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CourseOverview

CommunicationTheory

Objective:Thiscourseprovidesacomprehensiveintroductiontobasic
principlesandtechniquesofcommunicationssystems.Topicsfrom
differentcommunicationsystemslikemodulated(orradio)
communicationtechnologies,digitalcommunicationtechnologies,
wirelesscommunicationtechnologies,satellitecommunication
technologiesandopticalcommunicationtechnologies,willbecovered.
Books:
Communications:PrinciplesandPractice,2ndedition,TheodoreS.Rappaport
ModernDigitalandAnalogCommunicationSystemsbyB.P.Lathi,3rdEdition,
OxfordUniversityPress
WirelessandCellularCommunications,3rdedition,WilliamC.Y.Lee
PrinciplesofElectronicCommunicationSystems(FourthEdition)byLouisE.
Frenzel Jr.
RobertGallager.InformationTheoryandReliableCommunication.Wiley,
1968.
Youcanconsultotherbooksandsearchinternet.

Lecture1
Dr.MuhammadAamir Khan
AssistantProfessor
SchoolofSystemsandTechnology(SST)
DepartmentofInformaticsandSystems
UniversityofManagementandTechnology
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Outlines

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SignificanceofCommunication
Communicationistheprocessofexchanging
information.

SignificanceofCommunication
ElectronicCommunicationSystems
TypesofElectronicCommunication
ModulationandMultiplexing
TheElectromagneticSpectrum
TheOpticalSpectrum
Bandwidth

Mainbarriersarelanguageanddistance.
Contemporarysocietysemphasisisnowthe
accumulation,packaging,andexchangeof
information.

SpectrumManagement

CommunicationApplications
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SignificanceofCommunication

Basiccomponents:

Facetoface
Signals
Writtenword(letters)

Transmitter
Channelormedium
Receiver

Electricalinnovations:
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio
Television
Internet(computer)

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CommunicationSystems

Methodsofcommunication:

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Noisedegradesorinterfereswithtransmitted
information.
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CommunicationSystems

TheTransmitter

Ageneralmodelofallcommunicationsystems

Thetransmitter isacollectionofelectronic
componentsandcircuitsthatconvertstheelectrical
signalintoasignalsuitablefortransmissionovera
givenmedium.
Transmittersaremadeupofoscillators,amplifiers,
tunedcircuitsandfilters,modulators,frequency
mixers,frequencysynthesizers,andothercircuits.

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TheCommunicationChannel

TheReceivers

Thecommunicationchannel isthemediumbywhich
theelectronicsignalissentfromoneplaceto
another.
Typesofmediainclude
Electricalconductors
Opticalmedia
Freespace
Systemspecificmedia(e.g.,wateristhemediumfor
sonar).

Areceiver isacollectionofelectroniccomponents
andcircuitsthatacceptsthetransmittedmessage
fromthechannelandconvertsitbackintoaform
understandablebyhumans.
Receiverscontainamplifiers,oscillators,mixers,
tunedcircuitsandfilters,andademodulator or
detectorthatrecoverstheoriginalintelligencesignal
fromthemodulatedcarrier.

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TheTransceivers

Signalattenuation, ordegradation,existsinallmediaof
wirelesstransmission.Itisproportionaltothesquareofthe
distancebetweenthetransmitterandreceiver.
Mediaarealsofrequencyselective,inthatagivenmedium
willactasalowpassfiltertoatransmittedsignal,distorting
digitalpulsesinadditiontogreatlyreducingsignal
amplitudeoverlongdistances.Thusconsiderablesignal
amplification,inboththetransmitterandthereceiver,is
requiredforsuccessfultransmission.
Anymediumalsoslowssignalpropagationtoaspeedslower
thanthespeedoflight.

Telephones
Faxmachines
Handheldradios
Cellphones
Computermodems

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Attenuation

Atransceiver isanelectronicunitthatincorporates
circuitsthatbothsendandreceivesignals.
Examplesare:

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Noise

TypesofElectronicCommunication

Noise israndom,undesirableelectronicenergythatenters
thecommunicationsystemviathecommunicatingmedium
andinterfereswiththetransmittedmessage.
Whilesomenoisecanbefilteredout,thegeneralwayto
minimizenoiseistousecomponentsthatcontribute
lessnoiseandtolowertheirtemperatures.
Themeasureofnoiseisusuallyexpressedintermsof
thesignaltonoise(S/N)ratio(SNR),whichisthe
signalpowerdividedbythenoisepowerandcanbe
statednumericallyorintermsofdecibels(dB).
Obviously,averyhighSNRispreferredforbest
performance.

Electroniccommunicationsareclassified
accordingtowhethertheyare

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SimplexCommunication

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HalfDuplexCommunication

Ananalog signalisa
smoothlyand
continuouslyvarying
voltageorcurrent.
Examplesare:
Sinewave
Voice
Video(TV)

Police,military,etc.
radiotransmissions
Citizenband(CB)
Familyradio
Amateurradio
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AnalogandDigitalSignals

Theformoftwoway
communicationin
whichonlyoneparty
transmitsatatimeis
knownashalfduplex.
Examplesare:

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Mostelectronic
communicationistwo
wayandisreferredto
asduplex.
Whenpeoplecantalk
andlisten
simultaneously,itis
calledfullduplex.The
telephoneisan
exampleofthistypeof
communication.

Radio
TVbroadcasting
Beeper(personalreceiver)
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FullDuplex Communication

Thesimplest methodof
electroniccommunication
isreferredtoassimplex.
Thistypeof
communicationisone
way.
Examplesare:

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1. Oneway(simplex)ortwoway(fullduplexor
halfduplex)transmissions
2. Analogordigitalsignals.

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Digital signalschangein
stepsorindiscrete
increments.
Mostdigitalsignalsuse
binaryortwostatecodes.
Examplesare:
Telegraph(Morsecode)
Continuouswave(CW)
code
Serialbinarycode(usedin
computers)

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AnalogSignals

DigitalSignals

Analogsignals.(a)Sinewavetone.(b)Voice.(c)Video(TV)signal.
Digitalsignals.(a)Telegraph(Morsecode).(b)Continuouswave(CW)code.
(c)Serialbinarycode.

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DigitalSignals

Theyarefirstdigitizedwithananalogtodigital(A/D)
converter.
Thedatacanthenbetransmittedandprocessedby
computersandotherdigitalcircuits.
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BasebandTransmission

Intelephoneorintercomsystems,thevoiceis
placedonthewiresandtransmitted.
Insomecomputernetworks,thedigitalsignalsare
applieddirectlytocoaxialortwistedpaircables
fortransmission.
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BroadbandTransmission

Basebandinformationcanbesentdirectlyand
unmodifiedoverthemediumorcanbeused
tomodulateacarrierfortransmissionover
themedium.

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Modulationandmultiplexingareelectronic
techniquesfortransmittinginformation
efficientlyfromoneplacetoanother.
Modulation makestheinformationsignal
morecompatiblewiththemedium.
Multiplexing allowsmorethanonesignalto
betransmittedconcurrentlyoverasingle
medium.

Digitaldataoverthetelephonenetwork.
Analogsignals.

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ModulationandMultiplexing

Manytransmissionsareofsignalsthat
originateindigitalformbutmustbe
convertedtoanalogformtomatchthe
transmissionmedium.

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Acarrierisahighfrequencysignalthatis
modulatedbyaudio,video,ordata.
Aradiofrequency(RF)waveisan
electromagneticsignalthatisabletotravel
longdistancesthroughspace.

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BroadbandTransmission

ModulationattheTransmitter

Abroadbandtransmissiontakesplacewhena
carriersignalismodulated,amplified,andsentto
theantennafortransmission.
Thetwomostcommonmethodsofmodulation
are:
AmplitudeModulation(AM)
FrequencyModulation(FM)

Anothermethodiscalledphasemodulation
(PM),inwhichthephaseangleofthesinewaveis
varied.
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TypesofModulation

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Frequencyshiftkeying(FSK)takesplacewhendata
isconvertedtofrequencyvaryingtones.
Phaseshiftkeying(PSK)takesplacewhena180o
phaseshift takesplaceinthecarrierfrequency.
Devicescalledmodems (modulatordemodulator)
translatethedatafromdigitaltoanalogandback
again.
Demodulation ordetectiontakesplaceinthe
receiverwhentheoriginalbaseband(e.g.audio)
signalisextracted.
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BroadbandTransmission

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Demodulation

Recoveringtheintelligencesignalatthereceiver.

Transmittingbinarydatainanalogform.(a)FSK.(b)PSK.
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BroadbandTransmission

Typesofmodulation.(a)Amplitudemodulation.(b)Frequencymodulation.
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Multiplexing

Multiplexing

Multiplexingistheprocessofallowingtwoor
moresignalstosharethesamemediumor
channel.
Thethreebasictypesofmultiplexingare:
Frequencydivision
Timedivision
Codedivision
Multiplexingatthetransmitter.
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Multiplexing

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TypesofMultiplexing
Therearethreebasictypesofmultiplexing:
frequencydivision
timedivision
codedivision.

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FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing

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TimeDivisionMultiplexing

Infrequencydivisionmultiplexing,theintelligence
signals modulatesubcarriersondifferent
frequenciesthatarethenaddedtogether,and
thecompositesignalisusedtomodulatethe
carrier.
Inopticalnetworking,wavelengthdivision
multiplexing(WDM)isequivalenttofrequency
divisionmultiplexingforopticalsignal.

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Intimedivisionmultiplexing,themultiple
intelligencesignalsaresequentiallysampled,anda
smallpieceofeachisusedtomodulatethecarrier.
Iftheinformationsignalsaresampledfastenough,
sufficientdetailsaretransmittedthatatthe
receivingendthesignalcanbereconstructedwith
greataccuracy.

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CodeDivisionMultiplexing

TheElectromagneticSpectrum

Incodedivisionmultiplexing,thesignalstobe
transmittedareconvertedtodigitaldatathatisthen
uniquelycodedwithafasterbinarycode.
Thesignalsmodulateacarrieronthesame
frequency.Allusethesamecommunications
channelsimultaneously.
Theuniquecodingisusedatthereceivertoselect
thedesiredsignal.

Therangeofelectromagneticsignalsencompassing
allfrequenciesisreferredtoastheelectromagnetic
spectrum.

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TheElectromagneticSpectrum

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FrequencyandWavelength:
Wavelength

Asignalislocatedonthefrequencyspectrum
accordingtoitsfrequencyandwavelength.
Frequency isthenumberofcyclesofarepetitive
wavethatoccurinagivenperiodoftime.
Acycle consistsoftwovoltagepolarityreversals,
currentreversals,orelectromagneticfield
oscillations.
Frequencyismeasuredincyclespersecond(cps).
Theunitoffrequencyisthehertz (Hz).
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TheElectromagneticSpectrum

FrequencyandWavelength:
Frequency

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Wavelength isthedistanceoccupiedbyonecycleof
awaveandisusuallyexpressedinmeters.
Wavelength isalsothedistancetraveledbyan
electromagneticwaveduringthetimeofonecycle.
Thewavelengthofasignalisrepresentedbythe
Greekletterlambda().

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FrequencyandWavelength:
Wavelength

FrequencyandWavelength

Wavelength()=speedoflight frequency
Speedoflight=3 108meters/second
Therefore:=3 108/f

Example:Whatisthewavelengthifthefrequencyis4MHz?
=3 108/4MHz
=75meters(m)
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TheElectromagneticSpectrum

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TheElectromagneticSpectrum

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OpticalSpectrum

TheElectromagneticSpectrum

Theopticalspectrumexistsdirectlyabovethe
millimeterwaveregion.
Threetypesoflightwavesare:
Infrared
Visiblespectrum
Ultraviolet

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OpticalSpectrum:TheVisible
Spectrum

OpticalSpectrum:Infrared
Infraredradiationisproducedbyanyphysicalequipment
thatgeneratesheat,includingourbodies.
Infraredisused:
Inastronomy,todetectstarsandotherphysicalbodiesinthe
universe,
Forguidanceinweaponssystems,wheretheheatradiatedfrom
airplanesormissilescanbedetectedandusedtoguidemissiles
totargets.
InmostnewTVremotecontrolunits,wherespecialcoded
signalsaretransmittedbyaninfraredLEDtotheTVreceiverto
changechannels,setthevolume,andperformotherfunctions.
InsomeofthenewerwirelessLANsandallfiberoptic
communication.

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Justabovetheinfraredregionisthevisiblespectrum
werefertoaslight.
Redislowfrequencyorlongwavelengthlight
Violetishighfrequencyorshortwavelengthlight.
Lightwavesveryhighfrequencyenablesthemto
handleatremendousamountofinformation(the
bandwidthofthebasebandsignalscanbevery
wide).

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Bandwidth

Ultravioletisnotusedforcommunication
Itsprimaryuseismedical.

Bandwidth(BW) isthatportionofthe
electromagneticspectrumoccupiedbya
signal.
Channelbandwidth referstotherangeof
frequenciesrequiredtotransmitthedesired
information.

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SpectrumManagementand
Standards

Bandwidth
Today,virtuallytheentirefrequencyspectrumbetween
approximately30kHzand300MHzhasbeenspokenfor.
Thereistremendouscompetitionforthesefrequencies,between
companies,individuals,andgovernmentservicesinindividual
carriersandbetweenthedifferentnationsoftheworld.
Theelectromagneticspectrumisoneofourmostpreciousnatural
resources.
Communicationengineeringisdevotedtomakingthebestuseof
thatfinitespectrum.
Greateffortgoesintodevelopingcommunicationtechniquesthat
minimizethebandwidthrequiredtotransmitgiveninformationand
thusconservespectrumspace.
Thisprovidesmoreroomforadditionalcommunicationchannels
andgivesotherservicesorusersanopportunitytotakeadvantage
ofit.

Spectrummanagementisprovidedbyagencies
setupbytheUnitedStatesandothercountriesto
controlspectrumuse.

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TheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)and
theNationalTelecommunicationsandInformation
Administration(NTIA)aretwoagenciesthatdealin
spectrummanagement.

Standards arespecificationsandguidelines
necessarytoensurecompatibilitybetween
transmittingandreceivingequipment.
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CommunicationsApplications
Simplex
AMandFM
broadcasting
Digitalradio
TVbroadcasting
Digitaltelevision(DTV)
Cabletelevision
Facsimile
Wirelessremotecontrol

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CommunicationsApplications
Duplex

Pagingservices
Navigationand
directionfinding
services
Telemetry
Radioastronomy
Surveillance
Musicservices
Internetradioand
video

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CommunicationIndustry

FamilyRadioservice
TheInternet
Wideareanetworks
(WANs)
Metropolitanarea
networks(MANs)
Localareanetworks
(LANs)

Telephones
Twowayradio
Radar
Sonar
Amateurradio
Citizensradio

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CommunicationIndustry
Thecommunicationelectronicsindustryismade
upofthefollowingsegments:

Theelectronicsindustryisroughlydividedinto
fourmajorspecializations:
1. Communications(largestintermsofpeople
employedandthedollarvalueofequipment
purchased)
2. Computers(secondlargest).
3. Industrialcontrols.
4. Instrumentation.

Manufacturers
Resellers
ServiceOrganizations
Endusers

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CommunicationIndustry

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NextLecture
ElectronicFundamentalstoCommunication
Gain
Attenuation
Decibels
TunedCircuits
Filters
FourierTheory

Structureofthecommunicationelectronicsindustry.
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Questions?

Any questions?

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