10-Source Transformations PDF

10-Source Transformations
Text: 4.4 4.6
ECEGR 210
Electric Circuits I
Overview
Introduction
Source Transformation
Thevenins Theorem
Nortons Theorem
Dr. Louie
Introduction
Consider the two circuits (A and B) shown below
Compute the voltage across the 2W resistor in
each circuit
Circuit A
Circuit B
4V
0.5W
4V
2W
0.5V
Dr. Louie
+
-
0.5W
1A
2W
Introduction
Circuit A (superposition):
VR1 = 2IR1 = 2 x 1(0.5/2.5)= 0.4V (current source)
VR2 = 4(2/2.5) = 3.2V (voltage source)
VR = VR1 + VR2 = 0.4 + 3.2 = 3.6V
Circuit B: VR = 4.5(2/2.5)=3.6V (voltage divider)

Circuit A
Circuit B
4V
0.5W
4V
2W
0.5V
Dr. Louie
+
-
0.5W
1A
2W
Introduction
Solving Circuit B was much easier
Same voltage across (current through) the
resistor
Circuits are equivalent looking into the terminals
Circuit A
Circuit B
4V
0.5W
4V
2W
0.5V
Dr. Louie
+
-
0.5W
1A
2W
Introduction
Clearly there can be advantageous of
transforming sources
Source transformations and equivalence are the
focus of this lecture
source
source
R
a
Vs
Is
R
b
Dr. Louie
Introduction
Two ways of modeling real (non-ideal) voltage and
current sources are shown
Rs: small value, prevents infinite current from
flowing if terminals (a,b) are shorted
R||: large value, prevents infinite voltage at the
terminals (a,b) under open circuit conditions
Generically: can be any voltage source in series with
resistance, or any current source in parallel with
resistance
Rs
Vs
Is
R||
b
Dr. Louie
Not possible to transform current (voltage)
sources to voltage (current) sources directly
Vs
Is
But we can transform sources with series or

parallel resistances as seen by terminals
Rs
a
Vs
Is
R||
b
Dr. Louie
Source Transformations
For the two circuits to be equivalent, they must
have the same i-v characteristics at their
terminals under all external circuit connections
Due to linearity, only need to verify i-v
characteristics under two different external
connections (short, open circuit)
How are Vs, Is, Rs and R|| related?

Rs
a
Vs
Is
R||
b
Dr. Louie
Consider when the external circuit is a short
Both circuits must have same short current out of
their terminals
Isc = Vs/Rs
Isc = Is
Therefore: Is = Vs/Rs
Rs
a
Vs
+
-
Is
R||
I
b
Dr. Louie
10
Consider an open circuit

Both circuits must same open circuit voltage Voc
Voc = Vs
Voc =R||Is
Therefore: Is = Vs/R||
Rs
Vs
+
-
a
+
Voc
-b
Is
Dr. Louie
R||
a
+
Voc
b
11
Relationships:
Is = Vs/R||
Is = Vs/Rs
Therefore
Rs = R|| = R
Is = Vs/R
Vs = IsR
Source transformation equations
R
a
Vs
+
-
Is
b
R
b
Dr. Louie
12
Verify the results hold for Circuit A and Circuit B
Circuit A
Circuit B
4V
0.5W
4V
2W
Dr. Louie
0.5V
+
-
0.5W
1A
2W
13
Example
Use source transformations to find V0
Consider the current source first. Which resistor
can we associate it with?
4W (they are in parallel)
Should we transform them?

Yes, the resistor will be in series with the 2W resistor,
and we can combine the two
2W
4W
3A
8W
Dr. Louie
3W
+
V0
-
+
-
12V
14
Example
Transform the source:
R = 4W
Vs = IsR = 3 x 4 = 12V
Pay careful attention to the polarity
3A
8W
+
V0
-
4W
+
-
12V
12V
Dr. Louie
4W
3W
-
2W
2W
8W
3W
+
V0
-
+
-
15
12V
Example
Transform the 12V source (on the right), if it is
beneficial
6W
+
12V
3W
8W
+
V0
-
+
-
12V
After combining series resistance
Dr. Louie
16
Example
Yes, beneficial (results in parallel combination
with V0). Combine with 3W resistor to get:
R = 3W
Is = Vs/R = 12/3 = 4A
8W
+
V0
-
6W
+
-
12V
Dr. Louie
12V
12V
3W
-
6W
8W
+
V0
-
4A
3W
17
Example
Now transform voltage source with 6W resistor
6W
+
12V
8W
+
V0
-
3W
4A
Dr. Louie
18
Example
Result:
R = 6W
Is = Vs/R = 12/6 = 2A
6W
+
12V
8W
+
V0
-
3W
4A
2A
Dr. Louie
6W
8W
+
V0
-
4A
3W
19
Example
The rest is easy.
Current division: I0 = (4-2)x(2/10) = 0.4A
V0 = 3.2V
2A
6W
8W
+
V0
-
3W
8W
4A
Dr. Louie
+
V0
-
2W
2A
20
Dependent sources are handled using the same
procedure
Be careful
Dr. Louie
21
Thevenins Theorem
Often, most elements of a circuit are fixed and
only one element (the load) changes
Do not want to re-solve the entire circuit every
time the load changes
Better approach: represent unchanging part of
circuit with voltage source with series resistance
RTH
a
+
Vab
b
VTH
+
-
(Variable
Resistor)
Dr. Louie
22
Thevenins Theorem
Thevenins Theorem: a linear two-terminal circuit
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source in series with a
resistor
RTH: Thevenin Resistance
VTH: Thevenin Voltage
Linear
TwoTerminal
Circuit
RTH
a
a
=
VTH
+
-
Dr. Louie
23
Thevenins Theorem
How do we find VTH and RTH?
One way: keep applying resistance and source
transformations until there is a voltage source in
series with a resistance between the terminals
RTH
a
VTH
b
+
-
Dr. Louie
24
Thevenins Theorem
Better way: recognize that
VTH = VOC and
RTH = input resistance (looking into terminals a,
and b), or RTH =VOC/ISC
RTH
+
VOC
-
VTH
+
-
Dr. Louie
25
Finding Thevenin Resistance

No Dependent Sources:
short all voltage sources
open all current source
then find equivalent resistance RTH = Req
Dependent Sources:

Apply test voltage V0, compute current I0
RTH = V0/I0
Dr. Louie
26
Example
Find the current through the load resistor if RL is
6, 16 and 36W
Perfect situation for Thevenin Equivalent
Find Thevenin Equivalent, then solve equivalent
circuit for various values of RL
4W
32V
+
-
12W
1W
2A
RL
b
Dr. Louie
27
Example
Start with finding the Thevenin voltage
VTH = VOC
By superposition (or mesh analysis)

VOC1 = 32(12/16) = 24V
VOC2 = 4x2x(12/16) = 6V
VTH = VOC1 + VOC2 = 30V
4W
32V
+
-
12W
1W
2A
b
Dr. Louie
28
Example
Now find the Thevenin resistance
RTH = Req
deactivate all sources
Req = 1 + (4x12)/16 = 4W
4W
1W
12W
Req
b
Dr. Louie
29
Example
Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown below
Current through various load resistances can be
easily computed
4W
32V
+
-
12W
1W
4W
2A
30V
b
Dr. Louie
+
-
30
Example
Find the Thevenin Equivalent of the circuit
between the terminals a, b
60W
2A
30W
a
b
Dr. Louie
+
-
30V
31
Example
Via superposition
VOC1 = 30x(30/90) = 10V
VOC2 = 30x2(60/90) = 40V
VTH = VOC1 + VOC2 = 50V

60W
2A
30W
a
b
Dr. Louie
+
-
30V
32
Example
Now find RTH
RTH = (30x60)/(30+60) = 20W
60W
30W
a
b
Dr. Louie
33
Thevenins Theorem
Find the Thevenin equivalent
Note the dependent source
Finding VTH is the same procedure as before
5W
Ix
3W
a
6V
+
-
1.5Ix
4W
b
Dr. Louie
34
Thevenins Theorem
Mesh Analysis
6 = 5I1 + 7Ix (Supermesh)
1.5Ix + I1 = Ix (current source constraint equation)
Solving
Ix = 1.33A
Therefore
VOC = 1.33x4 = 5.33V = VTH
5W
3W
a
6V
+
-
I1
Ix
4W
b
Dr. Louie
35
Thevenins Theorem
To find RTH
apply either test voltage or current to the terminals

deactivate independent sources
compute either terminal current or voltage
RTH = V0/I0
5W
Ix
3W
a
6V
+
-
1.5Ix
4W
b
Dr. Louie
36
Thevenins Theorem
Apply a test voltage V0
Let V0 = 1V
Now find I0 (note polarity if I0)
5W
Ix 3W
I0
a
1.5Ix
4W
V0
Dr. Louie
37
Thevenins Theorem
I1 + 1.5Ix = Ix (Nodal Analysis)
I1 + 0.5Ix = 0
-0.2V1 + 0.5(V1 - 1)/3=0
-0.0333V1 0.16667 =0
V1=-5V
Ix = -2A (Ohms Law)
I2 = 0.25A (Ohms Law)
I0 = 2.25A (KCL)
5W I1
Ix 3W
I0
a
1.5Ix
I2
4W
V0
b
Dr. Louie
38
Thevenins Theorem
Therefore RTH = V0/I0 = 1/2.25 = 0.444W
0.444W
5.33V
+
-
Dr. Louie
39
Nortons Theorem
Thevenin equivalent circuit can be transformed
into current source in parallel with a resistor
From discussion on source transformation:
RN = RTH
Thevenin Equivalent
RTH
Norton Equivalent
a
VTH
IN
RN
b
Dr. Louie
40
Nortons Theorem
IN is found by shorting the terminals of the circuit
IN = ISC
Linear
TwoTerminal
Circuit
a
ISC
IN
IN
b
Dr. Louie
41
Nortons Theorem
Process for finding RTH is identical to that for
Thevenins theorem
No Dependent Sources:
then find equivalent resistance RTH = Req
Dependent Sources:
Apply test voltage V0 (or current), compute current
I0 (or voltage)
RTH = V0/I0
Dr. Louie
42
Practical Sources
14
Ideal source
12
RS
+
VL
-
V (V)
12V
10
Rs = 1W
Rs = 0.25W
6
4
2
0
0
Dr. Louie
RL (W)
10
43
Practical Sources
6
Ideal source
5
R||
IL
R|| = 100W
5A
I (A)
R|| = 50W
2
1
0
0
20
Dr. Louie
40
60
RL (W)
80
100
44

10-Source Transformations PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10-Source Transformations PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

10-Source Transformations PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10-Source Transformations

Text: 4.4 4.6

Circuit B: VR = 4.5(2/2.5)=3.6V (voltage divider)

But we can transform sources with series or

How are Vs, Is, Rs and R|| related?

Consider an open circuit

Source transformation equations

Should we transform them?

Pay careful attention to the polarity

After combining series resistance

Finding Thevenin Resistance

short all voltage sources

By superposition (or mesh analysis)

VTH = VOC1 + VOC2 = 50V

Finding VTH is the same procedure as before

apply either test voltage or current to the terminals

You might also like