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    Letters patent From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Letters patent issued by Queen Victoria in 1900, creating the office of Governor-General of Australia as part of the process of Federation Letters patent issued by the United States General Land Office Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it to avoid infringement and also to understand how to "practice" the invention, i.e., put it into practical use. The opposite of letters patent are letters close (Latin: litterae clausae), which are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in that their audience is wide. It is not clear how the contents of letters patent became widely published before collection by the addressee, for example whether they were left after sealing by the king for inspection during a certain period by courtiers in a royal palace, who would disseminate the contents back to the gentry in the shires through normal conversation and social intercourse. Today, for example, it is a convention for the British prime minister to announce that they have left a document they wish to enter the public domain "in the library of the House of Commons", where it may be freely perused by all Members of Parliament. Contents [hide] 1 Meaning 2 Usage 3 Patents and the Wallenstein assassination 4 Form of British letters patent creating peers 5 Commonwealth realms 6 In the United States 6.1 Form of American letters patent 7 See also 8 External links 8.1 Examples of letters patent 9 References Meaning[edit] Letters patent are so named from the Latin verb pateo, to lie open, exposed, accessible.[1] The originator's seal was attached pendent from the document, so that it did not have to be broken in order for the document to be read. Litterae in Latin meant "that which is written" or "writing", in the sense of letters of the alphabet placed together in meaningful sequence on a writing surface, not a specific format of composition as the modern word "letter" suggests. Thus letters patent do not equate to an open letter but rather to any form of document, deed, contract, letter, despatch, edict, decree, epistle etc.[2] made public. They are called "letters" (plural) from their Latin name litterae patentes, used by medieval and later scribes when the documents were written in Latin, in the ancient sense of a collection of letters of the alphabet arranged to be read rather than in the modern sense of an "epistle" or item of correspondence: thus no singular form exists.[3] Usage[edit] Letters patent are a form of open or public proclamation[4] and a vestigial exercise of extra-parliamentary power by a monarch or pres

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    Letters patent From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Letters patent issued by Queen Victoria in 1900, creating the office of Governor-General of Australia as part of the process of Federation Letters patent issued by the United States General Land Office Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it to avoid infringement and also to understand how to "practice" the invention, i.e., put it into practical use. The opposite of letters patent are letters close (Latin: litterae clausae), which are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in that their audience is wide. It is not clear how the contents of letters patent became widely published before collection by the addressee, for example whether they were left after sealing by the king for inspection during a certain period by courtiers in a royal palace, who would disseminate the contents back to the gentry in the shires through normal conversation and social intercourse. Today, for example, it is a convention for the British prime minister to announce that they have left a document they wish to enter the public domain "in the library of the House of Commons", where it may be freely perused by all Members of Parliament. Contents [hide] 1 Meaning 2 Usage 3 Patents and the Wallenstein assassination 4 Form of British letters patent creating peers 5 Commonwealth realms 6 In the United States 6.1 Form of American letters patent 7 See also 8 External links 8.1 Examples of letters patent 9 References Meaning[edit] Letters patent are so named from the Latin verb pateo, to lie open, exposed, accessible.[1] The originator's seal was attached pendent from the document, so that it did not have to be broken in order for the document to be read. Litterae in Latin meant "that which is written" or "writing", in the sense of letters of the alphabet placed together in meaningful sequence on a writing surface, not a specific format of composition as the modern word "letter" suggests. Thus letters patent do not equate to an open letter but rather to any form of document, deed, contract, letter, despatch, edict, decree, epistle etc.[2] made public. They are called "letters" (plural) from their Latin name litterae patentes, used by medieval and later scribes when the documents were written in Latin, in the ancient sense of a collection of letters of the alphabet arranged to be read rather than in the modern sense of an "epistle" or item of correspondence: thus no singular form exists.[3] Usage[edit] Letters patent are a form of open or public proclamation[4] and a vestigial exercise of extra-parliamentary power by a monarch or pres

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    Letters patent From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Letters patent issued by Queen Victoria in 1900, creating the office of Governor-General of Australia as part of the process of Federation Letters patent issued by the United States General Land Office Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it to avoid infringement and also to understand how to "practice" the invention, i.e., put it into practical use. The opposite of letters patent are letters close (Latin: litterae clausae), which are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in that their audience is wide. It is not clear how the contents of letters patent became widely published before collection by the addressee, for example whether they were left after sealing by the king for inspection during a certain period by courtiers in a royal palace, who would disseminate the contents back to the gentry in the shires through normal conversation and social intercourse. Today, for example, it is a convention for the British prime minister to announce that they have left a document they wish to enter the public domain "in the library of the House of Commons", where it may be freely perused by all Members of Parliament. Contents [hide] 1 Meaning 2 Usage 3 Patents and the Wallenstein assassination 4 Form of British letters patent creating peers 5 Commonwealth realms 6 In the United States 6.1 Form of American letters patent 7 See also 8 External links 8.1 Examples of letters patent 9 References Meaning[edit] Letters patent are so named from the Latin verb pateo, to lie open, exposed, accessible.[1] The originator's seal was attached pendent from the document, so that it did not have to be broken in order for the document to be read. Litterae in Latin meant "that which is written" or "writing", in the sense of letters of the alphabet placed together in meaningful sequence on a writing surface, not a specific format of composition as the modern word "letter" suggests. Thus letters patent do not equate to an open letter but rather to any form of document, deed, contract, letter, despatch, edict, decree, epistle etc.[2] made public. They are called "letters" (plural) from their Latin name litterae patentes, used by medieval and later scribes when the documents were written in Latin, in the ancient sense of a collection of letters of the alphabet arranged to be read rather than in the modern sense of an "epistle" or item of correspondence: thus no singular form exists.[3] Usage[edit] Letters patent are a form of open or public proclamation[4] and a vestigial exercise of extra-parliamentary power by a monarch or pres

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    Letters patent From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Letters patent issued by Queen Victoria in 1900, creating the office of Governor-General of Australia as part of the process of Federation Letters patent issued by the United States General Land Office Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it to avoid infringement and also to understand how to "practice" the invention, i.e., put it into practical use. The opposite of letters patent are letters close (Latin: litterae clausae), which are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in that their audience is wide. It is not clear how the contents of letters patent became widely published before collection by the addressee, for example whether they were left after sealing by the king for inspection during a certain period by courtiers in a royal palace, who would disseminate the contents back to the gentry in the shires through normal conversation and social intercourse. Today, for example, it is a convention for the British prime minister to announce that they have left a document they wish to enter the public domain "in the library of the House of Commons", where it may be freely perused by all Members of Parliament. Contents [hide] 1 Meaning 2 Usage 3 Patents and the Wallenstein assassination 4 Form of British letters patent creating peers 5 Commonwealth realms 6 In the United States 6.1 Form of American letters patent 7 See also 8 External links 8.1 Examples of letters patent 9 References Meaning[edit] Letters patent are so named from the Latin verb pateo, to lie open, exposed, accessible.[1] The originator's seal was attached pendent from the document, so that it did not have to be broken in order for the document to be read. Litterae in Latin meant "that which is written" or "writing", in the sense of letters of the alphabet placed together in meaningful sequence on a writing surface, not a specific format of composition as the modern word "letter" suggests. Thus letters patent do not equate to an open letter but rather to any form of document, deed, contract, letter, despatch, edict, decree, epistle etc.[2] made public. They are called "letters" (plural) from their Latin name litterae patentes, used by medieval and later scribes when the documents were written in Latin, in the ancient sense of a collection of letters of the alphabet arranged to be read rather than in the modern sense of an "epistle" or item of correspondence: thus no singular form exists.[3] Usage[edit] Letters patent are a form of open or public proclamation[4] and a vestigial exercise of extra-parliamentary power by a monarch or pres

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    Letters patent issued by Queen Victoria in 1900, creating the office of Governor-General of
    Australia as part of the process of Federation

    Letters patent issued by the United States General Land Office

    Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form
    of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of
    state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person
    or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or
    government offices, or for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters
    patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such
    as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as
    appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom they are also issued
    for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has
    evolved into the modern patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent
    in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention (or a
    design in the case of a design patent). In this case it is essential that the
    written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors
    can consult it to avoid infringement and also to understand how to "practice"
    the invention, i.e., put it into practical use.
    The opposite of letters patent are letters close (Latin: litterae clausae), which
    are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their
    contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in
    that their audience is wide. It is not clear how the contents of letters patent
    became widely published before collection by the addressee, for example
    whether they were left after sealing by the king for inspection during a certain
    period by courtiers in a royal palace, who would disseminate the contents
    back to the gentry in the shires through normal conversation and social
    intercourse. Today, for example, it is a convention for the British prime
    minister to announce that they have left a document they wish to enter the
    public domain "in the library of the House of Commons", where it may be
    freely perused by all Members of Parliament.
    Contents [hide]
    1
    Meaning
    2

    Usage
    3
    Patents and the Wallenstein assassination
    4
    Form of British letters patent creating peers
    5
    Commonwealth realms
    6
    In the United States
    6.1
    Form of American letters patent
    7
    See also
    8
    External links
    8.1
    Examples of letters patent
    9
    References

    Meaning[edit]

    Letters patent are so named from the Latin verb pateo, to lie open, exposed,
    accessible.[1] The originator's seal was attached pendent from the document,
    so that it did not have to be broken in order for the document to be read.
    Litterae in Latin meant "that which is written" or "writing", in the sense of
    letters of the alphabet placed together in meaningful sequence on a writing
    surface, not a specific format of composition as the modern word "letter"
    suggests. Thus letters patent do not equate to an open letter but rather to any
    form of document, deed, contract, letter, despatch, edict, decree, epistle etc.[2]
    made public.
    They are called "letters" (plural) from their Latin name litterae patentes, used
    by medieval and later scribes when the documents were written in Latin, in
    the ancient sense of a collection of letters of the alphabet arranged to be read
    rather than in the modern sense of an "epistle" or item of correspondence:
    thus no singular form exists.[3]

    Usage[edit]

    Letters patent are a form of open or public proclamation[4] and a vestigial


    exercise of extra-parliamentary power by a monarch or president. Prior to the
    establishment of Parliament, the monarch ruled absolutely by the issuing of
    his personal written orders, open or closed.
    They can thus be contrasted with the Act of Parliament, which is in effect a
    written order by Parliament, approved by the monarch whose signature gives
    it force. No explicit government approval is contained within letters patent,
    only the seal or signature of the monarch.

    Parliament today tolerates only a very narrow exercise of the royal


    prerogative by issuance of letters patent, and such documents are issued
    with prior informal government approval, or indeed are now generated by
    government itself with the monarch's seal affixed as a mere formality. In their
    original form they were simply written instructions or orders from the
    sovereign, whose order was law, which were made public to reinforce their
    effect.
    For the sake of good governance it is clearly of little use if the sovereign
    appoints a person to a position of authority if he does not at the same time
    inform those over whom such authority is to be exercised of the validity of the
    appointment.
    According to the United Kingdom Ministry of Justice, there are 92 different
    types of letters patent.[5] The Patent Rolls are made up of office copies of
    English (and later United Kingdom) royal letters patent, which run in an
    almost unbroken series from 1201 to the present day, with most of those to
    1625 having been published.

    Patents and the Wallenstein assassination[edit]

    In 1634, during the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II
    became convinced that his general Albrecht von Wallenstein was plotting
    treason. On 24 January 1634 the Emperor signed a "secret patent" (shown
    only to certain officers of Wallenstein's army) removing him from his
    command. Finally an open patent, charging Wallenstein with high treason,
    was signed on 18 February and published in Prague.[6] In the patent,
    Ferdinand II ordered to have Wallenstein brought under arrest to Vienna,
    dead or alive.[7] On the basis of that patent, several of Wallenstein's officers
    assassinated him and were rewarded by the Emperor.

    Form of British letters patent creating peers[edit]

    The form of letters patent for creating peerages has been fixed by the The
    Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992 (SI 1992/1730).
    Part III of the schedule lays down nine pro forma texts for creating various
    ranks of the peerage, lords of appeal in ordinary, and baronets.
    The following table organises the text from the letters patent by columns for
    each rank, with common text spanning multiple columns, depicting some of
    the similarities and differences among the proclamations. Gender-specific
    differences are highlighted in italics.
    Dukes and Duchesses
    Marquesses and Marchionesses
    Earls and Countesses
    Viscounts
    Barons
    Life Barons
    Life Baronesses

    Baronets
    Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
    "ELIZABETH THE SECOND by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of
    Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Our other Realms and Territories
    Queen Head of the Commonwealth Defender of the Faith To all Lords
    Spiritual and Temporal and all other Our Subjects whatsoever to whom these
    Presents shall come, Greeting!
    Know Ye that We of Our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion
    Whereas Our (name of grantee in relevant courtly language) has resigned his
    Office of a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and the same is now vacant Now Know
    Ye that We of Our especial grace
    in pursuance of the Life Peerages Act 1958 and of all other powers in that
    behalf us enabling[8]
    do by these Presents advance create and prefer Our:[9]
    "trusty and well-beloved (counsellor) John Smith (created Baron, if Privy
    Councillor);
    "right trusty and well-beloved cousin (and counsellor) John Smith
    (created Viscount, if PC)
    "right trusty and entirely beloved cousin" (and counsellor) John Smith
    (created Earl or Marquess, if PC)
    "right trusty and right entirely beloved cousin" (and counsellor) John
    Smith (created Duke, if PC)
    to the state degree style dignity title and honour of
    do by these Presents erect appoint and create Our (name of grantee in
    relevant courtly language) to the dignity state and degree of a
    have in pursuance of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 as amended by
    subsequent enactments nominated and appointed and by these Presents Do
    nominate and appoint Our (name of grantee in relevant courtly language) to
    be a
    DUKE OF <PLACE>.
    MARQUESS OF <PLACE>.
    EARL <NAME/NAME OF PLACE/OF PLACE>.
    VISCOUNT <NAME> (OF <PLACE>) of <SOMEWHERE> in <COUNTY>.
    BARON <NAME> (OF <PLACE>) of <SOMEWHERE> in <COUNTY>.
    BARON <NAME> (OF <PLACE>) of <SOMEWHERE> in <COUNTY>.
    BARONESS <NAME> (OF <PLACE>) of <SOMEWHERE> in <COUNTY>.
    BARONET
    LORD OF APPEAL IN ORDINARY
    And for Us Our heirs and successors do appoint give and grant unto him the
    said name state degree style dignity title and honour of

    by the style of
    Duke of <PLACE>
    Marquess of <PLACE>
    Earl <NAME/NAME OF PLACE/OF PLACE>
    Viscount <NAME> (of <PLACE>)
    Baron <NAME> (of <PLACE>)
    Baroness <NAME> (OF <PLACE>)
    Baronet
    BARON
    and by these Presents do dignify invest and ennoble him by girding him with
    a sword and putting a cap of honour and a coronet of gold on his head [or, if
    the grant is to a woman, "dignify invest and really ennoble her with such
    name state degree title and honour of Duchess/Marchioness/Countess of
    <PLACE>"]
    and by giving into his hand a rod of gold
    to have and to hold
    To hold
    the said name state degree style dignity title and honour of
    the said name degree style dignity title and honour of
    the said Office
    Duke of
    Marquess of
    Earl
    unto him and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten and to be begotten.
    unto him for his life.
    unto her for her life.
    unto him and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten and to be begotten.
    so long as he shall well behave himself therein subject to the provisions in the
    said Act mentioned
    Willing and by these Presents granting for Us Our heirs and successors that
    he
    and his heirs male aforesaid and every of them successively
    and his heirs male aforesaid
    [may have hold and possess a seat place and voice in the Parliaments and
    Public Assemblies and Councils of Us Our heirs and successors within Our
    United Kingdom amongst the]
    [Dukes]

    [Marquesses]
    [Earls]
    [Viscounts]
    [Barons]
    [And also that he]
    [and his heirs male aforesaid successively]
    may enjoy and use all the rights privileges
    with all wages profits privileges rank and precedence whatsoever to the said
    Office belonging or in anywise appertaining and to hold the said style of
    Baron unto him the said during his life.
    pre-eminences immunities
    precedences
    and advantages to the degree of
    a Duke
    a Marquess
    an Earl
    a Viscount
    a Baron
    a Baronet
    duly and of right belonging which
    Dukes
    Marquesses
    Earls
    Viscounts
    Barons
    Baronets
    of Our United Kingdom [have heretofore used and enjoyed or as they] do at
    present use and enjoy.
    In Witness whereof We have caused these Our Letters to be made Patent.
    WITNESS Ourself at Westminster the nth day of <MONTH> in the xth year of
    Our Reign"
    The words "may have hold and possess" to "his heirs male aforesaid
    successively" and "have heretofore used and enjoyed or as they" (shown in
    brackets above) were deleted for Dukes and Duchesses, Marquesses and
    Marchionesses, Earls and Countesses, Viscounts, and hereditary Barons by
    the Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) (Amendment) Order
    2000.[10]

    Commonwealth realms[edit]

    In Commonwealth realms, letters patent are issued under the prerogative


    powers of the head of state, as an executive or royal prerogative. They are a
    rare, though significant, form of legislation which does not require the consent

    of parliament. Letters patent may also be used to grant royal assent to


    legislation.

    In the United States[edit]

    The primary source of letters patent in the United States are intellectual
    property patents and land patents, though letters patent are issued for a
    variety of other purposes. They function dually as public records and personal
    certificates.
    In the United States, the forgery of letters patent granted by the President is a
    crime subject to fine, imprisonment up to ten years or both (18 U.S.C.497).
    Without letters patent, a person is unable to assume an appointed office.
    Such an issue prompted the Marbury v. Madison suit, where William Marbury
    and three others petitioned the United States Supreme Court to order James
    Madison to deliver their letters for appointments made under the previous
    administration.

    Form of American letters patent[edit]


    American letters patent generally do not fit a specific form, except for the
    eschatocol, or formal ending:
    IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, the undersigned [public official], in accordance
    with [relevant law], has in the name of the United States, Caused these letters
    to be made Patent and the Seal of [relevant agency or government official] to
    be hereunto affixed.
    GIVEN under my hand, in [city] the [date] in the year of our Lord [year] and of
    the Independence of the United States the [years since July 4, 1776].
    By [signature of public official issuing letter]

    See also[edit]

    Commissioning scroll
    Land patent, in the United States
    Letter of marque
    Letters close
    Lettre de cachet
    List of types of letters patent (British monarchy)
    Papal bull, a type of letters patent issued by a Pope
    Patent, granting rights for an invention
    Patent of Toleration
    Royal Charter
    Statute of Monopolies 1623, an attempt to rein in the abuse of letters
    patent in England

    External links[edit]

    Research Guide on Letters Patent

    Examples of letters patent[edit]

    Letters patent of George VI (1947) constituting the office of Governor


    General of Canada
    Letters patent of Elizabeth II (1984) constituting the office of GovernorGeneral of Australia
    American land patent (1999)

    References[edit]
    1

    Jump up
    ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, revised by Marchant & Charles, 260th. thousand
    2 Jump up
    ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, op.cit., p.321
    3 Jump up
    ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, revised by Marchant & Charles, 260th. thousand:
    "Literae, Plur: that which is written; Cicero: Dare alicui literas (plur) ad
    aliquem: to give to a messenger a letter for a third person"
    4 Jump up
    ^ E.g. document dated 13 July 1527 issued Teste Rege titled: "A
    Proclamation for establishing of trade and merchandizing and traffique within
    the towne and marches of Callice with divers immunities and freedoms
    concerning the same", which is self-referenced in the document by the
    phrase "by theis his lettres patentes of proclamacion" Nichols, John Gough.
    The Chronicle of Calais from the Reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII to the
    year 1540, London, 1846 p.102
    5 Jump up
    ^ http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/108336/response/284995/attach/
    html/3/FOI%2076096%20Elibank.doc.html
    6 Jump up
    ^ Schiller, J. Friedrich Von. (1980) Robbers and Wallenstein, Penguin
    Classics, pp. 123. ISBN 0-14-044368-1.
    7 Jump up
    ^ Lunde, Henrik (2014). A Warrior Dynasty. Casemate. p.169.
    8 Jump up
    ^ "The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992".
    legislation.gov.uk.
    9 Jump up
    ^ http://www.hereditarytitles.com/Page12.html
    10 Jump up
    ^ Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules)(Amendment) Order 2000.

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