An Introduction To Chemistry: by Mark Bishop
An Introduction To Chemistry: by Mark Bishop
An Introduction To Chemistry: by Mark Bishop
An Introduction to
Chemistry
By Mark Bishop
Chapter
Map
Chemistry
Scientific
Models
A model is a simplified
approximation of reality.
Scientific models are simplified
but useful representations of
something real.
Kinetic
Molecular
Theory
All matter is composed of tiny particles.
The particles are in constant motion.
Increased temperature reflects
increased motion of particles.
Solids, liquids and gases differ in the
freedom of motion of their particles and
in how strongly the particles attract
each other.
Solid
The Nature
of Solids
Liquid
Liquids
Evaporation
Gas
The Nature
of Gases
Description
of Solid
Particles constantly moving.
About 70% of volume occupied by
particles30% empty.
Strong attractions keep particles trapped in
cage.
Constant collisions that lead to changes in
direction and velocity.
Constant volume and shape due to strong
attractions and little freedom of motion.
Description
of Liquid
Particles constantly moving.
About 70% of volume occupied by particles
30% empty
Attractions are strong but not strong enough
to keep particles from moving throughout the
liquid.
Constant collisions that lead to changes in
direction and velocity.
Constant volume, due to significant
attractions between the particles that keeps
the particles at a constant average distance,
but not constant shape, due to the freedom of
motion.
Description
of Gas
Particles constantly moving in straight-line
paths
About 0.1% of volume occupied by
particles99.9% empty.
Average distance between particles is
about 10 times their diameter.
No significant attractions or repulsions.
Constant collisions that lead to changes in
direction and velocity.
Variable volume and shape, due to lack of
attractions and a great freedom of motion.
Separation of
Salt Water
Distillation
118 Known
Elements
83 are stable and found in
nature.
Many of these a very rare.
Group Numbers on
the Periodic Table
Group
Names
Alkali Metals
Noble Gases
Halogens
Metals, Nonmetals,
and Metalloids
Characteristics of
Metallic Elements
Metals have a shiny metallic luster.
Metals conduct heat well and conduct
electric currents in the solid form.
Metals are malleable.
For example, gold, Au, can be
hammered into very thin sheets without
breaking.
Classification
of Elements
Solid, Liquid,
and Gaseous
Elements
Atoms
Tinyabout 10-10 m
If the atoms in your body were 1 in. in
diameter, youd bump your head on the
moon.
Particles in
the Atom
Neutron (n)
0 charge
1.00867 u
in nucleus
Proton (p)
+1 charge
1.00728 u
in nucleus
Electron (e)
1 charge
nucleus
0.000549 u
outside
The
Electron
If I seem unusually clear to you, you must have
misunderstood what I said.
Alan Greenspan,
Head of the Federal Reserve Board
It is probably as meaningless to discuss how much room
an electron takes up as to discuss how much room a fear,
an anxiety, or an uncertainty takes up.
Sir James Hopwood Jeans,
English mathematician, physicist and
astronomer (1877-1946)
http://preparatorychemistry.com/Hydrogen_1.html
Helium
Atom
http://preparatorychemistry.com/helium_atom.html
Carbon
Atom
Ions
Example
Ions
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms with the same
atomic number but different mass
numbers.
Isotopes are atoms with the same
number of protons and electrons in
the uncharged atom but different
numbers of neutrons.
Isotopes are atoms of the same
element with different masses.
Isotopes of
Hydrogen
http://preparatorychemistry.com/Hydrogen_1.html
http://preparatorychemistry.com/Hydrogen_2.html
http://preparatorychemistry.com/Hydrogen_3.html
Possible Discovery
of Elements 113
and 115
Dubna, Russia
Dubnas Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research and Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory
Bombarded a target enriched in
americium, 243Am, with calcium atoms,
48Ca.
From analysis of decay products, they
concluded that four atoms of element 115
were created.
Elements
113 and 115
Created 288115, which lasted
about 100 millisecondsa very
long time for this large an isotope.
288115 emitted an -particle, 4He,
to form 284113.
The results need to be confirmed.
Band of
Stability
Effect on Chemical
Changes
Electrons
Can be gained, lost, or sharedactively
participate in chemical changes
Affect other atoms through their -1 charge
Protons
Affect other atoms through their +1 charge
Determine the number of electrons in
uncharged atoms
Neutrons
No chargeno effect outside the atom and no
direct effect on the number of electrons.
To Describe
Structure of
Elements
What particles?
Noble gases atoms
Other nonmetals - molecules
Diatomic elements H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2,
I2
S8, Se8, P4
C(diamond) huge molecules
To Describe
Structure of
Elements (2)
Solid, liquid, or gas?
Gases - H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, He, Ne,
Ar, Kr, and Xe
Liquids Br2 and Hg
Solids the rest
Helium Gas, He
Hydrogen, H2,
Molecule
Hydrogen Gas, H2
Iodine
Solid
Typical Metallic
Solid and Its
Sea of Electrons
Making
Phosphoric Acid
Furnace Process for making H3PO4 to be used to
make fertilizers, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
React phosphate rock with sand and coke at 2000 C.
4P + 5O2
P4O10
P4O10 + 6H2O
4H3PO4
Sample
Calculations (1)
What is the maximum mass of P4O10 that
can be formed from 1.09 104 kg P?
The formula for P4O10 provides us with a
conversion factor that converts from units
of P to units of P4O10.
Sample
Calculations (2)
What is the minimum mass of water that
must be added to 2.50 104 kg P4O10 to
form phosphoric acid in the following
reaction?
P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4
The coefficients in the balanced equation
provide us with a conversion factor that
converts from units of P4O10 to units of H2O.
Measurable Property 1
Number of Particles 1
Number of Particles 2
Measurable Property 2
Mass 1
Number of Particles 1
Number of Particles 2
Mass 2
Counting by
Weighing for Nails
Step 1: Choose an easily
measurable property.
Mass for nails
Counting by Weighing
for Nails (cont)
Step 3: If the measurable property is
mass, determine the mass of the individual
objects being measured.
Weigh 100 nails: 82 are 3.80 g, 14 are 3.70 g,
and 4 are 3.60 g
Counting by Weighing
for Nails (cont)
Step 5: Use the conversion factor
from the weighted average to make
conversions between mass and
number of objects.
Counting by Weighing
for Nails (cont)
Step 6: Describe the number of objects
in terms of a collective unit such as a
dozen, a gross, or a ream.
Counting by Weighing
for Carbon Atoms
Step 1: Choose an easily measurable
property.
Mass for carbon atoms
Counting by Weighing
for Carbon Atoms (cont.)
Step 3: If the measurable property is
mass, determine the mass of the individual
objects being measured.
For carbon: 98.90% are 12 u and 1.10% are
13.003355
Counting by Weighing
for Carbon Atoms (cont.)
Step 5: Describe the number of
Mole
A mole (mol) is an amount of substance
that contains the same number of particles
as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon12.
To four significant figures, there are
6.022 1023 atoms in 12 g of carbon12.
Thus a mole of natural carbon is the
amount of carbon that contains
6.022 1023 carbon atoms.
The number 6.022 1023 is often called
Avogadros number.
Avogadros
Number
Molar Mass
Development
Molar Mass
For Elements
Atomic Mass from the Periodic Table
1 mol element