http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/opinion/sunday/stop-googling-lets-talk.html?

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New York Times Sunday Review | Opinion

Stop Googling. Lets Talk.

By SHERRY TURKLE SEPT. 26, 2015
COLLEGE students tell me they know how to look someone in the eye and type on their phones
at the same time, their split attention undetected. They say its a skill they mastered in middle
school when they wanted to text in class without getting caught. Now they use it when they want
to be both with their friends and, as some put it, elsewhere.
These days, we feel less of a need to hide the fact that we are dividing our attention. In a 2015
study by the Pew Research Center, 89 percent of cellphone owners said they had used their
phones during the last social gathering they attended. But they werent happy about it; 82 percent
of adults felt that the way they used their phones in social settings hurt the conversation.
Ive been studying the psychology of online connectivity for more than 30 years. For the past
five, Ive had a special focus: What has happened to face-to-face conversation in a world where
so many people say they would rather text than talk? Ive looked at families, friendships and
romance. Ive studied schools, universities and workplaces. When college students explain to me
how dividing their attention plays out in the dining hall, some refer to a rule of three. In a
conversation among five or six people at dinner, you have to check that three people are paying
attention heads up before you give yourself permission to look down at your phone. So
conversation proceeds, but with different people having their heads up at different times. The
effect is what you would expect: Conversation is kept relatively light, on topics where people
feel they can drop in and out.
Young people spoke to me enthusiastically about the good things that flow from a life lived by
the rule of three, which you can follow not only during meals but all the time. First of all, there is
the magic of the always available elsewhere. You can put your attention wherever you want it to
be. You can always be heard. You never have to be bored. When you sense that a lull in the
conversation is coming, you can shift your attention from the people in the room to the world
you can find on your phone. But the students also described a sense of loss.
One 15-year-old I interviewed at a summer camp talked about her reaction when she went out to
dinner with her father and he took out his phone to add facts to their conversation. Daddy,
she said, stop Googling. I want to talk to you. A 15-year-old boy told me that someday he
wanted to raise a family, not the way his parents are raising him (with phones out during meals
and in the park and during his school sports events) but the way his parents think they are raising
him with no phones at meals and plentiful family conversation. One college junior tried to
capture what is wrong about life in his generation. Our texts are fine, he said. Its what texting
does to our conversations when we are together thats the problem.
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Its a powerful insight. Studies of conversation both in the laboratory and in natural settings show
that when two people are talking, the mere presence of a phone on a table between them or in the
periphery of their vision changes both what they talk about and the degree of connection they
feel. People keep the conversation on topics where they wont mind being interrupted. They
dont feel as invested in each other. Even a silent phone disconnects us.
In 2010, a team at the University of Michigan led by the psychologist Sara Konrath put together
the findings of 72 studies that were conducted over a 30-year period. They found a 40 percent
decline in empathy among college students, with most of the decline taking place after 2000.
Across generations, technology is implicated in this assault on empathy. Weve gotten used to
being connected all the time, but we have found ways around conversation at least from
conversation that is open-ended and spontaneous, in which we play with ideas and allow
ourselves to be fully present and vulnerable. But it is in this type of conversation where we
learn to make eye contact, to become aware of another persons posture and tone, to comfort one
another and respectfully challenge one another that empathy and intimacy flourish. In these
conversations, we learn who we are.
Of course, we can find empathic conversations today, but the trend line is clear. Its not only that
we turn away from talking face to face to chat online. Its that we dont allow these conversations
to happen in the first place because we keep our phones in the landscape.
In our hearts, we know this, and now research is catching up with our intuitions. We face a
significant choice. It is not about giving up our phones but about using them with greater
intention. Conversation is there for us to reclaim. For the failing connections of our digital world,
it is the talking cure.
The trouble with talk begins young. A few years ago, a private middle school asked me to consult
with its faculty: Students were not developing friendships the way they used to. At a retreat, the
dean described how a seventh grader had tried to exclude a classmate from a school social event.
Its an age-old problem, except that this time when the student was asked about her behavior, the
dean reported that the girl didnt have much to say: She was almost robotic in her response. She
said, I dont have feelings about this. She couldnt read the signals that the other student was
hurt.
The dean went on: Twelve-year-olds play on the playground like 8-year-olds. The way they
exclude one another is the way 8-year-olds would play. They dont seem able to put themselves
in the place of other children.
One teacher observed that the students sit in the dining hall and look at their phones. When they
share things together, what they are sharing is what is on their phones. Is this the new
conversation? If so, it is not doing the work of the old conversation. The old conversation taught
empathy. These students seem to understand each other less.
But we are resilient. The psychologist Yalda T. Uhls was the lead author on a 2014 study of
children at a device-free outdoor camp. After five days without phones or tablets, these campers
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were able to read facial emotions and correctly identify the emotions of actors in videotaped
scenes significantly better than a control group. What fostered these new empathic responses?
They talked to one another. In conversation, things go best if you pay close attention and learn
how to put yourself in someone elses shoes. This is easier to do without your phone in hand.
Conversation is the most human and humanizing thing that we do.
I have seen this resilience during my own research at a device-free summer camp. At a nightly
cabin chat, a group of 14-year-old boys spoke about a recent three-day wilderness hike. Not that
many years ago, the most exciting aspect of that hike might have been the idea of roughing it or
the beauty of unspoiled nature. These days, what made the biggest impression was being
phoneless. One boy called it time where you have nothing to do but think quietly and talk to
your friends. The campers also spoke about their new taste for life away from the online feed.
Their embrace of the virtue of disconnection suggests a crucial connection: The capacity for
empathic conversation goes hand in hand with the capacity for solitude.
In solitude we find ourselves; we prepare ourselves to come to conversation with something to
say that is authentic, ours. If we cant gather ourselves, we cant recognize other people for who
they are. If we are not content to be alone, we turn others into the people we need them to be. If
we dont know how to be alone, well only know how to be lonely.
A VIRTUOUS circle links conversation to the capacity for self-reflection. When we are secure in
ourselves, we are able to really hear what other people have to say. At the same time,
conversation with other people, both in intimate settings and in larger social groups, leads us to
become better at inner dialogue.
But we have put this virtuous circle in peril. We turn time alone into a problem that needs to be
solved with technology. Timothy D. Wilson, a psychologist at the University of Virginia, led a
team that explored our capacity for solitude. People were asked to sit in a chair and think,
without a device or a book. They were told that they would have from six to 15 minutes alone
and that the only rules were that they had to stay seated and not fall asleep. In one experiment,
many student subjects opted to give themselves mild electric shocks rather than sit alone with
their thoughts.
People sometimes say to me that they can see how one might be disturbed when people turn to
their phones when they are together. But surely there is no harm when people turn to their phones
when they are by themselves? If anything, its our new form of being together.
But this way of dividing things up misses the essential connection between solitude and
conversation. In solitude we learn to concentrate and imagine, to listen to ourselves. We need
these skills to be fully present in conversation.
Every technology asks us to confront human values. This is a good thing, because it causes us to
reaffirm what they are. If we are now ready to make face-to-face conversation a priority, it is
easier to see what the next steps should be. We are not looking for simple solutions. We are
looking for beginnings. Some of them may seem familiar by now, but they are no less

challenging for that. Each addresses only a small piece of what silences us. Taken together, they
can make a difference.
One start toward reclaiming conversation is to reclaim solitude. Some of the most crucial
conversations you will ever have will be with yourself. Slow down sufficiently to make this
possible. And make a practice of doing one thing at a time. Think of unitasking as the next big
thing. In every domain of life, it will increase performance and decrease stress.
But doing one thing at a time is hard, because it means asserting ourselves over what technology
makes easy and what feels productive in the short term. Multitasking comes with its own high,
but when we chase after this feeling, we pursue an illusion. Conversation is a human way to
practice unitasking.
Our phones are not accessories, but psychologically potent devices that change not just what we
do but who we are. A second path toward conversation involves recognizing the degree to which
we are vulnerable to all that connection offers. We have to commit ourselves to designing our
products and our lives to take that vulnerability into account. We can choose not to carry our
phones all the time. We can park our phones in a room and go to them every hour or two while
we work on other things or talk to other people. We can carve out spaces at home or work that
are device-free, sacred spaces for the paired virtues of conversation and solitude. Families can
find these spaces in the day to day no devices at dinner, in the kitchen and in the car.
Introduce this idea to children when they are young so it doesnt spring up as punitive but as a
baseline of family culture. In the workplace, too, the notion of sacred spaces makes sense:
Conversation among employees increases productivity.
We can also redesign technology to leave more room for talking to each other. The do not
disturb feature on the iPhone offers one model. You are not interrupted by vibrations, lights or
rings, but you can set the phone to receive calls from designated people or to signal when
someone calls you repeatedly. Engineers are ready with more ideas: What if our phones were not
designed to keep us attached, but to do a task and then release us? What if the communications
industry began to measure the success of devices not by how much time consumers spend on
them but by whether it is time well spent?
It is always wise to approach our relationship with technology in the context that goes beyond it.
We live, for example, in a political culture where conversations are blocked by our vulnerability
to partisanship as well as by our new distractions. We thought that online posting would make us
bolder than we are in person, but a 2014 Pew study demonstrated that people are less likely to
post opinions on social media when they fear their followers will disagree with them. Designing
for our vulnerabilities means finding ways to talk to people, online and off, whose opinions differ
from our own.
Sometimes it simply means hearing people out. A college junior told me that she shied away
from conversation because it demanded that one live by the rigors of what she calls the seven
minute rule. It takes at least seven minutes to see how a conversation is going to unfold. You
cant go to your phone before those seven minutes are up. If the conversation goes quiet, you
have to let it be. For conversation, like life, has silences what some young people I
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interviewed called the boring bits. It is often in the moments when we stumble, hesitate and
fall silent that we most reveal ourselves to one another.
The young woman who is so clear about the seven minutes that it takes to see where a
conversation is going admits that she often doesnt have the patience to wait for anything near
that kind of time before going to her phone. In this she is characteristic of what the psychologists
Howard Gardner and Katie Davis called the app generation, which grew up with phones in
hand and apps at the ready. It tends toward impatience, expecting the world to respond like an
app, quickly and efficiently. The app way of thinking starts with the idea that actions in the world
will work like algorithms: Certain actions will lead to predictable results.
This attitude can show up in friendship as a lack of empathy. Friendships become things to
manage; you have a lot of them, and you come to them with tools. So here is a first step: To
reclaim conversation for yourself, your friendships and society, push back against viewing the
world as one giant app. It works the other way, too: Conversation is the antidote to the
algorithmic way of looking at life because it teaches you about fluidity, contingency and
personality.
This is our moment to acknowledge the unintended consequences of the technologies to which
we are vulnerable, but also to respect the resilience that has always been ours. We have time to
make corrections and remember who we are creatures of history, of deep psychology, of
complex relationships, of conversations, artless, risky and face to face.
Sherry Turkle is a professor in the program in Science, Technology and Society at M.I.T. and the
author, most recently, of Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age, from
which this essay is adapted.
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