circuit and series field increases and therefore back emf decreases.
Hence speed of DC series motor will reduce by inserting resistance in the armature
circuit.
In speed control of DC Series motor, speed lower than the rated speed can be obtained by
connecting an additional resistance in the armature circuit. The voltage across the
armature drops as the current passes through series resistance and the remaining voltage
applied to the armature is lower than line voltage. Thus the speed is reduced in direct
proportion to this voltage drop at the armature terminals.
Ward-Leonard
In Ward-Leonard method of speed control, the lower limit of speed is imposed by
residual magnetism of the generator.

The basic adjustable voltage armature control method of speed control acommplished by
means of an adjustable voltage by a motor generator set is called ward-Leonard system.
This system consists simply working the motor with a constant excitation and applying a
variable voltage to its armature to provide the required speed. Very fine speed control
over the whole range from zero to normal speed in both direction can obtained without
any wastage of electrical energy from ward-Leonard system.
Ward-Leonard speed control method consists a motor with a constant excitation and
applying a variable voltage to its armature to provide the required speed. Hence it is
armature voltage control method.
In ward-Leonard method, very fine speed control over the whole range from zero to
normal speed in both directions can be obtained. The motor-generator set can provide
speed both below and above the rated speed and in both direction.
Ward-Leonard system is used for speed controlling of DC motor where speed required in
both direction, accuracy in speed control or very fine speed control over wide range are
required and uniform acceleration can be obtained. Such the system is required in steel
rolling mills, paper machine, elevators, cranes, mine hoists etc.
By Ward Leonard speed control can be obtained in both above and below the rated speed.
Actually the direction of rotation of motor armature can be reversed by reversing the
direction of exciting current of generator with help of shunt regulator.
The direction of rotation of motor armature can be reversed by reversing the direction of
exciting current of the generator. This is done with help of reversing switch.
Disadvantage of this :As two machine (one motor and one generator) are required, so
arrangement is costly and maintenance is also costly. Low overall efficiency of the
system due losses of two machines.
The main disadvantage(s) of the ward-Leonard system is/are
High initial cost.

High maintenance cost.

Poor overall efficiency.
Field weakening
Field weakening control method is used for the _________ ?
By reducing of field current, flux will also reduce. As speed is inversely proportional to flux, so
this method can be used for only above rated speed.
In field weakening method we are reducing the working flux to increase the speed.
Therefore effect of armature flux on main field flux or armature flux will increase in case
of field weakening method.
Field flux conrtol method is a constant power drive. In this method speed is controlled
by varying the field current. Power remains constant for a given speed range.
speed control of DC motor by field flux control is done by Inserting an additional
resistance in the field circuit.
In field flux method speed control of DC Motor is constant power drive above base
speed.
Since the flux cannot usually be increased beyond its normal value because of saturation
of iron, so speed control by flux is limited too weakening which gives an increase in
speed. So it is applicable over only a limited range, because if the field is weakened too
much there is a loss of stability. Hence field flux method is generally used constant hp
drive above the base speed. Speed increases because speed is inversely proportional to
flux.

Armature circuit resistance method

In armature circuit resistance method armature resistance is increased. As a result the
back emf decreases. As the speed is directly proportional to back emf speed will also
decrease. Therefore this method is only used for below rated speed.
Armature resistance control is constant torque drive. The motor shaft torque become
constant given over a speed range.
Armature voltage control is best suited for constant torque system because the output
delivered by the motor decrease with a decrease in applied voltage and a corresponding
decrease in speed. In this system shaft torque remains constant over a given speed range
but shaft power varies with the speed.
In speed control of DC shunt motor by varying field flux, what may be the value of field
regulator?
We know the flux is produced by field current. In shunt motor, field regulator is
connected in series with the shunt field winding. The connection of field regulator
reduces the field current and hence the flux is also reduced. The reduction flux will
result in an increase in the speed. If we want to reduce shunt field current then the
resistance of field regulator would be higher value(100 ohm).

In DC compound motor, the field regulators inserted in series with shunt field to control
its field current.
In a DC compound motor, speed control is involving the variation of field flux by means
of the field regulator. A field regulator is a high inductive resistance connected in parallel
with the field to control the field current and hence the field flux.

The speed control of a cumulatively compound motor can obtained by varying any of one
following - 1. Armature voltage control 2. Armature resistance control 3. Field
resistance / field flux control.

Dynamic braking can be used for all types of motors. Dynamic braking is very effective
for separately excited motors. As in separately excited motors the direction of field can be
very easily altered by altering the terminals of the field. Dynamic braking is employed to
brake both reversing drives and non reversing drives.

Starter
Large DC motor without starter will draw high inrush current at the time of starting and
may cause 1. Heavy sparking at the commutator and even flash over.
2. Damage to armature winding either by heat developed in the winding's or by mechanical
forces set up by electromagnetic action.
3. Large voltage drop in the supply voltage.

The DC motor draws high current at the starting instant due to absence of back emf. In
order to prevent this high inrush of current at start, a resistance is connected is series
with the armature. It increases the voltage drop in series, so current is reduced.
Direct-on-line (DOL) starting are not used for large DC motor because the starting
current will be enormously high which will cause large voltage drop in the supply mains
and armature may get damaged due to excessive heating. It is used for starting of motor
of ratings up to 3.75 KW.

If the handle of a three point starter goes to back to OFF position, it may due to
Over load.
High filed circuit resistance.
Zero or very low voltage supply.

All of

these.
The starter handle goes to 'OFF' position because 1. The supply voltage is either zero or lower
than rated voltage. 2. There are high field circuit resistance. 3. The motor may be over loaded.

For all those conditions the no-load release coil or over-load release coil releases the starting
handle back to off position.
In a DC Motor 3 point starter is used
Provide protection against Low-Voltage.
Provides overload protection.
Limit the starting current to a safer value.
All of above
Three point starter is to limit the starting current and to provide volt protection by 'NO VOLT
RELEASE' coil and overload protection by 'HOLD-ON' coil.
Which of the following DC Motor use 4-point starter?
DC shunt motor with field weaking control.
DC series motor.
DC compound motor.
DC shunt motor with armature resistance.

The armature current of DC shunt motor

. At the time of starting, Eb = 0. If the full
supply voltage is applied to the motor it will draw a large current due to low armature resistance.
A variable resistance should be connected in series with the armature resistance to limit the
starting current. Hence a 4-point starter is used to start and control speed of DC shunt motor
with resistance.